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LAUNCHING “INFOLIT 2.0”?CONSIDERING WEB 2.0'S POTENTIAL TO SUPPORT CRITICAL THINKING AND HIGHER-LEVEL LEARNING IN INFORMATION LITERACY PRACTICE
Cameron Hoffman, University of LethbridgeSarah Polkinghorne, University of Alberta
WILU 2007May 17, 2007
Overview
Discourse Analysis Our Methodology Discourses & Patterns Emerging from the
Analysis Constructivism
Constructivism Defined Discovery Learning & Problem-based Learning
Practical Teaching Examples: Web 2.0 + Infolit
Questions and Discussion
Discourse Analysis Situating Inquiry
How is it that one particular statement appeared rather than another? (Foucault 27)
Discourse Analysis
is a tool.
It can help us investigate
questions about the real world,
which is reflected through
communications practices.
Discourse Analysis Definition
A particular area of language use that: Is associated with a concrete system or
institution Affects — and is affected by — individuals Reflects — and is affected by — social,
political, and cultural relationships Affects — and is a product of — language May dominate, but is rarely universal Is neither good nor bad Is constantly evolving
Discourse Analysis Methods
Asking What is the current nature of the
relationship between Web 2.0 and information literacy? What discourses are in play within this relationship?
Generating Terms Web 2.0 terms Information literacy terms
Discourse Analysis Methods
Searching and Reading LibLit, LISA, ERIC, INSPEC, CISA, ASP Thesaurus where available; keyword Project management: limiting inquiry to
formally published literature; time frame of 2005-present
81 results Observing
Themes, vocabularies, absences Excavating/Interrogating
Discourses
Discourse Analysis Discourses (Role of Web 2.0 in Libraries) Technology discourse
Web 2.0 positioned as a tool or technology: nothing more Where prevalent: computing science literature; less so in the
library literature
Marketing discourse Web 2.0 positioned as library service/advocacy tool/library
news/marketing tool, e.g. IM reference, podcast tours Where prevalent: the library literature we examined E.g., non-scholarly articles that are overviews or tech profiles
Learning discourse Web 2.0 positioned as a platform to facilitate and enhance
learning Where prevalent: in the education literature we read; less so
in the library literature
Discourse Analysis Discourses (Role of the Librarian)
Serving discourse Seen alongside marketing discourse: librarians positioned as
service providers This is the predominant discourse relating to the role and core
work of librarians within the literature we sampled Manifested in: anxiety, the ‘need to catch up’: We’ll fall
behind/become irrelevant if we don’t adopt Web 2.0! E.g. librarians can be better service providers, give users more
“value” through IM reference, library blogs
Teaching discourse Seen alongside learning discourse: librarians positioned as
teachers Where seen: mainly education literature; does exist, though less
widely seen, within the library literature E.g. Doug Achterman (school librarian): seeing ourselves as
guides in learning, including critical thinking skills
Discourse Analysis Discourses (Role of the Library User)
Customer discourse Users are positioned as customers, consumers of service Often seen alongside the marketing discourse and the serving
discourse Predominant discourse within the library literature we examined E.g. descriptions of millennials (skilled multitaskers, demand
instant info gratification, take path of least resistance)
Learner discourse Users are positioned as learners Most often seen alongside the teaching and learning discourses Discourse is manifested in the library literature, though it is
overshadowed by customer discourse E.g. descriptions of millennials (skilled collaborators,
communicators, reflectors, active agents in their education)
Constructivism
Constructing knowledge rather than receiving it
critical thinking
reasoningproblem-solving
(Driscoll, 2000; Fetsco & McClure, 2005; Marlowe & Page, 1998)
Learners ≠ passive receivers of information
activereflective
collaborative
Teachers = guides through the learning process
modeling
providing opportunities to think/work collaboratively
providing complex learning experiences
Constructivism is a tool.
As a learning theory, it lends
itself well to our work in integrating
Web 2.0 with IL.
Instructional strategies over techniques
Constructivism
Learning is social Knowledge is co-constructed
with others – teachers or peers.
Activity Design Working with the
Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky)
Beyond a student’s current independent skill level
Achievable with assistance or support
Level of assisted
performance
Level of independent performance
Zone of proximal
development
(Davidson & Davidson, 1994; Fetsco & McClure, 2005)
Discovery Learning
“…allows learners to discover important principles, relationships or concepts through their own experiences” (Fetsco & McClure 140)
A philosophy rather than a technique
Scaffolding: what the teacher does
“guided discovery”
* models the learning
* points out unexplored features * reduces
anxiety* keeps learners on track
Problem-Based Learning
Assessments and Example Activities
Examples:
• Teaching by Problems
• Teaching by Case studies & Role-Plays
• Teaching by Real-World Questions
Where applied: nursing/medical/law schools Role of the
Learner•active participant• collaborates with peers, teachers• some learning activities involve the learner as the ‘teacher’
Portfolio/project assessment[Hold a debate on
Wikipedia]
[Create an ‘ideal’ library layout map]
[Write a job description of the librarian of the future]
Teaching Examples
Name Activity
Cyberculture Class Blog Responding to/reflecting on research
APA Wiki Evaluating/correcting bibliographic citations
Evaluating Wikipedia Evaluating online information
flickr photo tagging Creating & Evaluating tags, Relating flickr to library subject
headings/index terms
del.icio.us bookmarking Classifying online information, Organizing URLs & research
Google Docs Collaborating on a writing project, differentiating
scholarly vs. non-scholarly information
facebook: Six degrees of separation
Relating online activity to researching/citation chasing
Activity-based lesson planning: Design active, guiding taskscreatepredic
t
analyzeevaluate
classify
relate
integrate
Teaching Example #1 Cyberculture blog
http://cybercultureclassnotes.blogspot.com/ Synthesizing main ideas to construct new
concepts (Standard 3.3)
Comparing ideas to determine the value added, contradictions, or other unique characteristics of the information (Standard 3.4)
Evaluating/determining whether certain ideas have an impact on an individual’s value system and taking steps to reconcile differences (Standard 3.5)
Teaching Example #2 APA Wiki
http://wilu2007.pbwiki.com/APA_Citation_wiki Selecting an appropriate documentation style
and using it consistently to cite sources. (Standard 5.3)
Teaching Example #3 Wikipedia evaluation wiki
http://wilu2007.pbwiki.com/evaluating_wikipedia
Collaborative writing activity Evaluating Wikipedia articles and article
sources for Bias, prejudice, manipulation Cultural or community context Reliability Validity Authority
Comparing information between different electronic sources (Standard 3.2)
Teaching Example #4 flickr tags
Activity: students sign into class-wide flickr account
Comparing/contrasting natural vocabulary with controlled vocabulary
c.f. Vygotsky’s block game Identifying keywords, synonyms and related
terms for the information needed Selecting controlled vocabulary specific to the
discipline or information retrieval source (using database thesauri)
(Standard 2.2)
Teaching Example #5 del.icio.us
Activity: student groups organize research information using del.icio.us (social bookmarking)
Group organizing of information for research Recognizing that knowledge can be organized
into disciplines that influence the way information is accessed
Categorizing knowledge through social tagging Identifying the value and differences of various
Web sites Identifying the purpose and audience of various
Web sites (e.g., popular vs. scholarly, current vs. historical)
(Standard 1.2)
Teaching Example #6Google Docs
Activity: Group writing project, article evaluation, using Google Docs
Collaborative writing Using Web as platform
Identifying scholarly vs. non-scholarly articles Reading articles and selecting main ideas Restates textual concepts in student’s own
words Analyzing the structure of articles
(Standards 3.1 & 3.2)
Teaching Example #7 facebook
Teaching activity still under construction Situating scholars as members of a community Researching through citation chasing: 6
degrees of separation (Brown cites Jones, who cites Williams, etc.)
Possibly tying this to Web of Science database (Cited Ref searching)
How to assess this?
Conclusion
Special thank you to Dr. Heidi Julien Thanks as well to:
University of Lethbridge Office of Research Services University of Alberta School of Library and
Information Studies University of Alberta Faculty of Education University of Alberta Faculty of Graduate Studies
and Research Library Association of Alberta
Selected WorksWeb 2.0 & Teaching/InfoLit Achterman, D. (2006). Making connections with blogs and wikis. California School Library
Association Journal, 30(1), 29-31. Albanese, A.R. (2006). Google is not the Net: Social networks are surging and present the real
service challenge -- and opportunity -- for libraries. Library Journal, 131(15). Retrieved May 14, 2007, from http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6370224.html
Chase, D. (2007). Transformative sharing with instant messaging, wikis, interactive maps, and Flickr. Computers in Libraries, 27(1), 7-8, 52-56.
Farabough, R. (2007). ‘The Isle is Full of Noises:’ Using wiki software to establish a discourse community in a Shakespeare classroom. Language Awareness, 16(1), 41-56.
Hauser, J. (2007). Media specialists can learn Web 2.0 tools to make schools more cool. Computers in Libraries, 27(2), 6-8.
Huwe, T.K. (2006). Some best practices for personalizing outreach. Computers in Libraries, 26(2), 36-38.
Lewis, C., and Fabos, B. (2005). Instant messaging, literacies, and social identities. Reading Research Quarterly, 40(4), 470-501.
Maloney, E.J. (2007). What Web 2.0 can teach us about learning. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 53(18), B26.
O’Reilly, T. (2005, September 30). What is Web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. O’Reilly Network. Retrieved May 17, 2007, from http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news.2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
Payne, P. (2007). Rich internet applications: Enabling Web 2.0. Network Computing, 18(3), 72, 74-78. Ramsay, K.M., and Kinnie, J. (2006). The embedded librarian: getting out there via technology to
help students where they learn. Library Journal, 131(6), 34-35. Ray, J. (2006). Welcome to the blogosphere: The educational use of blogs (aka edublogs). Kappa
Delta Pi Record, 42(4), 175-177. Zhang, L. (2006). Effectively incorporating instructional media into web-based information literacy.
The Electronic Library, 24(3), 294-306.
Selected WorksConstructivism Beck, C., & Kosnik, C. (2006). Innovations in teacher education: A social constructivist approach.
Albany: SUNY.Excellent backgrounder on constructivist learning theory.
Brooks, J. G., & Brooks, M.G. (1993). In search of understanding: The case for constructivist classrooms. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.Constructivist-based explorations of various classroom issues (e.g. making teaching relevant, valuing students’ points of view, etc.)
Brown, A., & Green, T. D. (2006). The essentials of instructional design: Connecting fundamental principles with process and practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.Easily accessible writings on learning theory, task analysis, creating learning environments and learner assessment.
Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1994). Vygotsky’s development theory: An introduction. [Videotape]. Woodstock, Ont.: Canadian Learning Company.Excellent introductory video on constructivism from a Vygotskyian perspective.
Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Practical tips for organizing a constructivist classroom.
Fetsco, T., & McClure, J. (2005). Educational psychology: An integrated approach to classroom decisions. Boston: Pearson.Comprehensive educational psychology textbook with well-written descriptions of constructivist ideas, and related learning theories and strategies (e.g. inquiry-based learning, problem-based learning, discovery learning).
Marlowe, B.A., & Page, M.L. (1998). Creating and sustaining the constructivist classroom. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.Brief history of constructivism and interesting reading on “active learning” in the classroom.
Notess, G.R. (2006). Teaching web search skills: Techniques and strategies of top trainers. Medford, NJ: Information Today, Inc.Weaving Web design concepts with instructional suggestions. Good resource for help with online tutorials.
Selected Works Discourse Analysis Budd, J.M. (2006). Discourse analysis and the study of communications in LIS. Library Trends, 55(1),
65-82.A readable and expansive exploration of the two main schools of discourse analysis and their potential as tools within LIS and library practice.
Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge and the discourse on language. A.M.S. Smith trans. New York: Pantheon.A landmark in the history of discourse analysis. A somewhat inscrutable read.
Macdonell, D. (1986). Theories of discourse: An introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Solid introduction (and discourse) of discourse analysis.