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HADI SUSILO ARIFINHADI SUSILO ARIFINBogor Agric lt ral Uni ersit (IPB) IndonesiaBogor Agricultural University (IPB)-Indonesia
NOBUKAZU NAKAGOSHINOBUKAZU NAKAGOSHIIDEC - Hiroshima University-Japan
nobu@hiroshima-u ac [email protected]
Deforestation Rate in Indonesia 3,8 Million ha/year (1 ha/8”)
Doc. Citra Doc CitraDoc. Citra
Doc. Citra Doc. Citra
POPULAPOPULATION OF WORLD’S CITIESTION OF WORLD’S CITIES
Y 1800 1900 1950 2000 2030Year 1800 1900 1950 2000 2030
% 3% 14% 30% 47% 60%
Traffics and Air Pollutant Problem
Jakarta 2-3 February 20072-3 February 2007
Courtesy of van Noordwijk
Open field agriculture
Less trees
Tree cover:Less
patchy: More
patchy: Fields,fallow, Farm fo-restry, Fields,
F tIntegrate Segregate
Deforestation, ReforestationInte-
grateSegre-gate
forest mosaicagrofo-rests
Forests & Parks
More trees
100% forestCourtesy of van Noordwijk
Four Basic Concepts in LEFour Basic Concepts in LE
L dL d
pp
Landscape Landscape EcologyEcology
StructureStructure FunctionFunction
ChangeChange
C U L T U R EC U L T U R E
ECOLOGICAL BALANCING PROCESS
Basic ecological balancing
ECOLOGICAL BALANCING PROCESS
Natural ecosystemBasic ecological balancing process
Courtesy slide from Ong BL
MAN / NATUREMAN / NATURE
N t l PR PollutionNatural ProcessesResources Pollution
MAN NATURE
ResourcesPollution Technology
MAN
Built Environment
Urban Landscape
NATURE
Plants/Animals
GreeneryUrban Landscape Greenery Courtesy slide from Ong BL
G Cit i hi h i d l d b hi h bi di itGreen City image, which is developed by high biodiversity
THREE STEPSTHREE STEPS TOWARDTOWARD GREEN CITYGREEN CITY• Promotion of Eco-office (7): Reduction of energy use;
R d ti f t R d ti f lid t P ti
THREE STEPSTHREE STEPS TOWARD TOWARD GREEN CITYGREEN CITY
Reduction of water use; Reduction of solid wastes; Promotion of recycling; Green procurement; Conserving water and clean air; Appropriate control of chemicalsair; Appropriate control of chemicals
• Promotion of Eco-Project (6): Using e-friendly materials; Using e-friendly equipment ; Accelerate use of recycledUsing e friendly equipment ; Accelerate use of recycled materials; Green public engineering works; Develop green technology; Promote greening
• Green City Planning (5): Set green guidelines for public works; Set green guidelines for housing; Enhance public
C Stransportat-ion; Capacity building; Apply EMS to the whole city
THE TRIANGLE OF THE FORCESTHE TRIANGLE OF THE FORCESTHE TRIANGLE OF THE FORCESTHE TRIANGLE OF THE FORCESCOMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIESCO U SCO U S
INICIATIVESINICIATIVES
URBANURBAN
CORPORATECORPORATE GOVERNMENGOVERNMEN
URBAN URBAN BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY
CORPORATE CORPORATE SOCIAL SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITYRESPONSIBILITY
GOVERNMENGOVERNMENT SUPPORTST SUPPORTS
ARIDARIDARID
ARIDARIDARID
MONSOON &TROPICAL ASIA
Courtesy of Nakagoshi
Land area 1.3% of total world land,- Indonesia has 17% of total species in the world more than 38 000 floraof total species in the world – more than 38.000 flora
species - in the fifth rank in the world with 55 % endemic – MEGA BIODIVERSITY
MEGA DIVERSITY – COUNTRY DATA(RANK IN THE OVERALL NUMBER OF SPECIES PER GROUP OF ORGANISM)( O U O S C S G OU O O G S )
Conti-nent
Country Higher plants
Mam-als
Birds Reptiles Amphi-bia
LAC B il 1 1 3 5 2
Sourc
LAC Brazil 1 1 3 5 2LAC Colombia 2 4 1 3 1SEA Indonesia 3 2 5 4 6SEA Chi 4 3 8 7 5
ce: ww
w.coSEA China 4 3 8 7 5
LAC Mexico 5 5 10 2 4SSA South Africa 6 14 11 9 15LAC Venezuela 7 10 6 13 9
onservatioLAC Venezuela 7 10 6 13 9LAC Ecuador 8 13 4 8 3LAC Peru 9 9 2 12 7NA USA 10 6 12 16 12
on.org/webNA USA 10 6 12 16 12
SEA Papua New Guinea 11 15 13 10 10SA India 12 8 7 6 8OCE Australia 13 12 14 1 11
b/fiedact/mOCE Australia 13 12 14 1 11SEA Malaysia 14 11 15 14 14SSA Madagascar 15 17 17 11 13SSA Dem Rep Congo 16 7 9 14 16
megadiv/taSSA Dem. Rep. Congo 16 7 9 14 16
SEA Philippines 17 16 16 17 17
ables
Vavilov Centers of Plant Genetic DiversityAreas of High Crop Diversity and Origins of Food Crops,
according to N. Vavilov
Source: N. Vavilov, 1949, Chronica Botanica Vol 13. Waltham, Massachusetts, , ,adapted by Reid, Walter and Kenton Miller, 1989. Keeping Options Alive: The Scientific Basis forThe Scientific Basis for Conserving Biodiversity. World Resources Institute, Washington DC.
8. Central America ... bean, corn, tomato9. Peru-Ecuador-Bolivia ... bean, potato,
h
1. Ethiopia ... barley, coffee, sorghum2. Mediterranean ... oats, olives, wheat3 A i Mi b l l til t h t squash
10. Southern Chile ... potato11. Brazil-Paraguay ... peanut12. North America ... sunflower
3. Asia Minor ... barley, lentil, oats, wheat4. Central Asia ... apple, chickpeas, lentil5. Indo-Burma ... eggplant, rice, yam6. Indo-Malaya ... banana, coconut, sugar
13. West Africa ... millet, sorghum14. Northern Europe ... oats, rye
Source: http://www.wri.org/sustag/lba-01b.html; Copyright © 1997. World Resources Institute
y , , gcane
7. China ... sorghum, millet, soybean
PROTECTED PROTECTED FLORA & FAUNAFLORA & FAUNAIN INDONESIAIN INDONESIA
Ministry of Forestry (2007) was declared:Ministry of Forestry (2007) was declared: • Fauna: mammalian (70 species), birds (93 species),
reptilian (31 species), fish (9 species), insects (20species) anthozoa (1 species) dan bivalvia (14species), anthozoa (1 species), dan bivalvia (14 species)
• Flora : palmae (14 species), rafflessiacea (1 species), p ( p ), ( p ),orchidaceae (29 species), nephentaceae (1 species), dipterocarpaceae (13 species).
• Endangered Flora fauna ratified CITES• Endangered Flora –fauna ratified CITESconvention and registered 1.053 species flora and1.384 species fauna into Appendix I and II.
LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENTLANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY
Landscape structure or Landscape structure or tt b tifi dtt b tifi d
synonymoussynonymousLANDSCAPE MANAGEMENTLANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT &MANAGEMENT &ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
pattern can be quantified pattern can be quantified at three levels:at three levels:
Population levelPopulation level Genetic diversityGenetic diversity
Community levelCommunity level Species diversitySpecies diversityCommunity levelCommunity level Species diversitySpecies diversity
Landscape levelLandscape level Habitat diversityHabitat diversity
Courtesy of Nakagoshi
Pencegahan/Pengurangan Emisi CLIMATE RISK MAPPING
Pencegahan/pengurangandeforestasi dan
degradasiType of hazards:• Droughtdeg adas
hutan • Flood• Dengue• Forest fire
イメージを表示できません。メモリ不足のためにイメージを開くことができないか、イメージが破損している可能性があります。コンピュータを再起動して再度ファイルを開いてください。それでも赤い x が表示される場合は、イメージを削除して挿入してください。
P i k t k it Peningkatan stokcarbon
Peningkatan kapasitas penyerapancarbon (enhancing sink)
CARBONCARBON STOCK ESTIMATIONSTOCK ESTIMATIONCARBONCARBON STOCK ESTIMATIONSTOCK ESTIMATION
INCREASING INCREASING CARBONCARBON STOCK STOCK Mitigation for enhancing sink increasing Carbon
sequestration Reforestation as national program:• Production Forest • Social Forest• Social Forest• Community Forest• Forest Rehabilitation Movement• 1 ~ 100 Million Trees Planting Movement
BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY IN THE CITY LEVEL
Study Sites in Jakarta
No.No. Study SitesStudy Sites
11 Taman MonasTaman Monas
22 Taman Gunung AgungTaman Gunung Agung
33 T S tiT S ti33 Taman SurupatiTaman Surupati
44 Complex SenayanComplex Senayan
55 Taman LangsatTaman Langsat55 Taman LangsatTaman Langsat
66 Taman CisanggiriTaman Cisanggiri
77 Taman SenoTaman Seno
88 Taman KodokTaman Kodok
99 Taman Jalambar HadiahTaman Jalambar Hadiah
1010 SS1010 SrengsengSrengseng
1111 HutanHutan KotaKota
Courtesy slide from Nakagoshi N.
Jakarta, Capital of Indonesia
COURTESY SLIDE OF PROF NOBUKAZU NAKAGOSHICOURTESY SLIDE OF PROF NOBUKAZU NAKAGOSHI
Parks in Jakarta
Improvement of Ecosystem Function
COURTESY SLIDE OF PROF NOBUKAZU NAKAGOSHI
The most frequent species of road tress The most frequent species of road tress i J k t d th i i ii J k t d th i i i
No Species Origin Remark1 S i t h ll L ti A i E ti
in Jakarta and their originin Jakarta and their origin
1 Swietenea macrophylla Latin America Exotic 2 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Indonesia Native 3 Mimusops elengi L. Indonesia Native4 Polyalthya fragrans India Exoticy y f g5 Cerbera manghas L. Indonesia Native6 Ficus benjamina Indonesia Native7 Diallium indum Indonesia Native8 R t i i Amerika Latin Exotic8 Ryostonia regia Amerika Latin Exotic9 Polyaltya longifolia India Exotic10 Bauhinia purpurea Asia Continental Exotic11 Canarium indicum L. Indonesia, New Guinea Native12 Tamarindus indica L. Tropical Africa, West Asia Exotic13 Khaya senegalensis Africa Exotic14 Ficus lyrata Wareb. Africa Exotic1 A ( h b ) ) h il d l d i i15 Artocarpus integer (Thunb.)Merr.). Thailand, Malay, Indonesia Native16 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Tropical America Exotic17 Cocos nucifera L. Pantropical Native 18 Areca catechu L India – Indonesia Native18 Areca catechu L. India Indonesia Native 19 Mangifera indica L. India – Burma Exotic
DIVERSITY OF LANDUSES IN STUDY SITES OF CILIWUNG WATERSHED, JAKARTA-BOGOR-PUNCAK ,
BIOREGION
N
Green LIPI EcoparkCibinong
Networks in Bogor and Its Vicinity
LIPI EcoparkUrban Forest
Sentul City & Pancar Mount
Vicinity Gede Mount
FORDA Litbang HutanBBG
Pangrango MountSafari Park
Puncak
IPB Forest
Pangrango Mount
Cilember Forest
Safari Park
IPB Forest
Salak MountSalak Endah
Cilember Forest
Halimun Mount
Salak Mount
BOGOR & BBGBOGOR & BBG
Oriolus chinensisOriolus chinensis
Pyvnnotus aurigaster
Ptilinopus melanospila
Copsychus saularisCopsychus saularis
Orthotomus sepium
Land use diversity ~ bio-diversityLand use diversity bio diversity
URBAN DIVERSITY IN SENTUL CITY
Courtesy of Utama
Reinventing Sentul City, 4 pillars4 pillars, new development co
The development of a city needs to focus on the harmony of nature, to have a conception of nature
With its potential by being on the touristic belt Jakarta-Puncak. Sentul City, supported by its
so it can minimize the negative side effect caused by the actual building of its developments.
nature profile and a prime accessibility, will be an international level tourism destination.
Sentul City strives to be a complete education place. Not only for formal education, but also for non-formal education where the public can benefit
Cultural and art aspects is also one of the focal point in a development of a city. The completion of Sentul International Convention p
from. Offering education facilities ranging from Play group to College is one of the main purposes.
pCenter and Taman Budaya Edutainment Center is an important milestone in the development of Sentul City.
Courtesy of Utama
IPB – Sentul City Cooperation
To strengthen the Eco City and Education City pillars, on July 21st, 2009, Sentul City have signed an MOU with IPB to cooperate in 4 (four) fields, i.e.:1. Development of Eco City Conceptp y p2. Developing Green Implementation in Buildings3. Developing Environment Management Method.4. Developing IPB Education Facility in Sentul City
Courtesy of Utama
Preservations, Life style ……………………
Courtesy of Utama
The Largest Street Garden Map
Courtesy of Utama
Plants placement & species ~ BIODIVERSITY
Courtesy of Utama
Housing Development with Green Spirit ……………………
Courtesy of Utama
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORYCOMMUNITY PARTICIPATORYThe movement of biodiversity conservation and green
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORYCOMMUNITY PARTICIPATORY• The movement of biodiversity conservation and green
city needs community participation.• International Association for Public Participation (IAPP)• International Association for Public Participation (IAPP),
the approach to community through activities: inform, consult, involve, collaborate and empower. , , p
• Sustainable community development should be economically productive, environmentally sound, socially just, culturally vibrant, politically participatory.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORYCOMMUNITY PARTICIPATORY
GREENING CAMPAIGNGREENING CAMPAIGN
Mean size and mean diversity characteristics of 115 PEKARANGAN in six study sites with differentPEKARANGAN in six study sites with different
urbanisation level in Cianjur and Bogor, West Java.Village urbanisation level
HG size (m2)
Total plant spp. no. per
HG
No. of ornament
al spp.
No. of total plant
individuals
No. of ornamental individuals/( ) pp
/HG per 100 m2 100 m2
Rural (N = 30) 530 36 (6–82) 14 63 29
Intermediate 1 (N = 21) 380 49 (32–79) 25 72 40
Intermediate 2 (N = 10) 190 32 (7–85) 14 107 59Intermediate 2 (N 10) 190 32 (7 85) 14 107 59
Intermediate 3 (N = 20) 130 20 (2–53) 11 58 34
Urban 1 (N = 10) 70 34 (18–63) 24 280 233
Urban 2 (N = 24) 90 37 (16–78) 26 240 201( ) ( )
BIODIVERSITY IN “PEKARANGAN”BIODIVERSITY IN “PEKARANGAN”
Green Environment
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONSSCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONSS• Urban open space is potential landscape for
biodiversity conservation, which is supported by good ecological networkecological network.
• Native or indigenous species are encouraged for urban greening programs in order to hold ex-situurban greening programs in order to hold ex situ species conservation. As an original habitat, it is then suitable for native species.
• Good greenspace management contributes to reducing emissions.
