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GC/MS, GC/MS/MS, and LC/MS/MS Analysis of
Pesticides and Degradation Products in Atmospheric
Samples R. Raina-Fulton*, E. Smith, N. Dunn,
L. Yang
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
Selectivity, Stability or Reproducibility
Routine methods : Often can achieved using C18
or C8 stationary phases
-endcapping options to reduce tailing – TMS or polar endcapped
methylcarbamates and phenylureas (TMS endcapped C18)
phenoxyacid herbicides (double endcapped C18)
Other Stationary Phases C6phenyl or phenyl:
sulfonylureas
organophosphorus pesticides
Phenyl ether-linked:
triazole and conazole fungicides
neonicitinoid insecticides
strobilurin fungicides
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
0
5000
10000
15000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
163.0 > 72.0 1 1
0
20000
40000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
2 209.2 > 152.0
0
1000
2000
3000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
3 189.0 > 102.0
0
1000
2000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
4 106.0 > 58.0
0
5000
10000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
5 207.1 > 89.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
6 223.1 > 76.0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
7 237.1 > 72.0
0
5000
10000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
8 163.2 > 106.0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
9 239.2 > 72.0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
10 238.3 > 163.0
0
1000
2000
3000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
11 242.1 > 122.0
0
5000
10000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
12 208.2 > 89.0
0
500
1000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
13 275.2 > 122.0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
14 222.1 > 123.0
0
2000
4000
6000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
15 355.2 > 163.2
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
16 350.2 > 127.0
0
10000
20000
30000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
18 202.1 > 145.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
19 233.1 > 72.0
0
500
1000
1500
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
20 239.2 > 52.0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
21 233.2 > 94.0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
22 226.1 > 121.0
0
2000
4000
6000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
23 251.1 > 162.0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
24 190.0 > 128.0
oxamyl-oxime
aminocarb
propamocarb HCl
methomyl-oxime
aldicarb sulfoxide
aldicarb sulfone
oxamyl
methomyl
pirimicarb
3-hydroxy
carbofuran
methiocarb
sulfoxide
aldicarb
Column: TMS endcapped C18; MP: gradient with acetonitrile , 0.1 % HCOOH, 5 mM CH3COONH4
methiocarb
sulfone
carbofuran
thiodicarb
carboxin
carbaryl
diuron
IS: diuron-d6
siduron
methiocarb
linuron
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
26 276.2> 88.0
EPTC
neburon
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
15 25 35 45
Abu
ndan
ce
Time (min)
TRLIM
VO (IS1)
PRZ
FL
ME
HE
TR
PE
MY/TRF
UN
CYPA
DI/EP/TTR
TET
FE/TEZ
PRP
BI
TE
THSUM
TRIBE/SUA
DIF
THC (IS2)
BR
PRT
PRT
SUE
GROUP 1
GROUP 2
GROUP 3
GROUP 4
GROUP 5
GROUP 6
GROUP 7
Triazole and
Conazole
Fungicides
Column: ether linked phenyl, MP: A, 15% 2-propanol,
5 % methanol, 0.05% formic acid, B, acetonitrile
with 0.05 % formic acid
R. Raina, E. Smith,
J. AOAC Int., 95 (5) 1350-1356, 2012
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
Paclobutrazol (PA) C15H20ClN3O
Myclobutanil (MY) C15H17ClN4
289>70, 291>70
289>125
Imazalil (IM) C14H14Cl2N2O
297>159, 297>201
Cyproconazole (CY) C15H18ClN3O
Triadimenol Active Ingredient & Degradation
Product (TRL)
C14H18ClN3O2
Triadimefon (TRF) C14H16ClN3O2
295>70, 297>70
Uniconazole-P (UN) C15H18ClN3O
292>70, 294>70 296>70, 298>70, 296>99
292>70, 294>70 294>70,
295>70, 296>70
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
LC/MS/MS with
pesticides of
similar
MW, isomers
and isobaric
compounds
Triazole and
Conazole
Fungicides
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
15 25 35 45
Abu
ndan
ce
Time (min)
MY
UN
TRF
PE
CY
PA
TRL
IM
284.1>69.8
295.1>69.8
289.4>69.8
292.1>69.8
294.1>69.8
296.2>69.8
297.1>159
Group 1 Azoles
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
UN
CY
PA
R. Raina, E. Smith, J. AOAC Int., 95 (5) 1350-1356, 2012
Spiked Air Extract
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
May have to also consider stability of pesticides in solvents
Prothioconazole Prothioconazole-desthio
Propiconazole
Hexaconazole
R. Raina, E. Smith,
J. AOAC Int., 95 (5) 1350-1356, 2012
Prairie
Agricultural
Site Air Extract
-Gas Phase
Fraction
Time 0.00 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00
%
0
100
15, 16
9 7
5
3 2
1
4
13
22, 23
20
21 24 25
6 8
10
19
18 17
14
12 12 11
12
1: Omethoate 2: 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol 3: Dimethoate 4: Azinphos methyl oxon 5: Malathion oxon 6: Diethyl phosphate 7: Isomalathion 8: Diazinon oxon 9: Phorate oxon 10: Malathion monocarboxylic acid 11: 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol 12: Chlorpyrifos methyl oxon 13: Coumaphos oxon 14: Azinphos methyl 15: Malathion 16: Fenchlorphos oxon 17: Chlorpyrifos oxon
18: Azinphos ethyl 19: Diazinon d10 20: Diazinon 21: Phorate
22: Chlorpyrifos methyl 23: Coumaphos 24: Fenchlorphos 25: Chlorpyrifos
LC/MS/MS ESI+ for OPs and their Degradation Products
R. Raina, L. Sun, Journal of Environmental Science and Health B, 2008, 43, 323-33. R. Raina, P. Hall, L. Sun, Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44 (22), 8541-8546
Column: C6-phenyl Mobile Phase: Organic modifier methanol (50-85%) 0.1 % HCOOH, 2 mM CH3COONH4
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
Time 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00
%
0
100
Time 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00
%
0
100
Time 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00
%
0
100
0.01 µg/mL standard, 10 µL injection
28.17
28.17
28.17
Chlorpyrifos oxon
335.9>279.9
Quantification transition
Chlorpyrifos oxon
335.9>279.9
Quantification transition
Chlorpyrifos oxon
335.9>279.9
Quantification transition
Bratt’s Lake air sample extract 10 µL injection
Bratt’s Lake spiked air sample extract with
0.005 µg/mL chlorpyrifos oxon, 10 µL injection
1.42e4
4.32e4
5.02e4
LC-SRM:chlorpyrifos oxon in standard, Prairie agricultural site -air gas phase extract
and spiked air gas phase sample extract
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
LC-ESI+ MS/MS
Degradation
MCPA
(199>141, 141>105,
199>105, 201>143)
Mecoprop
(213>141, 141>105, 215>143)
MCPB (227>141,
141>105, 227>105)
CMP (141>105 143>105, 141>77)
2,4-D (219>161,
161>125, 221>163 219>125)
Dichlorprop (233>161,
161>125,
233>125)
2,4-DB (247>161,
161>125, 247>125)
DCP (161>125, 163>125, 161>89)
2,4,5-TP (267>194.5, 267>159)
TCP (195>159, 197>161)
Phenoxyacid Herbicides
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
Raina-Fulton, J. AOAC Int. 97 (4), 965-977, 2014
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
%
0
100
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
%
0
100
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
%
0
100
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
%
0
100
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
%
0
100
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
%
0
100
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
%
0
100
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
%
0
100
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
%
0
100
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
%
0
100
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
%
0
100
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
%
0
100
Dicamba
Dichlorprop
Mecoprop
2,4-D
MCPA
Bromoxynil
DBHBA
CMP
2,4,5-TP
TCP
2,4-DB
MCPB
218.8>174.9
219.0>160.9
198.9>140.9 213.0>140.9
232.8>160.9 266.7>194.5
140.9>105.2
246.7>160.9
226.9>140.9 294.6>158.9 295.0>250.3
275.5>81.0
Dichlorprop
MCPB Mecoprop
MCPA
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
%
0
100
DCP 160.9>124.7
2,4-DB
2,4-D
R. Raina, M.L. Etter, Analytical Chemistry Insights 5, 2010, 1-14. R. Raina, M.L. Etter , K. Starks, Y. Yowin, American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2, 2011, 962-970. Wetland samples D. Degenhardt, et al. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 30, 2011, 1982-1989.
2,4,5-TP
ESI- Phenoxyacid herbicides Column: double endcapped C18 Mobile phase: 2 mM ammonium acetate with methanol gradient and postcolumn reagent addition
Pesticide SRM1 SRM2 Orchard Crops Recommended Use
Vapour Pressure (mPa) at 25C
Acetamiprid 223.0>126.0 223.3>56.0 Apples Cherries
1.7 X 10-4
Clothianiidin 250.1>169.3 250.1>132.0 Apples, Apricots Peaches
1.3 X 10-7
Imidacloprid 256.1>209.5 256.1>175.0 Apples, Cherries Peaches
4.0X10-7
Azoxystrobin 404.1>371.9 404.1>343.9 Apples 1.1X10-7
Pyraclostrobin 388.1>194.0 388.1>163.0 Apples, Apricots Cherries, Peaches Peats, Plums
2.6X10-5
Trifloxystrobin 409.1>186.1 409.1>206.1 Apples, Apricots Cherries Peaches, Pears
3.4X10-3
Neonicitinoid Insecticides and Strobilurin Fungicides
BO-1-016EA 50/1000 10ul sample loop
Time2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
%
5
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
%
11
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
%
3
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
%
2
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
%
0
Air Sample Okanagan Valley, BC (Gas Phase)
404.1>372.4
409.1>186.4
388.1>194.5
256.1>209.5
256.1>175.0
Trifloxystrobin
Pyraclostrobin
(Azoxystrobin)
No detection
(Imidacloprid) Trace? no confirmation)
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
BO-1-016FEA 50/1000 10ul sample loop
Time2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
%
0
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
%
1
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
%
3
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
%
0
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
%
0
404.1>372.4
409.1>186.4
388.1>194.5
256.1>209.5
256.1>175.0
Trifloxystrobin
Pyraclostrobin
Azoxystrobin (trace)
Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid
Air Sample Okanagan Valley, BC (Particle Phase)
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
• One Quantitative Transition m1+ > f1
+ generally most intense • One Qualifier Transition m1
+ > f2+
• Ratio of Response of Two Transitions and retention time match
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Re
spo
nse
Rat
io
Carbaryl (ng/mL)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30R
esp
on
se R
atio
Neburon (ng/mL)
Challenges: Some pesticides do not have sensitive 2nd SRM transition Pesticides rarely have 3rd SRM transition available in desired concentration range
Approach for LC/MS/MS
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
Detection: Response Ratio Ranges
Pesticide Class Response Ratio (Quantitative SRM/Confirmation SRM)
Carbamates 1.4 ± 5% to 3.3 ± 14%
Carbamate degradates 1.0 ± 2% to 7.0 ± 28%
Phenyl ureas 1.1 ± 7% to 2.2 ± 31%
OPs 1.1 ± 7% to 25.4 ± 10% (RSD: 1.8 ± 3% to 25.4 ± 10%)
OP oxons 0.79 ± 7% to 18.8 ±6 (RSD:1.0 ± 3% to 1.7±14%)
Triazole/conazole fungicides 1.0 ± 9 to 27.5 ± 24%
Phenoxyacid Herbicides 0.7 ± 8% to 49.2 ± 9%
Phenoxyacid Herbicide Degradates
1.9 ± 5% to 3.0 ± 9%
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
Pesticide Class MP: Organic Modifier
Stationary Phase MDL Range (g/L)
Pesticide with Lowest MDL
Pesticide with Highest MDL
MS/MS Mode
Carbamates CH3CN TMS-C18 1.0-5.0 carbaryl EPTC ESI+
Carbamate Degradates
CH3CN TMS-C18 2.0-10.0 3-hydroxy carbofuran
Methomyl-oxime
ESI+
Phenyl ureas CH3CN TMS-C18 1.0-5.0 diuron linuron ESI+
OPs CH3OH C6-phenyl 0.1-1.0 (30)
diazinon and dimethoate
coumaphos (fenchlorphos)
ESI+
OPoxons CH3OH
C6-phenyl 0.1-1.0 Chlorpyrifos methyl oxon
Azinphos methyl oxon
ESI+
Other OP degradates
CH3OH
C6-phenyl 0.1-5.0 IMP TCP/DEP ESI+
Triazoles/ conazole fungicides
CH3CN
Phenyl ether linked
0.10-0.75 propiconazole Prothioconazole-desthio
ESI+
Phenoxyacid Herbicides
CH3OH
Double endcapped C18
2.0-15.0 mecoprop and dichlorprop
dicamba ESI-
Phenoxyacid Herbicide Degradates
CH3OH
Double endcapped C18
2.0-15.0 TCP CMP ESI-
MCPA
Mecoprop
MCPB
CMP
2,4-D
Dichlorprop
2,4-DB
DCP
2,4,5-TP
TCP
Phenoxyacid Herbicides
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
Postcolumn Reagent Addition to Enhance Sensitivity for Degradation Products of Phenoxyacid Herbicides or Other Aryl Phenoxy Propionic Acid Herbicides
0.8 M Ammonia in Methanol (93.5 v/v%) Flow rate 0.05 mL/min
2 mM ammonium acetate with gradient 65% methanol 0-15 min, 65-90% methanol over 10 min, held 10 min Flow rate 0.15 mL/min
Waters 1525 µ Binary pump
Column: Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 50 mm X 4.6 mm i.d., 1.8µm Gemini C18 4.0 X 2.0 mm guard column Column heater 25ºC
Shimadzu model LC-20AD pump
Waters Quattro Premier Electrospray negative ion mode
R. Raina, M.L. Etter, Analytical Chemistry Insights 5, 2010, 1-14.
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
0
50
100
150
200
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
Ammonia in Methanol (M)
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Re
sp
on
se
Re
lati
ve
to
No
Po
stc
olu
mn
DBHBA
CMP
DCP
TCP
R. Raina, M.L. Etter, Analytical Chemistry Insights 5, 2010, 1-14.
DCP
2,4-D
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
Routine Analysis by GC/MS: Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM)
•Also use ratio of response of Quan/Qual Ions %RSD (<15%) or other ionization approach used for confirmation •Deuterated or C-13 internal standards for GC/MS, or GC/MS/MS (or LC/MS/MS)
•Need sensitive deuterated pesticides for both EI and NCI –often require chromatographic resolution (isobaric compounds), may also suffer from signal enhancement/suppression issues
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
EI-SIM NCI-SIM NCI-SRM
Ethalfuralin 15.0 5.0 5.0
Trifluralin 5.0 2.5 5.0
Triallate 5.0 2.5 5.0
-HCH 7.5 2.5 2.5
-Endosulfan 15.0 5.0 15.0
-Endosulfan 50.0 7.5 50.0
DCPA 7.5 1.0 5.0
Alachlor 2.5 poor poor
Chlorpyrifos 25.0 7.5 5.0
Diazinon 2.0 5.0 10.0
Examples of GC Amenable Pesticides from separation of >50 compounds -Method Detection Limits (pg/µL)
R. Raina, P. Hall, Analytical Chemistry Insights, 2008:3, 111-125. *R. Bailey (Raina-Fulton), W. Belzer, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2007:55, 1150-1155. *LVI-COC
Captan* 10.0 2.5 Captafol * 25.0 5.0 Folpet * 200.0 2.5
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
1 mix 1 ul 40/50 BO-1-024EAf1
Time18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50
%
0
18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50
%
0
18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50
%
0
18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50
%
1
18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50
%
2
Okanagan Valley –Gas Phase
386
2.06 e3 Endosulfan Sulfate
388
1.25 e3 Endosulfan Sulfate
406
3.06 e4
404
1.92 e4
416
9.22 e3
-Endosulfan
-Endosulfan
-Endosulfan
-Endosulfan-d4
-Endosulfan
Detection Limit 1 pg/L standard 1 L splitlesss injection, GC-NCI-SIM
Sample extract
35.9 pg/L -endosulfan, 11.7 pg/L -endosulfan,
1.5 pg/L endosulfan sulfate
-Endosulfan
-Endosulfan
Endosulfan Sulfate
Isomerization
Oxidation Oxidation
Options for improving detection by using large-volume injection
1. Use of Cold On-column (COC) Injections for thermally labile pesticides by GC
COC
1-1.5 m x 0.53 mm
0.4 m X 0.25 mm retaining pre-column
Analytical column 30 m X 0.25 mm
Solvent Vent Valve (50 µm bleed restrictor)
Detector
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
Extending the range of GC-Amenable Pesticides and Lowering MDLs Option : LVI-COC-NCI Methods for Selected Pesticides
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 20 40 60 80 100
Volume Injected (L)
Pe
ak A
rea
captan
captafol
folpet
diazinon
chlorpyrifos
parathiond10
diazinond10
R. Bailey (Raina-Fulton), W. Belzer, J. Agric Food Chem., 2007, 55, 1150-1155
R. Bailey (Raina-Fulton), J. Environ. Monit., 2005, 7, 1054-1058 (review of injectors) R. Raina , Chemical Analysis Chapter in Pesticides INTECH, 978-953-307-460-3, Jan 2011
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
2. Direct Matrix Injection for GC-MS Analysis along
with at-line 96-well plate SPE
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
Set Position
for SPE 96 Well Plate
Condition 96-well plate
with solvents
Ethylacetate,
10/90 propanol/hexane
Load: 100 L sample
Elution:
200 µL 10/90 propanol/hexane
500 L ethylacetate
Addition of Internal Standard
Inject 10-30 µL DMI Injection
Large Volume DMI Injection with At-line SPE
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Chlorpyrifos (pg/L)
Resp
on
se R
ati
o
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Captan (pg/L)
Resp
on
se R
ati
o
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0 5 10 15 20
Folpet (pg/L)
Resp
on
se R
ati
o
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 5 10 15 20
Resp
on
se R
ati
o
Captafol (pg/L)
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
captan captafol
dicofol
chlorpyrifos
313
150
250
301
146
IS-parathion-d10
folpet
captan captafol
dicofol
chlorpyrifos
313
150
250
301
146
IS-parathion-d10
folpet
Standard mix 1 pg/L Spiked Air Extract
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility
Acknowledgements
R. Raina, Chapter 5, Chemical Analysis of Pesticides
Using GC/MS, GC/MS/MS, and LC/MS/MS in Pesticides,
Strategies for Pesticide Analysis, edited by M. Stoytcheva,
INTECH, ISBN 978-953-307-460-3, Jan 2011,
www.intechopen.com
R. Raina-Fulton, Methods for the Analysis of Orphan and
Difficult Pesticides: Glyphosate, Glufosinate, Quaternary
Ammonium and Phenoxy Acid Herbicides;
Dithiocarbamate and Phthalamide Fungicides, Special
Section on New Trends in Pesticide Residue Analysis for
Environmental Samples, J. AOAC Int. ,97, 4, 965-977,
2014.
R.Raina-Fulton, P. Hall, N. Alzahrani, Chapter 10:
Perspective on Changes in Atmospheric Concentrations of
Lindane, and the Pre-Emergent Herbicides (Trifluralin,
Ethalfluralin, Triallate) in the Canadian Prairies, In
Occurrence, Fate and Impact of Atmospheric Pollutants on
Environmental and Human Health; McConnell, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society:
Washington, DC, 2013.
Methods by Chemical Class or Multiresidue
TAF Trace Analysis Facility