Spring 2012

Written By: J. E. Sutton

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Contents: I. Language of Anatomy: II. Histology I: Nervous, Epithelial & Muscular Tissues III. Histology II: Connective Tissues

Language of Anatomy: I. Anatomical Position & Surface Anatomy: a. Identify the following regions, and then practice the others by drawing in labels yourself. Police your spelling carefully:

b. Describe completely the qualities exhibited during human anatomical position.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. “Big Toe”

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

II. Body Orientation & Directions: a. Answer the following questions using the correct term: 1. The trachea is ________________ to the spinal cord. 2. The patellar region is ________________ to the popliteal region. 3. The pelvis is ________________ to the thoracic (rib) cage. 4. The elbow is ________________ to the shoulder. 5. Term meaning belly side: ________________ III. Body Planes & Sections: a. Identify the type of plane that results from each of these scenarios: 1. Commonly termed a cross section: ________________ 2. Division into a right and left: ________________ b. Identify the plane:

________________

IV. Body Cavities: a. Complete the following: b. Identify the specific serous membrane and layer of each: 5. (ex.) Membrane layer of heart that covers the external heart: visceral pericardium 6. Membrane layer of abdominal cavity that covers the body wall: ________________ 7. Membrane layer of a lung that covers the external lung: ________________ c. Identify the following, and then practice the others by drawing in labels yourself.

2.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Dorsal Body Cavity

Ventral Body Cavity

1.

Vertebral Cavity Brain & Skull

Vertebral Column & Spine Pelvic Cavity

3.

Heart & Lungs

4.

Digestive Organs Mainly

8.

9.

10. What type of plane is this?

11.

12.

13.

Histology I: Nervous, Epithelial & Muscular Tissues: I. Group Microscope Study: In groups of two to three turn on the microscope at your station. This can be done by pressing the nipple like button under the stage of the microscope. A few things to always keep in mind: a. Always start using the microscope on its lowest power. b. Hold the microscope by its stage if it is to be moved. c. More specific instructions and a demo of microscope use will be done for you. For each tissue you are to find all the components necessary for exam purposes. When all are found sketch a diagram of each. These will be crucial in helping you learn the tissues. Copying an illustration from the lab manual will not help. NOTE: The lab manual does not include all the needed components for each tissue; use the manual as a quick visual reference only.

1. Nervous Tissue: Two cell types occur here, first neuroglia which are supporting cells of the nervous system which appear as numerous dot like cells. Also found here is the neuron which is the functional cell of the nervous system. The neuron is a complex cell that has many subcomponents that make these cells unique in shape. The central region of the neuron is called the soma (cell body) and houses a darkly stained nucleus inside. Radiating outward from the soma are cell processes (we will later differentiate these into more acceptable nomenclature i.e. axons and dendrites.)

Identify: neuron (cell), neuroglia (cell), soma, cell processes and a nucleus.

2. Simple Squamous Epithelium: The simplest form of epithelium with a single layer of flat scale-like cells. Two views exist in the lab for you to view. The first is available in your slide boxes as an oral (mouth) smear. You will notice the cells here are seen as if you are looking down onto them and appear almost like a fried egg. The other view of this tissue is seen in the back of the room at a demo microscope station. Here the slide comes from the lung alveoli (sites of gas exchange). The cells are viewed on their sides in order for you to appreciate the scale-like and flat nature of these cells. Be sure to illustrate each. Identify: nucleus and plasma membranes on both views.

3. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Cells of this tissue exhibit a single layer of cells that are characterized by a cube like shape. However, the “cube” shape histologists have given to this tissue can be deceiving as the shape appears more roughened versus having perfect ninety degree angles in each cube. The cells may appear in doughnut like groupings or as chains of cells. The nucleus are in the middle of each cell.

identify: basement membrane and nucleus.

4. Simple Columnar Epithelium: This tissue has cells that appear longer than they are wide and are in a single row. The nucleus of these cells all appear at the bottom of each cell. The key characteristic of this tissue is the goblet cell which is tucked in between the column cells. The arrangement of these cells can be varied as can the shape of goblet cells. They are usually white and bubble like in shape.

identify: basement membrane, goblet cells and a nucleus.

5. Stratified Squamous Epithelium: This tissue has multiple layers of stacked cells. Each of these cells is flat and scale-like in appearance. The most common example of this tissue is found in regions of the body that cover i.e. skin. The top layer is very hair like or stringy (corneum). While the bottom layer is very darkly stained and can appear very wavy (basale). No basement membrane is seen.

identify: stratum corneum and stratum basale. 6. Skeletal Muscle: The cells of muscle are actually termed fibers and will be used here as such. The fibers appear as wide parallel strings. Within each fiber are several stripes

or bands that appear usually black called striations. The nuclei (plural form of nucleus) are found just outside each skeletal muscle fiber and appear bean like in shape.

identify: striations and nuclei.

7. Cardiac Muscle: The fibers of this tissue appear very different from skeletal muscle. Each fiber is highly branched and exhibit striations. In addition to striations cardiac muscle also have dark bands that appear to look like stitches. These bands are termed intercalated discs and are typically the width of four striations put into one. Intercalated discs are the diagnostic feature of this tissue. identify: intercalated discs, nuclei and striations. 8. Smooth Muscle: The unique morphology of this tissue gives it away as it appears to be tapered, or spindle shaped. The nucleus appears enlarged and the individual fibers are pushed very close together often making the fibers look like waves.

identify: nucleus.

II. Basic Tissues: a. Answer the following questions: 1. Define a tissue: 2. Identify the broad category (four main types) of tissue from the list of characteristics below: - Dendrites and neuroglia: ________________ - Most diverse type of tissue: ________________ - Tightly packed cells with little space between adjoining cells: ________________ II. Nervous Tissue a. Answer the following questions: 1. The general function of nervous tissue can be defined as what: 2. Using the micrograph below: - Which is a soma/cell body? - Which is a neuroglia cell?

A.

B.

C.

D.

III. Epithelial Tissues: a. If the statement below is true concerning epithelial tissues place a “X” in the blank: ______ 1. Epithelial tissues are vascular [have a blood supply]. ______ 2. Epithelial tissues are classified based on cell shape and number of layers. ______ 3. An apical surface is the part of a cell where the nucleus is housed. ______ 4. The adhesive like material binding epithelial tissues is basement membrane. ______ 5. Squamous means “flat” or “scale-like”. ______ 6. Goblet cells secrete wet mucus and are found in simple cuboidal epithelium. ______ 7. Stratum corneum is an active (alive) layer found in stratified squamous epithelium. ______ 8. Simple squamous epithelium can be found inside kidney tubules and in ducts. ______ 9. Stratified squamous epithelium is often associated with protection. b. Complete the following:

Tissue Number of layers Cell shape Location Function

10. 1 11.

Kidney glomeruli Lung alveoli

12.

13.

14. 15. Skin Anus

16.

Simple Columnar Ep.

1 17. 18. Absorption Secretion

19.

20. Cuboidal 21. 22.

c. Identify the following:

23. Identify the specific tissue shown: 24. What is the function of this tissue: 25. Name structure “A”: 26. What is the location of this tissue: 27. Name cell “A”: 28. Name structure “B”:

A.

A.

B.

IV. Muscular Tissues: a. Answer the following questions using the correct term: 1. Bands of protein are often called this in muscle tissues: ________________ 2. Term referring to the shape of smooth muscle: ________________ 3. The “true” term for a muscle cell: ________________ b. Identify the following:

4. Identify the specific tissue shown: 5. What is structure “A”: 6. What is the location of this tissue: 7. What is the function of this tissue:

A.

Histology II: Connective Tissues: I. Group Microscope Study: In groups of two to three turn on the microscope at your station. This can be done by pressing the nipple like button under the stage of the microscope. A few things to always keep in mind: a. Always start using the microscope on its lowest power. b. Hold the microscope by its stage if it is to be moved. c. More specific instructions and a demo of microscope use will be done for you. For each tissue you are to find all the components necessary for exam purposes. When all are found sketch a diagram of each. These will be crucial in helping you learn the tissues. Copying an illustration from the lab manual will not help. NOTE: The lab manual does not include all the needed components for each tissue; use the manual as a quick visual reference only.

1. Areolar Connective Tissue: This tissue represents a standard form of connective tissue. This is due to the fact that a variety of cell types and fibers can be seen within its matrix. Note the ground substance which is the amorphic background material [space]. Three fibers occur in connective tissues elastic, collagen and reticular [which is not seen]. Elastic fibers appear thin or string-like and often branch. While collagen bundles are masses of fibers and often look like rope. Additionally these collagen bundles do not branch and appear in thick bundles of pink to purple fibers. Also occurring in this tissue are a plethora of cell types: macrophages, adipocytes, fibroblasts (secrete matrix), red blood cells, white blood cells, and mast cells. This slide is found only at the demo microscope station in the back of the room.

Identify: ground substance, collagen bundles, elastic fibers and fibroblasts.

2. Adipose Tissue: This tissue is commonly termed “fat” because of its storage in such. Adipose can often appear like simple squamous epithelium as viewed from the lung alveoli. Don’t confuse the two as adipose tissue doesn’t have as much cytoplasm nor as many nuclei as simple squamous epithelium. Also note that generally adipose is more faintly stained versus epithelium. Adipose tissue is made from fat cells also called adipocytes which appear as ring structures in the tissue. Composing the adipocyte are cytoplasm and a nucleus which have been pushed to the outside of the cell. This peripheral (side) appearance of those two structures is due to the fat storage vacuole which makes up the center (space inside) of the adipocyte. The fat storage vacuole stores substances and as it increases in width from storage it pushes its cellular contents outwards (cytoplasm and nucleus). Histologists call an association of two neighboring adipocytes together signet rings.

Identify: adipocytes (cell), fat storage vacuole, cytoplasm/nucleus and signet rings.

3. Blood [Vascular] Tissue: Blood also called vascular tissue is the only tissue with a liquid ground substance. The ground substance here is a material called plasma and can be represented as the space surrounding the cells and their fragments. Two main cell types occur in this tissue: erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells). Erythrocytes appear faint red and have a depression in the center of the cell as the nucleus is absent in adults. The leukocytes are much larger and much more rare in comparison to erythrocytes. These cells have unique nuclei patterns and often colorful granules within the cells that distinguish them. Lastly cellular fragments called platelets can be found in this tissue and appear as very tiny freckle-like particles in the plasma.

Identify: plasma, platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes (cells).

4. Bone [Osseous] Tissue: Bone or Osseous tissue is a highly complex tissue arranged in units called osteons. Within the osteons are lamella (ground substance) which appear as concentric rings (circular layers) and a central opening called a central canal to which the lamella wrap around. You will notice this arrangement of these two structures together gives this tissue a tree trunk like appearance. Lacunae are structures that protect/house cells inside of them- selves. Lacunae of this tissue (if alive) house osteocytes (bone cells) inside. Once again you should understand a lacunae is not a cell, it is a structure that houses a cell inside itself. Lastly, are crack or eye-lash like structures called canaliculi. Look at the word and you will notice a root word of canal, these structures appear as canals radiating out from lacunae.

Identify: osteon, lamella, central canal, canaliculi, lacunae & an osteocyte (cell).

5. Hyaline Cartilage Tissue: This is the simplest form of cartilage of the three varieties. Hyaline has a glassy or smooth matrix (no fibers can be seen) which makes it unique to other types of cartilage. The lacunae can be seen here housing chondrocytes which are commonly termed chondrocytes.

Identify: Lacunae and chondrocyte (cell).

6. Fibrous Cartilage [Fibrocartilage] Tissue: This tissue can be difficult to find so look care- fully. The tissue appears streaky due to irregular waves of thick collagen bundles. In between these collagen bundles are once again chondrocytes that are housed inside lacunae. Note the lacunae here are typically stacked or very colonized (in close association) with one another.

Identify: Collagen bundles, lacunae and chondrocyte (cell).

7. Elastic Cartilage Tissue: Elastic cartilage is often said to look like a sandwich, this is due to the presence of a protective sheath called a perichondrium. This structure can be found both over and under the cartilage, it appears very dark purple usually. Within the cartilage itself are lacunae and inner chondrocytes. Just outside of these lacunae are thickly stained black strings called elastic fibers.

Identify: Perichondrium, elastic fibers, chondrocyte (cell) and lacunae.

I. General Connective Tissue Overview: a. Answer the following questions: 1. Besides elastic fibers name two other fiber elements in connective tissues:

2. What is the diagnostic (defining) characteristic of connective tissue: 3. Ground substance is one of the components of the matrix, identify the three states and examples of each state that ground substance can exist in:

II. Connective Tissue Diversity: a. Identify the specific type of connective tissue using the characteristics below: 1. Signet rings and fat storage vacuoles: ________________ 2. Leukocytes and plasma: ________________ 3. Perichondrium and elastic fibers: ________________ b. Answer the following questions: 4. Differentiate between the following pairs of terms based on function and distinguishing characters of each: - lacunae and chondrocyte: - erythrocyte and leukocyte: 5. What is the function of the perichondrium: 6. What are the most abundant cells in areolar connective tissue:

c. Identify the following:

A.

7. What is the specific name of this tissue: 8. Identify cell “A”: 9. What is the function of this tissue: 10. What is structure “A”: 11. What is the function of this tissue: 12. What is the location of this tissue:

A.

13. What is the specific name of this tissue? 14. What is cell “A”: 15. What is structure “B”: 16. What is cell “A”: 17. What is the location of this tissue:

A.

B.

A.

18. What is structure “A”: 19. What is structure “B”: 20. What is the function of this tissue: 21. What is the specific name of this tissue: 22. What is structure “A”: 23. What is the location of this tissue:

A.

B.

A.