LanguageA)ri,onandLanguageTransmission?

SilvinaMontrul

3rdInterna1onalConferenceonLanguageA8ri1onUniversityofEssex,July5-7,2016

IdealizedRouteofNa,veLanguageDevelopment

•  Basic vocabulary •  Inflectional

morphology •  Simple and

complex syntax/semantics

•  Implicit learning

•  Reading/metalinguistic awareness •  Abstract vocabulary •  Complex syntax, semantics

pragmatics •  Registers

BilingualismandMigra,on•  Thechildrenofimmigrants—heritagespeakers—exposedtotwolanguagesfrombirthorinearlychildhooddonotalwaysa)ainfulllinguis,ccompetenceintheirfamilylanguagewhentheyreachadulthood.

•  Adultswithmorethantenyearsofimmersioninasecondlanguageenvironment(immigrants)canexperiencefirstlanguagea)ri,on,namelyforgeQnglexicalandgramma1calaspectsoftheirna1velanguage.

Outline

1.  Intergenera1onalLanguageLoss2.TheProblem:CanL1a8ri1oninadultsaffectheritagelanguagedevelopment?3.Thestateofmyanswer

5

AgeeffectsinL1A)ri,on(Bylund2009,Montrul2008)

ageproficiency

high

low

younger older

foreign adoptees

simultaneous bilinguals

sequential bilinguals

adult L2 learners (1st generation immigrants)

6

L1a)ri,oninAdults

•  Ageofimmigra1oninadulthood(1stgenera1onimmigrants)

•  Morethan10yearsofresidenceinL2environment.

•  DegreeofuseofL1varies(fromnousetosomeuse)

•  DegreeofL2proficiencyvaries(fromnear-na1vestonon-na1ves)

Idealizeda)ri,onofthena,velanguageinadults

before immigration after immigration

8

Morphosyntax

Keijzer(2007):StudyofDutchimmigrantsinOntarioCanada

•  3groups:adultL1a8riters,L1acquirers(13-yearolds),Dutchcontrol

•  15gramma1calfeatures(includingverbalandnominalmorphology,V2,passives,subordina1on)

•  Differentelicita1onmeasures

9

Keijer(2007)

Errorsinthisstudy—asinmostothera8ri1onstudiesofadulta8ri1on—wereminimal,butwhena8ested,errorsaffectedmorphologymorethansyntax.

“Atnopointweredrama.cchangesperceivedinthea4ri.onofDutchinDutchCanadianémigrés”(Keijzer2007,p.266).

Schmidt&Hopp(2014):ForeignAccent

Schmid(2014)

•  GermanNPmorphology•  Case•  Gender•  Plural•  VPmorphology•  Wordorder(V2)

Results:NPmorphology

Results:VPandWordOrder

SchmidandJarvis(2014)

•  Lexicalaccess(psycholinguis1cexperiments)•  Lexicaldiversity(speechsamples)•  Dysfluencyphenomena(speechsamples)Istheproblemofa8ri1onatthelexicalretrieval(ac1va1onthreshold)levelorattheproduc1onlevel(cogni1veinhibi1on/control)?

Par,cipants

159Na1vespeakersofGerman53emigratedtoCanada53emigratedtotheNetherlands53wereresidentsofGermanyandhadlivedinGermanyalltheirlives

Children

•  Havenotreachedlinguis1cmaturityandmastery.

•  Incompleteacquisi.onora4ri.on?

•  A)ri,onassumesthatsomethingwasacquiredandthenweakenedorlost.

•  Incompleteacquisi,onassumesthatsomethingwasnotfullyacquiredormasteredinthefirstplace.

IncreaseinErrorRates

18ErrorRateswithGenderAgreementinSpanish(Anderson1999)

Silva-Corvalán(2014)

•  StudyoftwosimultaneousSpanish-Englishbilingualsiblingsfromage1-6.(hergrandchildren)

•  OnlyoneparentspokeSpanish(father)andalwaysaddressedthechildreninSpanish.

•  TAMsystem•  Copulas•  Subjectexpression

AmountofInputintheTwoLanguages

Findings•  Thesiblings’developingknowledgeofverbsandverb

tensesuptoabouttheageof4;0iscomparabletothatofmonolingualchildrenintheirrespec1velanguages.

•  ThesiblingsshowfulldevelopmentofEnglishcomplextensesbyage6.

•  Complextenses(perfecttenses,condi1onal,subjunc1ve)donotdevelopnSpanish,theweakerlanguageanerage3.

•  Thesiblingsshowincompleteacquisi,onoftheverbalsystemofSpanishbyage6:theoldersiblingismoreproficientthantheyoungersibling.

Summary

•  A8ri1oninadultsatthemorphosyntac1clevelisrareandminor.

•  Itcouldbeprocessingeffects.•  A8ri1oninchildrenaffectsthedevelopinglinguis1ccompetence(notjustprocessing)

Intergenera,onalBilingualism

Proficiency in the two languages

Spanish English 1 gen. parents strong (dominant) weaker

2 gen. children Same-weaker Same- stronger

3 gen. grandchildren Very weak to none Very strong

23

24

LanguageShi_withSpanishintheUSA

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

parents1stgenera1on

children2ndgenera1on

grandchildren3rdgenera1on

SpanishDominant

Bilingual

EnglishDominant

25

AdultHeritageSpeakers

•  Casesofunbalancedearlybilingualism(evenwhenthetwoparentsspeakthemajoritylanguageathome).

•  CasesofsuccessfulL2acquisi1onbutofincompleteL1acquisi1on.

•  Theydisplaynon-uniformlevelsofproficiencyandmanyofthepa8ernsfoundinL2acquisi1on

HL L1

HL

ML ML

ML

Variation in HL proficiency in heritage speakers in the United States

HL

HL ML

ML = English HL = Spanish/Japanese/Russian/Hindi . . .

LanguageLearning

Duringthepre-schoolyears,childrenacquiretheirna1velanguage(s),andthebasicstructuralfounda1onisassumedtobeinplace.Toachievena1velanguageproficiencyormasteryisalongprocessofdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood(Berman2004).

Unbalanceddevelopmentinsimultaneousbilinguals

School-ageperiod

Languageshi_insequen,albilinguals

Gramma,calcompetenceofadultheritagespeakers

•  Theheritagelanguagetendstobetheweakerlanguage.

•  Structuralchangeswithrespecttothegrammarsofage-matchedmonolingualsincountryoforiginandwithrespecttoparentalgenera1onofadultimmigrants.

•  Differencesinphonology,syntax,morphology,seman1cs,interfaces,etc.

Somepoten,alreasonsforstructuralchangesinadultHeritageSpeakers

•  Insufficientinputanduse•  Changesinfrequency•  Dominantlanguagetransfer•  Incompleteacquisi1on•  A8ri1on•  Exposuretodifferentinput,i.e.“a)rited”variety?

•  Alloftheabove?

Thestudy

Differen1alObjectMarking(DOM)inSpanish,HindiandRomanianheritagespeakersintheUnitedStates.

32

Acknowledgements

•  Na1onalScienceFounda1ongrantARRA#09175939(withRakeshBha8andRoxanaGirju)

•  ResearchAssistantsArchnaBha0a VandanaPuriKirstenHope VanesaHernándezLauraRomani FranciscaMedranoNatalieToomey LuminitaMarcus

NoeliaSánchez-Walker AndreeaFaurRalucaKim BogdanBuricea

33

SpanishDOM=preposi,onaanimateobject inanimateobject

specific 1.Juanvioalamujer. 3.Juanviolapelícula.

2.*Juanviolamujer. 4.*Juanvioalapelícula.

“Juansawthewoman.” “Juansawthemovie.”

non-specific 5.Juanvioaunamujer. 7.Juanviounacarrera.

(op1onal) 6.Juanviounamujer. 8.*Juanvioaunacarrera.

“Juansawawoman” “Juansawarace”

34

HindiDOM:postposi,onkoanimateobject inanimateobject

specific 1.Mira-neRamesh-kodekhaa 2.Mira-nevahghardekhaa

Mira-ErgRamesh-DOMsaw Mira-Ergthathousesaw

3.*Mira-neRameshdekhaa 4.Mira-neusghar-kodekhaa

Mira-ErgRamesh saw Mira-Ergthathouse-DOMsaw

“MirasawRamesh” “Mirasawthathouse”

OPTIONAL

non-specific

5.?Miraneaadmi-kodekhaa 6.Mira-neekghardekhaa

Mira-Ergman-DOMsaw Mira-Ergahousesaw7.Miraneaadmidekhaa 8.*Miraneekghar-kodekhaaMira-Ergmansaw Mira-Ergahouse-DOMsaw“Mirasawaman” “Mirasawahouse” 35

Similari,esbetweenSpanishandHindi

DOMisthesamemarkerastheobligatoryda1vecasemarkerofindirectobjectsandda1vesubjects.

Spanish Hindi

Indirectobjects

JuandiounlibroaMaríaJuangaveabooktoMaria“JuangaveabooktoMaria.”

Rakesh-neSitakokitaabdii.Rakesh-ergSita-datbookgave“RakeshgaveabooktoSita.”

Da,vesubjects

AJuanlegustaesaniña.datJuancllikesthatgirl“Juanlikesthatgirl.”

Rakesh-kovahlaRkiipasandhaiRakesh-datthatgirllikes“Rakeshlikesthatgirl.”

36

3studies

•  Spanish•  Hindi•  RomanianTargetpopula1on:2ndgenera1onimmigrantsintheUnitedStates

US-bornSpanish,HindiandRomanianSpanish,HindiandRomanianchildimmigrants

Methodologicalchallenge

Whoistherightcontrolgrouporbaselineforheritagespeakers?

A.  Theirparents’genera1on(adultfirstgenera1onimmigrants)intheUS?

B.  Theiragepeersinthecountryoforigin?C.  Theirparents’peersinthecountryoforigin?

OverallResearchDesign

USgroups•  Simultaneousbilingualheritagespeakers•  Sequen1albilingualheritagespeakers•  Adultimmigrants(40-60yearolds)Mexico,IndiaandRomaniaGroups•  Agematchedna1vespeakersincountryoforigin(18-25yearolds)

•  Adultsincountryoforigin(40-60yearolds)

ScreeningInstruments

•  6-pagelinguis1cprofileques1onnaireforeachlanguage(ageofonsetofbilingualism,languageofparents,levelofeduca.on,pa4ernsoflanguageuseinchildhood,elementaryschool,middleschool,highschool,present,self-ra.ngsineachlanguageques.onaboutaBtudetowardlanguage)

•  Wri8enproficiencymeasurespartsofDELEandMLAtasksforSpanishdevelopedclozetestsforHindiandRomanian

40

Tasksinthethreelanguages

1.Oralnarra,vetask2.Oralpicturedescrip,onTask3.Auralcomprehensiontask4.Wri8encomprehensiontask5.Wri8enproduc1ontask6.Bimodal,un,medacceptabilityjudgmenttask

41

Par,cipantsSpanish Hindi

country US USHeritagespeakers(sim.bil.) 32 30Heritagespeakers(seq.bil.) 24 6Adultimmigrants 21 21country Mexico IndiaYoungerNS(18-25) 20 20OlderNS(40-60) 20 22SES Low-mid High

Hindi

Hindi:Rajesh,22yearsoldBornintheUnitedStatesq Hindispeakingparentsq HighSES(parentsaredoctorsorengineers)q SchooledinEnglishq ParentsspokeHindiathome,RajeshusedsomeHindibutonenrespondedinEnglishq KnowledgeofEnglish:na1veinallskillsq KnowledgeofHindi:intermediateinspokenandauralcomprehension,cannotread/writethelanguageverywell

Hindi:Self-ra,ngs

45

4.715.00 4.85

4.32

4.90

3.35

4.75 4.64

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

adultHindiImmigrants

Hindiheritagespeakers

adultspeakers(India)

youngerspeakers(India)

selfra1ngEnglishselfra1ngHindi

*

USgroups Indiagroups

HindiHeritageSpeakers:self-ra,ngsbyskill

5.00

5.00

5.00

4.92

2.00

2.96

3.69

1.85

1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00

English Reading

English Speaking

English Listening

English Writing

Hindi Reading

Hindi Speaking

Hindi Listening

Hindi Writing

46

Hindina,vespeakersfromIndia(oldercohort):selfra,ngsbyskill

(Montrul,Bha),Girju2015)

47

4.55

4.40

4.50

4.50

3.95

4.55

4.55

3.75

1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00

EnglishReading

EnglishSpeaking

EnglishListening

EnglishWri1ng

HindiReading

HindiSpeaking

HindiListening

HindiWri1ng

HindispeakersinIndia:self-ra,ngsbyskill(Montrul,Bhat&Girju,2015)

HindiWri)enProficiencyClozeTest

49

38.05

25.23

38.8 38.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

AdultHindiImmigrants

Hindiheritagespeakers

adultspeakers(India)

youngerspeakers(India)

*

USgroups Indiagroups

OralNarra,ve-kowithanimate,specificobjects

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

HindiHS AdultImmigrants YoungHindispeakers

OlderHindispeakers

overgeneraliza1ons

omission

correct

*Mira-neRameshdekhaa

Mira-neRamesh-kodekhaa

IndividualResults:-komarking

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627

HindiHS

AdultImmigrants

OralNarra,ve:erga,vemarking

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

HindiHS AdultImmigrants YIndia OIndia

overgeneraliza1on

omission

correct

OralNarra,ve:erga,vemarking

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526

HindiHS

AdultImmigrants

YIndiaNS

OIndiaNS

OralProduc,onTask:-Ko

0.80

0.96 0.96 0.95

0.36

0.22 0.22 0.24

0.72

0.94 1.00 0.99

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

HindiHS AdultImmigrants YoungerHindispeakers

OlderHindispeakers

USgroups Indiagroups

AnSpecDO

InanimDO

DatSubject

IndividualResults-kowithanimatedirectobjects

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

HindiHS

AdultImmigrants

YoungerHindiNS

OlderHindiNS

IndividualResults-kowithda,vesubjects

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

HindiHS

AdultImmigrants

YoungerHindiNS

OlderHindiNS

AnimateSpecificDirectObjects

57

*

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

HindiHS adultIm. youngerNS olderNS

withko

*withoutko

USGroups IndiaGroups

Da,veExperiencerSubjects

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

Hindiheritagespeakers

adultim. youngerNS olderNS

withko

*withoutko

USgroups Indiagroups

SummaryHindiStudy

•  IncomparisontoHindina1vespeakerswhoimmigratedtotheUSasadultsandage-matchedcontrolsinIndia,US-bornHindiheritagespeakersacceptDOMomissionwithanimate,specificdirectobjectsandwithda1vesubjects.

•  Thereisalsosignificantomissionoferga1ve-nemarking.

•  Li)leevidenceforL1a)ri,onintheadultimmigrantHindigroup.

59

SPANISH

SometypicalCases•  BorninNorthernMexico.•  ImmigratedtotheUSatages2

(Beatriz),4(Alicia)and9(Carlos).•  Carloswentupto3rdgradein

MexicoandthenwasenrolledinEnglish-onlyschoolintheUS.HadtotakeESLclasses.

•  AliciaspokeSpanishwhenshearrivedintheUS,whileBeatrizwaslearningSpanish.Theywerebothenrolledinfull-1meEnglishdaycare.

•  Athome,parentsspokeSpanishwiththechildren.

Carlos(29),Alicia(24)andBeatriz(22)

61

Self-ra,ngsinSpanishandEnglish

62

4.634.78

3.42

2.4

1.33

4.184.31

4.95 5 5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

USbornMexicanHS

childMexicanimmigrants

adultMexicanimmigrants

Mexicanyoungadults

Mexicanadults

EnglishSpanish*

**

*

USgroups Mexicogroups

Wri)enProficiencyinSpanish

63

38.18 38.54

42.4

45.5 45.8

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

USbornMexicanHS childMexicanimmigrants

adultMexicanimmigrants

Mexicanyoungadults Mexicanadults

SignificantdifferencesbetweenUSgroupsandMexicogroups.

USgroups Mexicogroups

AccuracyOralNarra,veTask

0"

10"

20"

30"

40"

50"

60"

70"

80"

90"

100"

animate"object"(with"DOM)" inanimate"object"(no"DOM)"

young"na@ve"speakers"sequen@al"bilinguals"simultaneous"bilinguals"adult"immigrants"older"na@ve"speakers"

*

*JuanvioMaría.Juanviolapelícula.

Accuracyonanimateobjectsbypar,cipants

AccuracyPictureDescrip,onTask

*

Accuracyonanimateobjectsbypar,cipants

Spanish:AnimateSpecificDirectObjects

JuanvioaMaría.*JuanvioMaría.*

1

2

3

4

HS(sim) HS(seq) AdultIm youngerNS olderNS

witha

noa

*

USGroups MexicoGroups

AdultImmigrants(Montrul&Sánchez-Walker2013)

•  OralNarra1veTask•  Theadultimmigrantsweresplitintoomi4ers(n=10)andnonomi4ers(n=13).

•  Theomi4erswereolderthanthenon-omi4ersat1meoftes1ng(48.3vs.43.2),acquiredEnglishlaterinlife(22vs.20.2),andhadresidedintheUSlonger(27.3yearsvs.23.1years).

•  ThetwoimmigrantswiththelowestaccuracyonDOM(both33%)hadbeenintheUnitedStatesfor33and37years,respec1vely.

SummarySpanishStudy

•  DOMseemstobemoreaffectedinSpanish-speakersintheUS,includinglatearrivals(adultimmigrants)whohavebeenlivingintheUSforseveralyears.

•  Itisnotaffectedinthegroupsofna1vespeakerstestedinMexico,youngerorolder.

•  DOMmaybesubjecttoL1a)ri,oninSpanish,notjustincompleteacquisi1on(orchilda8ri1on)aspreviouslythought.

70

Pa)ernsoflanguageuse?

1.%ofparentswhospokeHLexclusivelytochildren2.%ofHSswhoalwaysrespondedintheHL3.%ofHSwhospoketheHLwithsiblings4.%ofHSwhospoketheHLwithHL-speakingfriends

5.%parentswhoencouragedtheHStospeakHLathome

6.%HSwhoreceivedsomeHLinstruc1oninelementaryschool

71

Pa)ernsofLanguageUse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

parentsspeakHL

HSrespondinHL

HSspeakwithsiblings

HSspeakwithfriends

parentsencouragedHL

HLatschool

Spanish

Hindi

Puzzle

•  SpanishhasawiderspeechcommunityandenjoysmorevitalityanduseintheUSincomparisontoHindi.YET,itexhibitshigherdegreeoferosionofDOM.

•  Itaffectsboththefirstandthesecondgenera1on.

73

Ques,ons•  Ihavearguedextensivelythatthestructuralchangesobservedintheheritagespeakersaremainlyduetoreducedinputanduse(incompleteacquisi1oninchildhood).

•  Butcantheybeduetothenatureoftheinput?(Sorace2004,Rothman2007,PascualyCabo2013)

•  Someofthespeakersofthefirstgenera1onshowa8ri1on.

•  Heritagespeakersspeakthelanguagewiththefirstgenera1on(adultimmigrants).

•  Canspeakersofthefirstgenera,on(parents)transmitpa)ernsofa)ri,ontothesecondgenera,on(children)?

Myanswers

•  Itisunlikelythattheparentalgenera1ontransmits“a8rited”pa8ernstothesecondgenera1on.

•  Whatislikelyistheopposite:thattheheritagespeakersinfluencetheparentalgenera0on.

•  Heritagespeakersmaybetheagentsoflanguagechange,atleastinSpanishintheUnitedStates.

DevelopmentalScenario

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

L1a8ri1on-mothers

HLloss

HLmaintenance

HLacquisi1on

A)ri,on

•  Noimmigrantcouldbea8riteduponarrivalinthenewcountry.

•  Ittakesatleast10yearstostartseeingsignsofa8ri1oninmorphosyntax,inmostcasesmorethan20or30years.

•  Therefore,asbilingualchildrenaregrowingupiftheyshownon-targetdevelopment,itcannotcomefromtheirparents’input.

Logic

•  Pa8ernsofincompleteacquisi1onintheheritagespeakerscouldbetracedbacktoearlierstagesofbilingualdevelopment.

•  Childreninteractexclusivelywithparentsearlyinlinguis1cdevelopment(pre-school)

•  Duringtheschool-ageperiodthesocialgroupofthechildwidens.Parentsarenolongerthemainsourceofinput(althoughtheycouldbefortheheritagelanguage).

•  Mainsourceofinputisthepeergroup.

Logic

•  Asfamiliesstartusingthemajoritylanguageathome,theparentsmaystartusingmoreEnglishinthehomewiththechildrenaswell,gradually.

•  Bythe1meheritagespeakersareteenagersoryoungadults,theparentsmightbea8rited.

•  Manyheritagespeakersstartusingtheheritagelanguagemoreinyoungadulthoodthanearlier.

•  Bynow,theirpa8ernsofincompleteacquisi1onmayreinforcethegrammaroftheparents.

ShinandOtheguy(2013)

“Weproposethattheposi1onoflinguis1cleadershipoccupiedbywomenistheresultoftheirextensivecontactwithhigh-pronounusingsecond-genera1onLa1nos.”(p.432)

Kerswill(1996)

•  Modelslinguis1cchangebytakingintoaccountageofacquirersandtransmi8ersandlinguis1cfeatureslikelytochange.

•  Natureofrela1onshipbetweeninterlocutorsInfantchild-parents,olderchild/preadolescent-peergroup,adolescent/youngadult-adult•  Adolescentsmaybethemostinfluen,altransmi)ersofchange

Meiseletal.(2013)•  Onlysuccessivebilinguals(L2learners)canbeagentsoflanguagechange,whentheyacquirethesecondlanguageincompletely.

•  L1learners,monolingualsaswellasbilinguals,areunlikelyagentsoflanguagechange.

•  “Heritagelanguagelearnersaretheleastlikelygrouptoexertasignificantinfluenceonlearnersofthemajoritylanguage”(p.163)

Howdowetestforthis?

•  Comparechildheritagespeakerstoadultheritagespeakers.

•  Testmothersandchildrenofdifferentages.•  Woman/mothereffectonbilingualchildren(ShinandOtheguy,2013)

•  Heritagespeakersofbidialectalparentsadoptthedialectofthemother(Potowski2008)

84

HowisDOMacquiredbychildren?RodríguezMondoñedo(2008)

Spanish-speakingchildrendataavailableinCHILDES(Maria,Koki,Juan,Emilio),agesrangingfrom1;07to3;00.Spanish-speakingchildrenhaveanadultgrammar.(98.8%accuracyatage3)

85

BilingualChildren(ages1;00-3;00)(Ticio,2015)

•  CHILDESdatabase•  6simultaneousbilingualchildren(5Spanish-English,1Catalan-Spanish)

•  74.62%omissionofDOMwithanimate,specificdirectobjectbyage3;00

•  Unlikewhathasbeenreportedinmonolingualacquisi1onofSpanish,simultaneousbilingualchildrendonotdevelopacquisi1onandmasteryofDOMby3;00yearsofage.

ThreeFollow-ups

School-AgeBilingualChildrenMontrul&Sánchez-Walker(2013)

groups N Meanage

Parentalra,ngEnglish

Parentalra,ngSpanish

PPVT(English)Standardscore

TVIP(Spanish)Standardscore

Simultaneousbilinguals 17 10;1 5 3.8 98.9 83.1

Sequen1albilinguals 22 12;2 4.7 4.4 97 86.9

Na1vespeakers 20 11;0 122.1

Age: nsParentalra,ngs English>SpanishbothbilingualgroupsPPVT simultaneousbilinguals=sequen1albilingualsTVIP na1vespeakers>simultaneousandsequen1albilinguals

AccuracyonDOMOralNarra,ve

*

Accuracyonanimateobjectsbypar,cipants

AccuracyonthePictureDescrip,onTask

Accuracyonanimateobjectsbypar,cipants

Summary

•  School-ageSpanishheritagespeakersomitDOMinSpanishsignificantlymorethanage-matchedna1vespeakersfromMexico.Thisisasignofincompleteacquisi,onofSpanishDOM.

•  Quan1tyofinputasindicatedbyageofonsetofbilingualism(simultaneousvs.sequen1albilinguals)doesnotseemtoma8er.

•  Thereishighindividualvariabilityinthetwobilingualgroups.

ChildandAdultHeritageSpeakers

80.1 80.5

97.8

69.3 66.8

97.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

simultaneousbilinguals sequen1albilinguals na1vespeakers

adults(study2)

children(study1)

NatureofInput

•  Immigrantscannotbeassumedtobea8riteduponarrival,soinputtobilingualchildrenmaynotshowsignsofa8ri1on.

•  Inputtoadultheritagespeakersmayshowsignsofa8ri1oniftheparentshavebeenexposedtoEnglishformorethan15or20years.

MothersandChildren

Arebilingualchildrenreceivinga)ritedinput?•  14bilingualchildrenages6-10andtheirmothers.

•  Halfofthechildrenweresimultaneousbilingualsandtheotherhalfweresequen1albilinguals.

•  Sameoraltaskswereadministered.

Results

78

100

55

9398 96

89 92

0102030405060708090

100

Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate

OralNarra1ve PictureDescrip1on

MeanPe

rcen

tageAccuracyScore

bilingualchildren

mothers

ByTypeofBilinguals

69.23

96.43

84

100

0102030405060708090

100

SIM Mothers-sim SEQ Mothers-seq

MeanPe

rcen

tageAccuracyScore

ResultsOralNarra,ve

OralNarra,veAccuracyonanimateobjects

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

child

mother

MothersandOlderChildren•  19heritagespeakers(18-26,meanage22.28)AoAEnglish(ages2-8,mean4.8)

•  Theirmothers(meanage45.86)

4.62

2.93

4.384.93

11.52

2.53

3.54

4.55

heritagespeakers theirmothers

Self-ra,ngs

English

Spanish

3741

0

10

20

30

40

50

heritagespeakers theirmothers

Wri)enProficiencyinSpanish

OralNarra,ve(DOMobjects)

71.1

96.6

0102030405060708090

100

heritagespeakers HSs'mothers

Mother-ChildPairs(DOMobjects)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 20

Heritagespeakers

mothers

ElicitedProduc,onTask

68.6

98.2

83.6

98.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

animateobjects inanimateobjects

heritagespeakers

HSs'mothers

Mother-childpairs(DOMobjects)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1 2 3 4 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20

HeritageSpeakers

Mothers

Nextstage

•  Collectdatafromalargersampleofmothersandchildrenages4-18(N~100)

•  ControlforAoAofEnglish•  Birthorder•  Mothers’proficiencyanduseofEnglish•  Mother’sproficiencyanduseofSpanish

Conclusion

•  L1a8ri1onofmorphosyntaxinadultsisrare•  Itissubjecttohighindividualvaria1on•  Ithappensinsomecases(Spanish)butnotinothers(Hindi)

•  Languagea8ri1onintheparentalgenera1oncouldnotexplainthepa8ernsofincompleteacquisi1onintheSpanishandHindiheritagespeakers.

TransmissionorLanguageChange?

•  Ifheritagespeakersandtheirmothersconvergeatalowerlevelofaccuracy,

•  Howcanwetellwhoisinfluencingwho?•  Previousstudiessuggestthatadolescentsmaybeagentsoflanguagechange.

•  Orarethemothersthetransmi8ersofthechange?

Longitudinaldataofolderchild-motherpairs

Conclusion•  Youngbilingualchildrendonotnecessarilyreceive“a8rited”inputfromtheirmonolinguallyraisedparents.(Childrenofbilingualparentsmaybedifferent).

•  BilingualchildrenshowdelayedandincompletedevelopmentofDOMinSpanish.

•  Bythe1mebilingualchildrenreachadulthood,someoftheirparents(maybegrandparents)maybea8rited.

Conclusion

•  Incompleteacquisi1onanda8ri1onofDOMmaybecomegeneralizedinadults,andDOM-omissiongetstransmi8edandreinforcedbythedifferentgroups.

•  Thissitua1ongivesrisetoanewdialectalfeatureofUS-Spanishwithnon-DOMmarkedanimatespecificdirectobjectslikeinEnglish.

Thankyou!