LATIN AMERICA

Timeframe:About 2600 B.C. to about 1200

A.D.Main Idea:

Early people survived by using land and resources in Latin America

Central America has the most active volcanoes in all of the Americas.

Andes Mountains: western coast of South America formed when two plates collided and pushed a tall ridge of earth up

The Amazon River is one of the longest rivers in the world, running out of the Andes Mountains and into the Atlantic Ocean.

The Eastern Highlands in South America consist of rocky plateaus, domes and hills.

Chile

Peru

Monte Verde is an historical site in Chile.

Many artifacts have beenfound like digging sticks and spears.

The people of Monte Verde moved from place to place for more plants and animals.

The oldest known city in the Americas is Caral, Peru, more than 4,000 years ago.

The society in Caral was very advanced. There is evidence of weaving, basket making and ceramic work.

The Olmec were highly skilled people. They migrated to Central America about

3,500 years ago. They contributed art, architecture,

calendars and jewelry

They influenced the Maya and Aztec people.

Conquest in Latin Conquest in Latin AmericaAmerica

Time frame Time frame 1400 -15331400 -1533

The Spanish and Portuguese The Spanish and Portuguese conquered many of the native conquered many of the native people of Latin America. Many people of Latin America. Many

Cultural traditions are still Cultural traditions are still practiced today. practiced today.

Pizarro Conquers the IncaPizarro Conquers the Inca• Between 1400 & 1500 the Spanish people Between 1400 & 1500 the Spanish people

were able to conquer the Inca which were able to conquer the Inca which increased their land and wealth.increased their land and wealth.

• The imperil city of Cuzco was a great city The imperil city of Cuzco was a great city of riches with a palace and a great temple.of riches with a palace and a great temple.

• Inca emperor Huayna Capac conquered Inca emperor Huayna Capac conquered the west coast of South America the west coast of South America

• Spanish explorer Francisca Pizarro Spanish explorer Francisca Pizarro captured emperor Atahualpa in 1532 and captured emperor Atahualpa in 1532 and killed thousands of his followers killed thousands of his followers

The Portuguese in BrazilThe Portuguese in Brazil During the 1400 & 1500s Portugal During the 1400 & 1500s Portugal

explored the world explored the world Explorer Pedro Alvares Cabral explored the Explorer Pedro Alvares Cabral explored the

East coast and founded BrazilEast coast and founded Brazil The area the Portuguese explored had no The area the Portuguese explored had no

gold or silver so they used the soil for gold or silver so they used the soil for growing several cropsgrowing several crops

They planted successful crops of sugar They planted successful crops of sugar cane which greatly influenced their cane which greatly influenced their economic systemeconomic system

The Contributions of Native people

• Spain and Portugal introduced horses for hunting and battle

• Spanish and Portugeuse exploration were a strong influence to the development of Latin America

• A group of people called the Mestizos arose, a mixed blood of Native American and European people.

Timeframe: about 1620 to Timeframe: about 1620 to about 1730about 1730

Main idea: In a Social and Main idea: In a Social and Political way, life depended on Political way, life depended on

forced labor.forced labor.

• People there found much gold, but silver People there found much gold, but silver was the main hit!was the main hit!

• There was a taxed labor that required native There was a taxed labor that required native American men to work for the SpanishAmerican men to work for the Spanish

• Spain made a government to control the Spain made a government to control the silver production so that it went smoothlysilver production so that it went smoothly

• 1730 there was a rebellion between Creoles 1730 there was a rebellion between Creoles and Peninsulars which was caused by and Peninsulars which was caused by differences in traditionsdifferences in traditions

Sugar was the main source of wealth in Sugar was the main source of wealth in SpainSpain

Brazil began importing huge numbers of Brazil began importing huge numbers of people from Africa to use as slavespeople from Africa to use as slaves

Raising sugar cane was difficult work, and Raising sugar cane was difficult work, and plantation worker’s lives were harshplantation worker’s lives were harsh

All kinds of people were brought from All kinds of people were brought from Africa to be slaves (in Brazil and the Africa to be slaves (in Brazil and the Caribbean) Caribbean)

They brought legacies from Africa, like They brought legacies from Africa, like singing and dancingsinging and dancing

Many slaves became Christian but some Many slaves became Christian but some still held some beliefs from their home still held some beliefs from their home landland

Ancestors of these people still live there Ancestors of these people still live there today and carry on similar traditionstoday and carry on similar traditions

Unit 4: Unrest In Latin America

Time frame 1765 – 1785Unrest in Latin America was

caused by taxes and harsh rules

Spain's Control

• Spain wanted to increase wealth and improve government

• Natives have been taxed by the kings• People wanted to work less and have

less taxes• The native people rebelled against

taxes• Native people wanted land to be more

equally divided

Tupac Amaru 2

• The new taxes and years or abuse led native people in Peru to revolt

• At first Tupac Amaru tried peaceful means to satisfy the people in Peru

• Then he raised an army of Indians that revolted in 1780

• The revolt spread throughout Peru and south into Bolivia and Argentina

The Comunero Rebellion

• In 1780 another Latin American revolt broke out against the Spanish it was the Comunero Rebellion

• The native people wanted land divided more fairly

• The native people and Mestizos wanted lower taxes and not be forced to work as much

• Revolt in Latin America was not over

1790 to 1820France had Control over Latin America, and they didn’t like it,

this started conflict.

• Few European land owners were wealthy most were middle class

• Some mulattos (mixed African/European background) were landowners but they were not treated equal as Europeans

• Slaves had barley any rights and no laws stated slaves should be treated fairly

• Many slaves died from the bad living conditions.

• By the early 1800’s, Mexico had been under Spanish rule for 300 years.

• The Peninsulares held the most power and the most important jobs in the government. Most Mestizos and natives had very little voice in the government and the natives were very poor.

• Miguel Hidalgo, a priest, rang the church bells on September 16, 1821 and led the fight to Mexican independence.

• After Hidalgo was put to death more struggles for freedom continued for many years

• Spain had complete control over Latin America’s economies

• Their resources were sent to Spain, they were not allowed to trade with other countries, and they had to buy goods from Spain.

• Latin America did not like this, they wanted to develop their own industries and produce their own goods.

• The first Spanish colony to demand freedom was Venezuela, who declared independence in 1811. This encouraged other colonies to demand freedom and independence too.

Unit 6: Years of Unit 6: Years of Revolution and ChangeRevolution and Change

Time frame: 1810-1840Time frame: 1810-1840

Main Idea: South America Main Idea: South America broke free from Spain and broke free from Spain and

declared their independence.declared their independence.

South America Breaks FreeSouth America Breaks Free

• Brazil declared independence without bloodshed• The ruler of Portugal's was Dom Pedro I • 1825 Brazil was a nation that belonged to Portugal• Dom Pedro freed Brazil on September,7 1822• Two important leaders in Spain ‘s independence were Jose de San

Martin and Simon Bolivar• Bolivar led a surprise attack on Columbia they gained independence

in 1819.• Bolivar freed Venezuela in 1819. • In 1822 Bolivar and San Martin joined forces to free Ecuador.• South America was finally free from Spanish rule

Central America and MexicoCentral America and Mexico

• Colonies faced government issues after Colonies faced government issues after independence independence

• The kingdom of Guatemala united with The kingdom of Guatemala united with Mexico in 1822,but the union ended in 1823Mexico in 1822,but the union ended in 1823

• By 1840, all of the provinces had their own By 1840, all of the provinces had their own independent country with their own system independent country with their own system of governmentof government

• After independence, Mexico suffered After independence, Mexico suffered economic troubles, power struggles and civil economic troubles, power struggles and civil warwar

Independence in the Dominican Republic

• In the early 1800’s the Caribbean Island of Hispaniola was home to the French colony Haiti and the Spanish colony, Santo Domingo

• Haiti was the first to declare independence in 1804

• Juan Pablo Duarte secretly organized a rebel force to drive out Haitians, leading to Dominican Republic independence in 1844.

Unit 7: Power Struggle in Latin America

Timeframe:1863-1870

Main Idea: The years 1850-1870 were a time of conflict over power and territory

in Latin America.

The Fight For Reform In Mexico

• Santa Anna sold Le Mesilla Valley to the Americas, which was called the Gadsen Purchase.

• Napoleon III sent more than 30.000 troops to march into Mexico City.

• Napoleon III sends Maximillian, the archduke of Austria, to be emperor of Mexico.

• Benito Juarez defeats Maximillian, and then becomes president of Mexico.

A War Over Borders

• Lopez, Paraguay’s dictator wanted to build his power.

• Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay join together to form the Triple Alliance to fight Paraguay.

• Paraguay stood no chance of winning, but Lopez would not give up.

• Lopez died saying" I die with my homeland!”

• This battle in 1870 marked the end of the war with the Triple Alliance

Results of the War

• Paraguay lost the War of the Triple Alliance.

• Triple Alliance countries lost over 100,000 soldiers.

• Brazil & Argentina gained land from Paraguay

• It Took a long time for Paraguay to recover.

Main ides: New people arrived in Latin America in the1800’s and 1900’s hoping for a

better life.

Unit 8Timeframe:1877 -1898

• Europeans came to Latin America in late 1800’s and early 1900’s

• Newcomers came seeking for a better life and trying to get successful jobs

• These Europeans where from Italy, Spain, Portugal, Germany, France, and Russia

• Many worked on coffee or wheat plantations or found

jobs in the city

• Trade increased between Latin America and other nations in the late 1800’s and the early 1900’s

• This happened because of the worldwide demand for goods from Latin America’s farms and mines

• There were improvements in technology and transportation

• A refrigerator ship was invented which kept foods from spoiling on the ship during trading trips

• Some exports included coffee, fruit, sugar, silver• The Central Railway was completed in Peru in 1893

• Peru lost its southern mineral rich land to Chili in The War of the Pacific in the late 1800’s

• Wars also effected Bolivia, it lost its coastal lands which effected its trade because it lost use of ports

• In the Spanish – American war Spain gave up all claims to Cuba

• The U.S. gained Puerto Rico, and American forces controlled Cuba until early 1900’s

Unit: 9Unit: 9

Latin America and the Latin America and the WorldWorld

Timeframe: about 1917 to Timeframe: about 1917 to 20002000

Main idea: most Latin Main idea: most Latin American countries gained American countries gained democratic governmentsdemocratic governments

New GovernmentNew Government

• In the 1900s military dictators took over In the 1900s military dictators took over governments in many Latin American governments in many Latin American countriescountries

• People had few rights and lived in povertyPeople had few rights and lived in poverty• A small number of people were wealthyA small number of people were wealthy• In the 1920s many Latin American In the 1920s many Latin American

countries worked to bring greater equalitycountries worked to bring greater equality to their societiesto their societies

Other NationsOther Nations• In the 1900’s the relationship between Latin In the 1900’s the relationship between Latin

America and the United States improvedAmerica and the United States improved• In 1914 the Panama canal was completed, but In 1914 the Panama canal was completed, but

owned by the U.S. until 1999owned by the U.S. until 1999• The OAS(Organization of American States) The OAS(Organization of American States)

provided for peaceful settlement and provided for peaceful settlement and cooperationcooperation

• In1962 the OAS supported the USA during the In1962 the OAS supported the USA during the Cuban Missile crisis Cuban Missile crisis

• International organizations and agreements International organizations and agreements played an important role in Latin America’s played an important role in Latin America’s economic development.economic development.

Continuing Concerns for Continuing Concerns for Latin AmericaLatin America

• Many American Countries face the Many American Countries face the problem of how to use their natural problem of how to use their natural resources the bestresources the best

• LA governments are working on ways LA governments are working on ways to use their natural resources but to use their natural resources but without destroying the rain forestwithout destroying the rain forest

• The Xingu Park is for indigenous The Xingu Park is for indigenous peoples to live.peoples to live.

Xingu Park Xingu Park Native Native peoplepeople