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MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF
TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
AR 05014
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE &
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
B. Arch
Architecture
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PART I
CHAPTER I LANDFORM1.1 Significance
1. Aesthetic character2. Spatial sensation3. Views4. Drainage5. Microclimate6. Functional use of the land
1.2 Expression of landform1.3 Landform types by form1.4 Functional uses of landform
CHAPTER 2 PLANT MATERIALS
2.1 Significance2.2 Functional uses of plant material2.3 Architectural uses of plant material2.4 Visual plant characteristics
1. Plant size2. Plant form3. Plant color4. Foliage type5. Plant texture
2.5 Aesthetic uses of plant material1. Complementors2. Unifiers3. Emphasizers4. Acknowledgers5. Softener6. View enframement
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CHAPTER 3 BUILDINGS
3.1 Building clusters and spatial definition1. Distance to building height ratio2. Plan arrangement3. Building character
3.2 Building clusters and types of spaces
1. Central open space2. Focused open space3. Channeled linear space4. Organic linear space
3.3 Relating building to a site
1. Landform2. Plant material3. Building material4. Transition space5. Walls6. Pavement
CHAPTER 4 PAVEMENT
4.1 Functional and compositional uses
1. Accommodate intense use2. Provide direction3. Suggest rate and rhythm of movement4. Create repose5. Indicate uses on the ground plane6. Influence scale7. Provide unity8. Serve as a setting, background9. Establish spatial character10.Provide visual interest
4.2 Design guidelines for pavement
4.3 Basic pavement materials
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CHAPTER 5 SITE STRUCTURES
5.1 Steps
5.2 Ramps
5.3 Walls and fences
5.4 Retaining walls
5.5 Design guidelines
5.6 Wall and fence materials
5.7 Seating
CHAPTER 6 WATER
6.1 General Characteristics
1. Plasticity2. Motion3. Sound4. Reflectivity
6.2 General uses of water
6.3 Visual uses of water
Assignment 1
PART II
1. Base Sheet2. Site Inventory3. Site Analysis4. Ideal Functional diagram5. Site Related Functional Diagram6. Concept Plan7. Form Composition8. Preliminary Master Plan9. Master Plan
Assignment 2
Reference
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Assignment 1.
Student is to analyze the landscape design of anywhere with the title of
Analysis of Landscape Design of -----------------------------------
example
Analysis of Landscape Design of Hlawgar Park with the following title
Content
Introduction
Chapter 1 Factors for selected area
1.1 Location1.2 Planning arrangement and size1.3 Other factors
Chapter 2 Analysizing the selected area with Basic Elements of Landscape
Design
2.1 Analyze with Landform
2.2 Analyze with Plant materials
2.3 Analyze with Buildings
2.4 Analyze with Pavement
2.5 Analyze with Site Structure
2.6 Analyze with Water
2.7 Overall analysis of selected area
Chapter 3 Factors for Maintenance of selected area
3.1 Maintenance
3.2 Water supply
3.3 Other factors
Conclusion
Reference
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LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
Deals with integrating people and the outdoor environment, Continuous compositionof solid masses and open voids
Landscape architects utilize a variety of physical design elements to meet their objectivesin creating and managing outdoor spaces for human use and enjoyment
The art of design, planning, or management of the land, arrangement ofnatural and man-made elements
The landscape architect must possess knowledge and skills in a variety of relateddisciplines including art, civil engineering, ecology, geography, sociology,
psychology, horticulture, and business
The landscape architect utilizes two general sets of mediato transfer ideas into acomprehensible form:
o pencil, ink, magic marker, paper, cardboard, computer, and the like used toportray a design intent in a graphic or model form,
o Landform, plant materials, buildings, pavement, site structures (stamps, ramps,walls, etc.) and water used to create the actual three-dimensional reality of the
design.
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
Natural Landscape Manmade Landscape
The design of landscape architecture also has the design principles such as
Harmony and contrast Balance Rhythm Pattern, etc...
NATURAL LANDSCAPE
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Convex Landform in the ocean
Sandunes
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Snowy Mountain
Snowy Island
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Desert Land
Snow Lane
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Falling Water
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Lake, as a reflecting pool
Beach
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Valley Landform
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Manmade Landscape
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CHAPTER 1
LAND FORM (TOPOGRAPHY)
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1.1 Significance
The base for all outdoor activity Both an artistic and utilitarian element in its design applications Landform, topography, the lay of the land Regional scale, macro landform
o Valleys, mountains, rolling hills, prairies, and plains Site scale, micro landforms
o Mounds, berms, slopes, level areas, or elevation changes via steps and ramps Smallest scale, mini-landforms
o Subtle undulations or ripples of a sand dune, the textural variation of stones androcks in a walk
1. Aesthetic character
Has a direct bearing upon the aesthetic character and rhythm of the landscape at anyscale
Mountains, hills, valleys, plains, and prairies are different regional landform types, havetheir own unique
Level areas and hilly or mountainous areas
Level areas
Level sites and regions, like the oceans or large lakes, Appear quite open and expansive One can often see great distances to the horizon or other enclosing higher point of
ground
Have a strong internal sense of visual continuity and unity, different parts of thelandscape can be seen and appreciated as smaller parts of the whole
The sky is a dominant element of prairie like regions where clouds and the sun form astrong ceiling and light source
Hilly and mountainous areas
To provide a sensation of separation and isolation from one valley to another A person in the valley between higher points of ground, the mountain slopes take on
visual importance, the sky is reduced to a smaller area directly overhead
The size and spacing of the valleys and ridges within a hilly or mountainous region canalso have a direct effect on the perceptual rhythm of the landscape
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Example
Italian renaissance gardens
Responded to the hilly landform by being terraced in a series of well-defined levels thattend to be outward orientation
Use of falling water acknowledges the gravitational movement down the slopes
French renaissance gardens
Level gently rolling landform Evolved easily lends itself to the hard, stiff, geometry Long, straight axes and vistas, large bodies of still water, intricate patterns express level
landform
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2. Spatial sensation
Level topography
Lack spatial definition based on landform alone Only a ground plane element lacking vertical definitionSteep Topography
Slopes and higher points of ground occupy a portion of the vertical plane Have the ability to define and enclose space The steeper and/or higher the slope, the greater the sensation of outdoor space created
Landform affects the feeling of a space
Smooth, flowing landforms produce a sensuous and relaxed sensation Bold, rugged landforms are apt to nurture a feeling of excitement and aggressiveness in a
space
Spatial feeling
A person is more apt to feel secure and at ease when standing on a level portion ofground than on a sloped one
Sloped ground surfaces are often uncomfortable to stand on and frequently induce aperson to move
Guggenheim Museum, New York
3. Views
The vertical plane
Create sequential viewing of an object Completely hide undesirable elements
4. Drainage
The steeper the ground, the more the quantity and the faster the rate of runoff Little slope, wet from insufficient drainage Poor drainage is unacceptable despite its appearance and quality of spaces
5. Microclimate
Affects sun exposure, wind exposure, and precipitation
6. Functional use of the land
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Flat flexible and capable for development Steep restrictions
2.2 Expression of landform
1. Contour lines
2. Ratio method
A ratio between the horizontal distance and the vertical elevation change within the slope
Applied to the slopes on a small scale project site
2:1 absolute maximum slope allowed on a site without experiencing erosion.
- Should be covered with ground cover or other plant material to prevent erosion
3:1 preferred maximum slope for most lawn and planting areas
4:1 maximum slope maintainable with a lawn mower
3. Percentage method
Vertical elevation change / horizontal distance = percent of slope
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A slope rises 10 vertical feet within 50 horizontal feet would be expressed as a 20%slope
3. Landform types by form
1. Level landform
Lack of any distinct elevational variation Static, nonmoving, in balance with the earths gravitational forces
A person feels comfortable and surefooted when standing on or walking across a levellandform
No extra energy has to be expended to balance their weight Lack of the third dimension of a level landform Creates an open, spacious, exposed feeling No definition of enclosed space, no sense of privacy, no protection from objectionable
sights and sounds, no defense against sun and wind
Must be altered and/or other design element to alleviate the problems
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Views may extend uninterrupted for considerable distances long views may helpestablish a sense of unity on the level landform
Horizontal lines and forms are harmonious elementsE.g. the prairie house by Frank Lloyd Wright
Vertical element becomes a dominant element and focal point, does not take much heightto attract attention
The visual neutrality allows it to be peaceful and restful The peaceful aspect of level landform allows it to serve as a setting or backdrop to the
eye-catching use of other elements
Can be described as multidirectional, allow for equal choices of movement in alldirections to and from a particular point
2. Convex landform
Include Knolls, knobs, buttes, mountain hill summits Positive space (mass, negative space, (filled space) Dynamic exiting landform
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Can serve as a focal point on the landscape
Create a greater feeling of reverence and Respect for the object or personFor example, Churches, important structures are placed on top of convex landforms give
the feeling of being looked up to
Define space by slope
Can be enhanced by other elements such as buildings or trees on the summit
Accentuated and diminish
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Outward Orientation
Use for dynamic and exiting falling water Modifies microclimate in the exterior environment, sun and wind exposures
3. Ridge
High point of ground, linear in its overall mass A stretched out version of a convex landform Defines edges of outdoor space Modifies microclimate on its slope and in the surrounding environment Provides vantage points, have a feeling of outward orientation into the surrounding
landscape
Has the ability to capture the eye and lead it along its length
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The ridge tops make logical locations for roads, paths, and other elements of circulationroad, parking, housing unit
As a spatial edge, the ridge acts as a wall dividing one space or valley from another4. Concave landform
Negative solid and positive space (void), Can be create by earth excavation or Two convex land place near to another
The degree of spatial enclosure in a concave landform depends upon the relative heightand steepness of the surrounding slopes
Inward orientated and self-centered space Focuses the attention of any one in the space toward its center or bottom floor Produces the feeling of seclusion, isolation, confinement, privacy and protection from
the surrounding environment
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The sense of security is rather false because the concave landform is vulnerable fromhigher ground surrounding it
Has a weak connection to other nearby spaces and functions
Hold a person in its space by convex landform The enclosure and inward orientation of a concave landform make it ideal for staging
performances on its bottom floor
Direct exposure to the wind blown over the top of the space Warmer, less windy than others and has disadvantages of wet, drainage basin, lake, pond
5. Valley
Like the concave landform, a low area in the landscape, functions as Positive space orroom
The valley is also linear and directional Is a suitable location for movement The valley floor is often fertile ground and consequently the location of very productive
agricultural land
Drainage, care for road
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4. Functional uses of landform
1. Spatial definition
Space may be created byo Excavating into the base planeo Filling (adding) eartho Building up from the existing base planeo Complementing existing convex landforms with added high pointso Change elevation to establish terraces or level variations
Perception of spaceo The floor area of spaceo The steepness of enclosing slopeso The horizon, silhouette line
The floor area of the space is the bottom or base plane of the space, usable area Slope assumes the function of the vertical plane, acting as walls of an exterior space
o The steeper the slope, the more pronounced the delineation of spaceo The horizon/silhouette line represents the edge between the perceived top of the
landform and the sky
o The upper edge of the slope, or rim of space, regardless of its sizeo Its position with respect to height and distance from the position of the viewer
affects views out of the space and the perceived spatial limits
All three variables interact simultaneously with one another to enclose space
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The degree of enclosure perceived in any given space depends on the amount of areawithin the field of vision filled by the floor area, horizon/silhouette line, and slope
2. Control views
To enframe views to a particular focal point in the environment, landform can be built upon one or both sides of the sight line
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Landform may be used to show off or exhibit a particular object or scene Objects placed on a high point or summit are easily seen from great distances Objects located on the side slopes of a valley or ridge are seen from lower areas
To establish spatial sequences, alternately reveal and hide views of objects or scenes
Can be created a sense of anticipation and curiosity when one sees only a portion of anobject
Encouraged the viewer to move toward the object with the hope of seeing more of it
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To create a sequence of changing views as one moves toward an object Can hide an object at the toe of the slope from the more distant vantage points on top of
the high point
Landform may be built up in the form of earth mounds or berms to screen outdispleasing objects or scenes
The crest of a slope itself can screen views of objectionable objects located at the toe ofthe slope for vantage points on top of the hill
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3. Influence Movement
To influence the direction, speed, and rhythm of both pedestrian and vehicularmovement
The level landform permits the greatest degree of flexibility in movement Slope of the ground surface increases movement more difficult Circulation across sloped surfaces should be minimized To affect the rate of movement in a design
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4. Affect Microclimate
5. Aesthetic Uses
Landform can be used as a compositional and visual element Can be shaped into soft, sensuous forms Can be molded into hard forms with rock and concrete May also produce different visual effects under the influence of light and climate The molding of the earths surface, referred to as site sculpture, earth art, or earth
works,
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CHAPTER 2
PLANT MATERIALS
2.1 Significance
Provide a touch of life and beauty in an environment Included ground cover to three Varied elements: size, form, color, texture, and overall character with seasons and with
growth
Provide a feeling of nature within an environment Provide relative softness in a controlled, rigid environment Has a quality of irregularity Maintenance are required
2.2 Functional uses of plant material
id h i l li i
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Can provide other functions,o Create space or outdoor roomso Block unsightly viewso Stabilize steep slopes
Direct movement through the landscape
o Visually unify a group of buildingo Modify exposure to sun and wind
Can solve a number of environmental problemso Environmento Clean the airo Retain moisture in the soilo Prevent erosion and loss of soilo Air temperatureso Provide habitats for birds and animals
2.3 Architectural uses of plant material
- Organization of outdoor environment
- Create outdoor space
1. Creation of space
Created by modifying ground plane, vertical plane, overhead plane both individually andcollectively
Ground plane- ground cover or low shrubs may imply spatial definition throughvariations in height and material
Vertical plane- can influence the perception of space in several wayso Tree trunks act as vertical columns
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o The degree of enclosure will vary with the size of the trunks, their density ofmassing, and their pattern of arrangement
o The foliage mass of plants, the density and height of the foliage mass affects thequality of the space
o The taller the plant and the larger and more closely its leaves or needles arespaced, the stronger the feeling of enclosure
o Enclosure is to occur with seasonal variation
The overhead plane- the foliage mass and branches in the canopy of treeso Create ceilings over an outdoor space,o Limiting the view to the skyo Affecting the vertical scale of the spaceo Trees are placed so strong; canopy overlaps shutting out exposure to the sky
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Collec tively, as outdoors room
The degree of perceived enclosure varies witho The relative height of the surrounding vegetationo Its spacing, density, ando The position of the viewer relative to the surrounding vegetation
A space feels very enclosed when the encircling plant materials areo Tall, dense, tightly spaces, ando Placed close to the viewer
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Basic spatial types created with plants
Open spa c e
Using only low shrubs and ground cover A space is airy, outward- oriented, lacks privacy, and Is exposed to the sun and sky
Sem iop en spa c e
Partially enclosed on one or more sides with taller plant materials acting asvertical walls blocking views into and out from the space
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Similar to the completely open space but is less transparent while stronglyoriented to the open sides
Appropriate for a residential terrace where privacy is required in one direction butviews are desired in another
Canop i ed spa ce
Using a mass of shade trees with a dense canopy Has a feeling of breadth sandwiched between the overhead plane of the tree
canopy and the ground plane for a person moving through and among the tree
trunks
Establishes a strong sense of vertical scale by capping the spatial height
This space tends to be dark, through the canopy and light seeping in from theSides, with the exception of filtered sun
Is cool and permits filtered views into and from it through the sides Create tunnel space by shade trees along a road or walk
Enc losed c anop ied spa c e
Same characteristics as the canopied space It is enclosed on the sides with medium and lower-sized plant materials Is quite dark and oriented in upon itself Providing feelings of privacy and isolation
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Vertic a l spa c e
Using tall, narrow plant materials Create an outdoor space, vertical in orientation and open to the sky
Creation of numerous types of spatial character using only plant materials
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Mo d i fy the spa c es c rea ted b y b u ild ings
To subdivide larger spaces delineated by buildings into smaller spaces
Com p le te the sp a t ia l d ef in i tion a nd o rg a n iza t ion
Closure
The completion of a spatial enclosure, articulated by a building or enclosing wall
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Linkage
Visually connecting separate elements
2. Screening
To conceal unattractive objects or scenes in the environment A vertical barrier can control views
3. Privac y c on tro l
The techniques of encircling a well-defined area with plants To isolate the space from its surrounding Eliminate freedom of movement through enclosed space
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2.4 Visual Plant Characteristics
Plant size, form, color and texture
1. Plant size
Directly affects the scale of a space, compositional interest, overall framework of a
design
Large and intermediate trees, 40ft tall
Establishing the basic structures and skeleton of an outdoor environment Can serve as focal point among smaller plant materials
Carefully placed, biggest impact on the appearances To enclosed space in the overhead and vertical planes To provide shade for outdoor space
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Small trees and ornamental, 15ft to 20ft
Define space in both vertical and overhead planes Canopy height, spatial edges in the vertical plane Serve as visual and compositional accents result from a size contrast plant Used as a piece of sculpture or abstract sign at the end of a linear space to lead
people
Provide as a focal point
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Tall shrubs, 10ft to 15ft
Lack of canopy Used as walls to furnish spatial enclosure in the vertical plane Light and sunny with upward to sky Create strong corridor like spaces Screening and privacy control Compositional accents, possessing distinct color and texture Act as neutral background for other special objects in front
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Intermediate shrubs, 3ft to 6ft tall
Serve as visual transition in a composition between tall shrubs and small trees and lowshrubs
Low shrubs, 3ft
Define space or separate spaces without in habiting views Used along a walk or path to contain pedestrians on the walk without affecting the line of
visions
Compositionally to connect other unrelated elements visually Subordinate element Give a composition a spotty appearance
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Ground cover, 6 in to 12 in
Floor material of an outdoor space To imply spatial edges Outlining a desired shape on the ground To define non walking surface, lawn and pavement To provide visual interest based on distinct color or texture As background To link visually separate elements or group of element To stabilize the soil, prevent erosion
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2. Plant form
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Fastigiated
Upright, narrow, tapers to a point at its top Emphasize the vertical by leading the eye skyward Give a sense of verticality and height to both a plant mass and to a space they enclose Acts as accents and exclamation points Should not placed throughout a composition
Columnar
Same as fastigiatedSpreading/horizontal
Horizontal habit To give a feeling of breadth and extent Used in a composition Used for contrast with vertical fastigate Harmony with flat landforms, long lines extending across the horizon, low horizontal
buildings
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Round, globular
Design composition, design unity No directional, neutral Harmony with other curvilinear forms
Pyramidal/conical
Very sharp and distinct in their outline Visual accents Echo pyramidal building forms Visual level region where mountain are lacking Harmony with design of stiff, geometric shapes
Weeping
Predominantly pendulous, downward-arching, branches Found in and associated with low points of ground, like the weeping willow along edges
of water bodies
Lead the eye toward the ground Used in water to reflect the undulating form, to symbolized
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Pic turesque
Sculpture in shape Irregular, gnarled, windblown Best used allocated at a prominent point within a design No more than one picturesque plant formed should be planed to avoid busy or chaotic
scene
3. Plant color
The most notable visual characteristic of plant material Directly affects the feeling and mood of an outdoor space Bright colors convey a light, cheerful atmosphere; dark colors portray a more somber
feeling
Color is present in plant materials through different parts of the plant includingfoliage, flowers, fruit, twigs and branches, and trunk bark
Foliageo The principal color is of course green, dark green to light green including
h d f ll bl d b
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A variety of greens in a composition may used for other design functionsThe organization of different shades of green can provide
o Emphasis,o Establish unity through repetition, oro Visually link together various portions of the designo Can act as the anchor posts of a design
o Dark green give a quiet, peaceful,o Dark hues tend to move toward the viewer
Light green foliage gives a feeling of cheerfulness, gaiety, and excitement in addition tomoving away visually from the viewer
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A neutral tone green, used as the unifying thread by visually tying all other colorstogether
Plant color coordinating with plant characteristics4. Foliage Type
Deciduous plants
Loses its leaves in autumn and regains in spring seasonal appearance affect the design Can define space serve as accents backgrounds, acts as a common foliage type Ability to allow sunlight to create a glowing effect Have distinct and a dark background can show off intriguing branch habits Branch can give a shadow to pavement and wall
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Coniferous evergreen
Needlelike foliage Do not have flowers Dark foliage, absorb much of the light To give visual weight and solidity as color Should be group at various locations Used as background to lighter colors Static and stable, give a feeling of permanence effective in blocking views and air circulation
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5. Plant texture
Visual roughness and smoothness of plants Influenced by leaf size, twig, branch size, bark configuration overall habit of growth, the
distance at which the plant material is view
Alter in season
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Co a rse texture
Created by large leaves, thick, massive branches open habit of growth Highly visible, bold, aggressive Used as a focal point to attract and hold attention Cause the sensation of moving toward the viewer Should not place in small space Appear open, loosen, less distinct in outline
Medium texture
Medium size leaves, branches, dense habit of growth Less transparent and stranger in silhouette Make up the largest proportion of texture in a planting composition
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Fine texture
Many small leaves, tiny, thin branches, twigs tight, dense habit of growth The last plant noticed in composition Lost in distance Clear silhouette
5. Aesthetic uses of plant material
To relate a building form to its surrounding site Unify and coordinate a discoordinate environment Reinforce certain points and areas in the landscape Reduce the harshness of hard architectural elements Emframent selected views
Aesthetic functions of plant materials
1. Complementors
o Complete a design and furnish a sense of unity by repeating the forms and massesof a building by extending lines of a building into surrounding site
2. Unifierso Serve as a common thread, visually trying together all the components of an
environment
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3. Emphasizers
o To emphasize or accentuate certain points in the exterior environmento By distinct size, form, color textureo Do at the entrance to a site, at an intersection, near a building entrance
4. Acknowledgers
o Point out or acknowledge the importance and location of a space or object in theenvironment
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o Make the space more obvious, easily recognizedo Size, form, color, texture or arrangement
5. Softenero To soften the harness and rigidity of architecture shapes and forms
6. View enframement
o Revealed the viewo Focus one attention on a particular point by blocking out with their foliage
masses, trunks and branches
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CHAPTER 2
PLANT MATERIALS
2.1 Significance
Provide a touch of life and beauty in an environment Included ground cover to three Varied elements: size, form, color, texture, and overall character with seasons and with
growth
Provide a feeling of nature within an environment Provide relative softness in a controlled, rigid environment Has a quality of irregularity Maintenance are required
2.2 Functional uses of plant material
Provide the visual qualities Can provide other functions,
o Create space or outdoor roomso Block unsightly viewso Stabilize steep slopes
Direct movement through the landscapeo Visually unify a group of buildingo Modify exposure to sun and wind
Can solve a number of environmental problemso Environmento Clean the airo Retain moisture in the soilo Prevent erosion and loss of soilo Air temperatureso Provide habitats for birds and animals
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2.3 Architectural uses of plant material
- Organization of outdoor environment
- Create outdoor space
1. Creation of space
Created by modifying ground plane, vertical plane, overhead plane both individually andcollectively
Ground plane- ground cover or low shrubs may imply spatial definition throughvariations in height and material
Vertical plane- can influence the perception of space in several ways
o Tree trunks act as vertical columns
o The degree of enclosure will vary with the size of the trunks, their density ofmassing, and their pattern of arrangement
oThe foliage mass of plants, the density and height of the foliage mass affects thequality of the space
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o The taller the plant and the larger and more closely its leaves or needles arespaced, the stronger the feeling of enclosure
o Enclosure is to occur with seasonal variation
The overhead plane- the foliage mass and branches in the canopy of treeso Create ceilings over an outdoor space,o Limiting the view to the skyo Affecting the vertical scale of the spaceo Trees are placed so strong; canopy overlaps shutting out exposure to the sky
Collec tively, as outdoors room
The degree of perceived enclosure varies witho The relative height of the surrounding vegetationo Its spacing, density, ando The position of the viewer relative to the surrounding vegetation
A space feels very enclosed when the encircling plant materials areo Tall, dense, tightly spaces, ando Placed close to the viewer
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Basic spatial types created with plants
Open spa c e
Using only low shrubs and ground cover A space is airy, outward- oriented, lacks privacy, and Is exposed to the sun and sky
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Sem iop en spa c e
Partially enclosed on one or more sides with taller plant materials acting asvertical walls blocking views into and out from the space
Similar to the completely open space but is less transparent while stronglyoriented to the open sides
Appropriate for a residential terrace where privacy is required in one direction butviews are desired in another
Canop i ed spa ce
Using a mass of shade trees with a dense canopy Has a feeling of breadth sandwiched between the overhead plane of the tree
canopy and the ground plane for a person moving through and among the tree
trunks
Establishes a strong sense of vertical scale by capping the spatial height This space tends to be dark, through the canopy and light seeping in from the
Sides, with the exception of filtered sun
Is cool and permits filtered views into and from it through the sides Create tunnel space by shade trees along a road or walk
Enc losed c anop ied spa c e
Same characteristics as the canopied space It is enclosed on the sides with medium and lower-sized plant materials Is quite dark and oriented in upon itself
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Providing feelings of privacy and isolation
Vertic a l spa c e
Using tall, narrow plant materials Create an outdoor space, vertical in orientation and open to the sky
Creation of numerous types of spatial character using only plant materials
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Mo di fy the spa c es c rea ted b y bui ld ings
To subdivide larger spaces delineated by buildings into smaller spaces
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Com plete the spa t ia l d ef in it ion and orga n izat ion
Closure
The completion of a spatial enclosure, articulated by a building or enclosing wall
Linkage
Visually connecting separate elements
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2. Sc ree ning
To conceal unattractive objects or scenes in the environment A vertical barrier can control views
3. Privac y c ontrol
The techniques of encircling a well-defined area with plants To isolate the space from its surrounding Eliminate freedom of movement through enclosed space
2.4 Visual Plant Characteristics
Plant size form color and texture
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1. Plant size
Directly affects the scale of a space, compositional interest, overall framework of a
design
Large and intermediate trees, 40ft tall
Establishing the basic structures and skeleton of an outdoor environment Can serve as focal point among smaller plant materials
Carefully placed, biggest impact on the appearances To enclosed space in the overhead and vertical planes To provide shade for outdoor space
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Small trees and ornamental, 15ft to 20ft
Define space in both vertical and overhead planes Canopy height, spatial edges in the vertical plane Serve as visual and compositional accents result from a size contrast plant Used as a piece of sculpture or abstract sign at the end of a linear space to lead
people
Provide as a focal point
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Tall shrubs, 10ft to 15ft
Lack of canopy Used as walls to furnish spatial enclosure in the vertical plane Light and sunny with upward to sky Create strong corridor like spaces Screening and privacy control Compositional accents, possessing distinct color and texture Act as neutral background for other special objects in front
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Intermediate shrubs, 3ft to 6ft tall
Serve as visual transition in a composition between tall shrubs and small trees and lowshrubs
Low shrubs, 3ft
Define space or separate spaces without in habiting views Used along a walk or path to contain pedestrians on the walk without affecting the line of
visions
Compositionally to connect other unrelated elements visually Subordinate element Give a composition a spotty appearance
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Ground cover, 6 in to 12 in
Floor material of an outdoor space To imply spatial edges Outlining a desired shape on the ground To define non walking surface, lawn and pavement To provide visual interest based on distinct color or texture As background To link visually separate elements or group of element To stabilize the soil, prevent erosion
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2. Plant form
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Fastigiated
Upright, narrow, tapers to a point at its top Emphasize the vertical by leading the eye skyward Give a sense of verticality and height to both a plant mass and to a space they enclose Acts as accents and exclamation points Should not placed throughout a composition
Columnar
Same as fastigiatedSpreading/horizontal
Horizontal habit To give a feeling of breadth and extent Used in a composition Used for contrast with vertical fastigate Harmony with flat landforms, long lines extending across the horizon, low horizontal
buildings
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Round, globular
Design composition, design unity No directional, neutral Harmony with other curvilinear forms
Pyramidal/conical
Very sharp and distinct in their outline Visual accents Echo pyramidal building forms Visual level region where mountain are lacking Harmony with design of stiff, geometric shapes
Weeping
Predominantly pendulous, downward-arching, branches Found in and associated with low points of ground, like the weeping willow along edges
of water bodies
Lead the eye toward the ground Used in water to reflect the undulating form, to symbolized
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Picturesque
Sculpture in shape Irregular, gnarled, windblown Best used allocated at a prominent point within a design No more than one picturesque plant formed should be planed to avoid busy or chaotic
scene
3. Plant color
The most notable visual characteristic of plant material Directly affects the feeling and mood of an outdoor space Bright colors convey a light, cheerful atmosphere; dark colors portray a more somber
feeling
Color is present in plant materials through different parts of the plant includingfoliage, flowers, fruit, twigs and branches, and trunk bark
Foliageo The principal color is of course green, dark green to light green including
h d f ll bl d b
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A variety of greens in a composition may used for other design functionsThe organization of different shades of green can provide
o Emphasis,o Establish unity through repetition, oro Visually link together various portions of the designo Can act as the anchor posts of a design
o Dark green give a quiet, peaceful,o Dark hues tend to move toward the viewer
Light green foliage gives a feeling of cheerfulness, gaiety, and excitement in addition tomoving away visually from the viewer
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A neutral tone green, used as the unifying thread by visually tying all other colorstogether
Plant color coordinating with plant characteristics4. Foliage Type
Deciduous plants
Loses its leaves in autumn and regains in spring seasonal appearance affect the design Can define space serve as accents backgrounds, acts as a common foliage type Ability to allow sunlight to create a glowing effect Have distinct and a dark background can show off intriguing branch habits Branch can give a shadow to pavement and wall
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Coniferous evergreen
Needlelike foliage Do not have flowers Dark foliage, absorb much of the light To give visual weight and solidity as color Should be group at various locations Used as background to lighter colors Static and stable, give a feeling of permanence effective in blocking views and air circulation
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5. Plant texture
Visual roughness and smoothness of plants Influenced by leaf size, twig, branch size, bark configuration overall habit of growth, the
distance at which the plant material is view
Alter in season
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Co a rse texture
Created by large leaves, thick, massive branches open habit of growth Highly visible, bold, aggressive Used as a focal point to attract and hold attention Cause the sensation of moving toward the viewer Should not place in small space Appear open, loosen, less distinct in outline
Medium texture
Medium size leaves, branches, dense habit of growth Less transparent and stranger in silhouette Make up the largest proportion of texture in a planting composition
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Fine texture
Many small leaves, tiny, thin branches, twigs tight, dense habit of growth The last plant noticed in composition Lost in distance Clear silhouette
5. Aesthetic uses of plant material
To relate a building form to its surrounding site Unify and coordinate a discoordinate environment Reinforce certain points and areas in the landscape Reduce the harshness of hard architectural elements Emframent selected views
Aesthetic functions of plant materials
1. Complementors
o Complete a design and furnish a sense of unity by repeating the forms and massesof a building by extending lines of a building into surrounding site
3. Unifierso Serve as a common thread, visually trying together all the components of an
environment
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3. Emphasizers
o To emphasize or accentuate certain points in the exterior environmento By distinct size, form, color textureo Do at the entrance to a site, at an intersection, near a building entrance
4. Acknowledgers
o Point out or acknowledge the importance and location of a space or object in theenvironment
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o Make the space more obvious, easily recognizedo Size, form, color, texture or arrangement
6. Softenero To soften the harness and rigidity of architecture shapes and forms
6. View enframement
o Revealed the viewo Focus one attention on a particular point by blocking out with their foliage
masses, trunks and branches
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CHAPTER 3BUILDINGS
To describe the various types of outdoor spaces created by building To provide some design guidelines for organizing building in a composition To outline different methods for integrating buildings and the landscape together into
one well coordinate element
To help properly site the building and design its environ
3.1 Building clusters and spatial definition
Creation space
A single building does not create space
E t i i t d h t b ildi l t d t th
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Outdoor space
Articulated with exact sharp edges Lack dramatic seasonal variety Wall alter little Relates to the effect of windows on spatial perception Changing light in day and night
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Quality of space
Depend on the distance to build height ratio The arrangement of buildings The character of building facades
1. Distance to building height ratio
Enclosure
Full enclosure, 1:1 distance to height ratio Loss enclosure, 4:1
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Feeling and use
Intimate and interior like spacing, 1:3 Public, 6 or over Exterior deep well, 1or less Ideal, 2:1
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2. Plan arrangement
Spatial leaks
Spatial leaks occur when views extend outside an enclosed space
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Can be minimizeso Over lappingo Linkage
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3. Building character
Character of building faade that contain the space Color, texture, detailing and proportion of a building faade Space can be made to feel cold, harsh, inhuman if the buildings wall
o Massive, gray, lack fine detail
Can be made to feel delicate, airy, inviting if the building wallo Warm in color, finely detailed, proportioned to humano Thin column and intricate detailing furnish a light qualityo Colonnade, produce a less bulky temperament
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3.2 Building clusters and types of spaces
1. Central open space
Group buildings, Same as concave landform, inward orientated Spatial enclosure is minimized the spatial leaks
Wind mill spaces, strengthening the enclosure of the spaces and forces the pedestrianentering the space to experience or even stop in the space
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Central open space is strongest when the hollowness of the space is reinforced
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2. Focused open space
Open in one side Not to make too large, will lose enclosure Sufficient buildings walls
3. Channeled linear space
Long and narrow space, opening one or both ends Straight does not bend Can see either end, movement Persons attention is squeezed and channeled long linear side
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4. Organic linear space
Not simple, straight space from one point to another Continuous around corners, frequently disappear out of sight Corners, changing view, spatial surprise
3.3 Relating building to a site
1. Land form
Visual and functional relationship between buildings and the site
Level landform
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Steep landform
2. Plant material
Relating a building or group of buildings to existing plant material on a site
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Relating buildings to a site by the correct placement of new or introduced plant materialo Vegetation can relate a building to the surrounding site by carrying
lines, forms and spaces into the site
o A roof line or wall mass can be extended into the adjoining site by masses ofplant material repeating lines and masses of the building itself
o The ceiling of an interior space can be extended into the site through the use oftree canopies
3. Building design
Should be taken into account
Include the functional relation between indoors and outdoors The interpenetration of space between building and site The use of windows A simple, flat-planed box has a weaker spatial relation to its site In a flat planed building, the separation between indoor and outdoor space is clean and
definite
No interlocking of the two spatial volumes The building is seen more as an object sitting on the site than one interacting with and
b i t f th it
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Portions of the building mass are pushed inward or pulled outward, indoor and outdoorsspace begin to interpenetrate each other
4. Transition space
A transition space diminishes the break between indoors and outdoors and allows aperson entering or leaving a building to make the change between them in a gradual
manner
Is undesirable to force a person to move abruptly between two different settings becausethis establishes both a physical and a psychological separation between the two
It is undesirable to create a space that is neither indoors not outdoors, allowing for a slowchange between the two
A transition space is necessary to physically separate an entrance from other areas andfunctions such as a pedestrian walk
Can be created by partially delineating an area outside a building entrance with plantmaterial, walls, mounding, and/or distinct pavement pattern
Create a space by extending the upper floors of the building over the first floor entrance
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This space is protected from the weather and produces an interconnection betweenbuilding mass and exterior space
5. Walls
Retaining and freestanding walls use to visually and functionally relate abuilding to a site
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Walls extending out into the site from the building, can act like arms reaching out andhold onto the site
This technique also diminishes the distinction between where the building ends and thesite begins
Another use of either freestanding or retaining walls is to repeat the material in thebuilding faade in the walls located throughout the site, establishes visual recall and
visually links the building to the other walls
6. Pavement
Can be employed to unify a building and its site Pavement material can be the same as that on the building faade as a method for
unification
To repeat the material used on the floor inside the building as a pavement materialoutside the building
CHAPTER 4
PAVEMENT
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Hard structural element Durable surface, Permanent quality Materials: Gravel, brick, tile, stone, concrete, asphalt, wood decking Able to define exact edges of shapes and forms on the ground Expansive comparison with vegetative ground surface Hotter than vegetative ground surface Reflect or causing glare
4.1 Functional and compositional uses
1. Accommodate intense use
Can use with wheeled On foot, can go anywhere Perform throughout the year Undue maintenance
Drawback
Cannot use in wet weather
2. Provide direction
Indicate where and how to move from one point to another Pedestrian through a sequence of space Character of movement
3. Suggest rate and rhythm of movement
Rhythm of movement, depend on design and layout of pavement
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4. Create Repose
Create a sense of repose and rest by pattern
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Stationary experience, large, non-directional forms or pattern
5. Indicate uses on the ground plane
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Movement, rest, sitting, gathering, focal area, by color, texture, or the pavementmaterials
6. Influence scale
7 Provide unity
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8. Serve as a setting, background
9. Establish spatial character
Its surface and edges detail design can have impact on the feeling of outdoor space Different materials and patterns can give spatial feeling refined, rugged, quiet,
aggressive, urban, rural
Material abilityo Brick- warm, inviting feeling to a spaceo Angle flagstone- irregular, informal atmosphereo Concrete- cold, impersonal sensation
10. Provide visual interest
Attention to ground From upper story window Pavement can stimulus and give a sense of space
4.2 Design guidelines for pavement
Should be weighed with overall objective
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Material used in a given area of a design should help unity Too much variation cause visual chaos and disorder One pavement should dominate in a design, for visual contrast
To help visually and functionally integrated into entire scheme Selections a paving pattern, should study in both plan and eye level perspective Plan, visually attractive pattern, coordinative with other Edge and lines of building, coordinated with pavement
Visual characteristic
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4.3 Basic pavement materials
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Least expansive Available in a range of shape, size, colors Whole and crush Allows surface runoff, economy and ecology Naturalistic character Provide texture interest Used as surface material in difficult
To grow lawn or groundcover
2. Unit pavers, stone, brick, tile
Stone, natural, available in many size, shapes, color
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Sedimentary stone, deposit from water
Sand and line stone Suitable for pedestrian area
Metal or phic stone- rock transformed by intense pressure
Marble Hard and durable Heavy and expansive, difficult to cut Limited amount is used
Igneous stone, rock formed by cooling of hot material
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Strength and durable Used in location exposed to unusual weathering Can be cut and obtained varied sizes
Classification of Stone
Field stone
Very irregular in shape Used as found, with no cutting or finishing Difficult to use in pavement, hard to fit Not use in public space
River stone, 1 to 3 in
Rounded by action of running or falling water Rough texture Used in the bottom or along the sides
And edges of pools
Flagstone
Layered, thinSl t d bl t
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Can be cut in any shape, rectangle, triangle, irregular Used in number of situation,
Pedestrian, non-public area
Cobble stone, rounded by moving water
Like river stone Used as a street pavement Difficult to walk, rough and texture Difficult to drain
Cut stone
Cut into blocks, give strongly texture surface Cut slabs or paves, obtained in varied sizes and colors
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Brick
Manufacture Warm, friendly color Modular, common fixed shape and size Used in rectilinear forms and patterns Can be used in radiator or circular patterns
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Drawback - difficult to keep the surface clear
Used in numbered of patterns Running bond is align the rows of brick perpendicular to line of sight Used for small, intimate gardens to large urban place Relate monumental scale in place
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Interlocking brick
Obtained in a variety of colors: tar, pinkTile, thin paver
Ceramic tile Easier to install because of light Varied size Slipper to walk on wet
Visually relate indoor and outdoor
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Portland cement concrete
Free form shapes Covering large area quickly Low cost Less maintenance Expansion joints and scoring line
Drawback, reflect sunlight
Uncomfortable to walk across concrete pavement, heat Percolation Uninviting, drab color Enhance with other materials to avoid monotones Imprint pattern Color added Exposed aggregate mixed, texture
Precast concrete, integration grass or ground cover
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Bituminous concrete (asphalt)
Free form Does not require expansion joint Low maintenance Not popular for its color Dark background Heat built up
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CHAPTER 5
SITE STRUCTURES
Three dimensional constructed elements Hard, fixed, permanent features Steps, ramps, walls, fences, sitting elements Sun shelter, decks, small building
5.1 Steps
To move up and down in a safe and efficient Has tread, riser, landing or platform Tread and riser relationship with interior and exterior 2R + T = 26 in Riser should be 4 in minimum, 6 maximum Dimension of risers in a set of steps should remain constant
Number of risers in set, should not have one riser, not to be noticed Maximum number of risers in a set should be height 4 ft, feel tired and turned away Break monotony by landing, provide rest eye and legs
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Landing of step influence the visual and walking rhythm Tread 11 located perpendicular to the direction of movement
Design and safety aspect, cheek wall, handrails
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Can define the limits of outdoor space Spatial separation Acts as gate ways or doors Aesthetic function, focal point
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Create strong horizontal line, pattern Dynamic element by varying sun and shadow Casual sitting surfaces Social meeting place
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Advantages
Provide a series of level surfaces Sure footing Maintenance a sense of balance Require small horizontal distances Can be constructed with several
material, stone, and brick, concrete,
wood
Disadvantages
Cannot be negotiated bywheelchairs, baby strollers, bicycles
Difficult to use for old, childrenhandicap
Steps acts barriers, preventing free Dangerous by snow, wet, rain
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5.2 Ramps Freedom of movement Spaces continuous Require large horizontal area Can slip unless non slip material Unsightly cause of it length Ramp gradient should not exceed 8 percent,
12:1, 3ft height require 36 ft distance
Maximum length, 30 ft length, 5 ft landing length
Can be integrate with steps
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5.3 Walls and fences Walls, vertical plane, freestanding or retaining walls Fences, vertical plane, wood and metal
1. Define space
Enclosed space Depend on their height, material, detailing Distance to height ratio
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Should 6 ft tall Hard, well defined planes Space with precise, exact edges
2. Screen views
Tall
Total screen, unsightly industrial equipment Creating necessary privacy Take less space
Partial screen view
3. Separate functions
Walls can be used to separateo Quiet sitting from the noise
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o Property line Provide security
4. Modify climate
Sun and wind Shade
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5. Sitting elements
Should be 18 in above the ground 12 in wide
6. Visual elements
Background for attractive plant or sculpture Visually connector for unrelated element
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Visual interest layout of wall, move in, around Used with pattern for shadow Painted graphic
5.4 Retaining walls
To hold back a portion of higher ground from a lower one Define spatial edges and spaces Provide background Seating space
5.5 Design guidelines
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Base, wall or fence surfaces, cap or top Pattern texture
5.6 Wall and fence materials
1. Stone
Appearances from highly textured texture Providing an earthy gray or brown tone in a strong textural pattern
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Appropriately used in walls, intended to be solid Stone is used in walls in two ways
o Uncut, rough irregular look naturalistico Cut, regular pattern
2. Brick
Create smoother, polished wall surface
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To visually relate it to brick facades of adjoining or nearby buildings Employed in a number of potential patterns
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Portland cement concrete
Can be utilized as cast in place concrete wall The layout of a cast-in place concrete wall can be rectilinear, curved, or irregular Indentation, protrusions
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Texture can be imprinted in the concrete Can be used as precast material
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Block
Wood
Naturalistic, smooth to formal on finish Lightweight Less cost in construction Available Can be used as solid or transparent Has pattern and rhythm
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Disadvantage
Not durable Maintenance Difficult to makes curve
Wrought iron
Transparent fences
Seating
Serve as clear, dry, stable surface To rest or wait, converse, observe, and study to eat,
Rest or wait
Urban and rural situation At building entrance
Converse
Conversation and discussion To face one another
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Quiet and afford some degree of privacy
Observe
Observe people, view Along a major walk, busy corner Require security
Study or eat
Study lie, put books, and goods
Table are furnishedBeneath a shade tree
Should integrated with other elements
Module seating, takes a large area
Wood is appropriate
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WATER
Highly varied design element May take on such diverse forms as flat, quiet pools, falling water, and jets of
water Used in the landscape as a purely aesthetic element Used for functions as cooling the air, buffering sound, irrigating the soil,
providing a means of recreation
Humans seem to be drawn toward water for both utilitarian and visual reasonsGeneral characteristics
Plasticity
Having no shape
Its forms is determined by the characteristics of its container Can be different qualities depending on the size, color, texture, and location of the
container
To create water characteristic, design its container The particular form and appearance is direct result of the influence of gravity
Motion(static, quiet, nonmoving) or (dynamic, moving, changing)
Static water
Found in lakes, ponds, pools, or gently flowing rivers Peaceful, relaxing, mellow in character with a soothing effect on human emotions Balance and equilibrium with the force of gravity
Dynamic water
Its motion is moving, flowing, or falling water Found in rivers and streams or cascading down waterfalls Jets of water Energetic and emotionally stimulating Easily captures the attention of the eye Accompanied by sound emitted through the motion of water Being exciting and dramatic as a result of its sound and its interaction with color
and light
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The greater the imbalance with gravity, the faster the movement of dynamic water
Sound Emit sound when it is in motion or when it abruptly strikes a fixed object or
surface
Depending on the amount of movement and volume of water involved, numerouspossible sounds can be produced that complement and enhance the visual aspects
of an outdoor space
Rhythmic motion of waves against a shoreline may be quiet and peaceful The roar of a waterfall may be motivating Common sounds created by water include trickle, dribble, bubble, gurgle, roar,
gush, splash, and babble
Reflectivity
In a quiet, static state, water can function as a mirror, repeating an image of itssurroundings (land, vegetation, buildings, sky, people, etc.) on the base plane
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When the surface of the water is glass-smooth, the reflected image may be soprecise
When the water surface becomes ruffled by a breeze or other disturbance it losesthe exact detail of the reflection
In addition to actually reflecting the visual image of its adjoining environment, abody of water figuratively reflects the characteristics of its container and
surroundings by responding to the following factors
Slope (gravity)
Any slope causes water to move, with its speed intensifying as slopesteepness increases
With higher rates of movement, the visual attraction of water as well asthe sound produced become greater
Moving water is a potential source of energy as well as a force of erosion
Container shape and size
The edge traced by a body of water is irregular when the containing edgespush inward and outward in a random pattern
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General uses of water
Consumption Irrigation Climate control
Sound control
Visual uses of water
Flat, static water
Pool
Used for a body of water of any size placed in a hard, well-definedconstructed container
Is to be geometric in shape
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Pools may be used in the outdoor environment for the purposes Quiet, still water used as a plane of reflection for the sky and/or nearby
elements: buildings, trees, sculpture, and people
Reflecting pools provide planes of either light value or dark value, dependingon
o the sky condition,o the surface of the containero the location of the viewer
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Pond
Design to appear natural or semi-natural
The shape of a pond is typically free-form or curvilinear
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Used to create a feeling of repose and tranquility in an outdoor space Used to unifying link between different areas of the environment
Flowing water
Any moving water confined to a well-defined channel Results when the channel and its bottom are sloped, allowing the water to move in
response to gravity
Streams, creeks, and rivers The behaviour and characteristics of flowing water depend on
o volume of water,o steepness of slope channel size,o and properties of channel bottom and sides
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Falling water
Occurs from water moves over and down a sudden drop in the elevation of thechannel
Has three basic types of falling watero Free fallo Obstructed flowo Sloped fall
Free-fall This type of falling water drops directly from one elevation to another in an
uninterrupted manner
The character of free-falling water depends on volume, velocity, height of fall,and edge condition over which the water falls
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Another variable that influences the sight and sound of free-falling water is thesurface on which the water falls
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Obstructed fall
Caused by water striking various obstacles or planes while dropping between twoelevations
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Sloped fall
Water dropping along and down a steeply sloped surface
Similar to flowing water but occurs occurson a steeper slope in smaller controlled
volumes
For small volume of water, the visual result is a surface looks wet and glistens in the light
For larger volumes, distinct patterns of moving water result
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Jets, fountain jets
Created by forcing water up into the air through a nozzle in defiance of gravity Used as focal points in a design composition based on their verticality and
interplay with light
The exact amount of attention depends on the volume of water and the force ofthe jet, Pump size
Basic types of fountains areo Single orificeo Sprayo Aeratedo Formed
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Single-orifice
Water forced through a single opening nozzle Produces a clear stem of water, simple but striking in appearance The height is limited upon a factor of bothe water volume and pressure The sound produced is a distinct dribbling or dripping one made as the falling
water of the jet strikes the surrounding water
Used as accents in quiet garden settings or restful outdoor spaces Used in combinations of more than one jet
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Spray
Produced by many fine, mistlike streams of water, result from water being forcedthrough a nozzle with many small openings
Has a fine texture
Aerated
Similar to a single orifice jet, the nozzle has one opening The opening of the nozzle in the aerated jet is much larger, producing a turbulent,
white water effect
Attractive by the white water interacts with sunlight to create a fresh, sparklingappearance
Used as dominant focal points in the landscape
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Formed
Shaped to furnish a special effect Appear exact and studies, requiring special attention in their location Best used in spaces where a formal, precise shape is required
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Combination water features
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Assignment 1.
Student is to analyze the landscape design of anywhere with the title of
Analysis of Landscape Design of -----------------------------------
example
Analysis of Landscape Design of Hlawgar Park with the following title
Content
Introduction
Chapter 1 Factors for selected area
1.1 Location1.2 Planning arrangement and size1.3 Other factors
Chapter 2 Analysizing the selected area with Basic Elements of Landscape
Design
2.1 Analyze with Landform
2.2 Analyze with Plant materials
2.3 Analyze with Buildings2.4 Analyze with Pavement
2.5 Analyze with Site Structure
2.6 Analyze with Water
2.7 Overall analysis of selected area
Chapter 3 Factors for Maintenance of selected area
3.1 Maintenance
3.2 Water supply
3.3 Other factors
Conclusion
Reference
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Reference:
Booth. Norman K, Basic Elements of Landscape Architectural
Design, 1983, New York