Landraces: Genetic Diversity and Evaluation · 2010-05-25 · Landraces Stone Age varieties , primitive varieties , heirloom varieties . traditional cultivars, farmer varieties and

Landraces: Genetic Diversity and Evaluation

Jihad OrabiDepartment of Agriculture and Ecology

Plant and Soil Science Laboratory

Alnarp 24th November 2009

Landraces

� Stone Age varieties, primitive varieties, heirloom varieties.

traditional cultivars, farmer varieties and garden-races.

� Landraces have evolved directly from their wild progenitor, that

lead to have and maintain high level of genetic diversity.

� Were developed under natural and human selection.

� Landrace is a variety with a high capacity to tolerate biotic and

abiotic stress, resulting in a high yield stability and an

intermediate yield level under a low input agricultural system.

(Zeven, 2000).


Landraces as Breeding Material

� Pure line selection: the short-term approach

� Extracting the highest yielding pure line from a landrace.

� Crosses: building on adaptation

� Extracted superior lines form a landrace and utilizing them as

parents in the crossing program

� Mixtures: the long-term approach

� Pure lines properly characterized for a set of agronomic

characters

� Understanding adaptation to stress

� Evaluate lines with specific characters to identify, localize, and

tag genes or QTLs (Ceccarelli and Grando, 2000)


Genetic Diversity

� Assessment of genetic diversity is an essential step

helping to:

� Understand the relationship among and within the

”landraces” populations.

� Understand the genetic structure of the landraces.

� Parental selection.

� Setting priorities for genetic conservation.

� Building conservation strategies.


Two Examples of Landrace Studies

� Genetic diversity of the landraces vs the wild barley in

West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region

� Genetic diversity of Eritrean barley landraces


• The presence of the wild relatives of barley.

• High genetic diversity in the cultivated barely.

• Genetic resources for biotic stresses such as diseases.

• Genetic resources for abioticstresses such as drought.

www.mathildasanthropologyblog.wordpress.com


Barley in West Asia and North Africa (WANA)

Country of origin SubspeciesSubspecies/Origin (S /O)-group

Size (lines)

Source

Jordan H. spontaneum HsJo 10 ICARDA

Jordan H. vulgare HvJo 10 ICARDA

Turkey H. spontaneum HsTk 9 ICARDA

Turkey H. vulgare HsTk 10 ICARDA

Syria H. spontaneum HsSy 10 ICARDA

Syria H. vulgare HvSy 10 ICARDA

Morocco H. spontaneum HsMo 8 Lleida, Spain

Morocco H. vulgare HvMo 10 ICARDA

Plant Material


S/O-group No. Allele Unique AlleleGenetic diversity

index

Hs Jordan 5.472 0.417 0.721

Hv Jordan 4.833 0.250 0.652

Hs Syria 5.250 0.250 0.701

Hv Syria 4.500 0.167 0.619

Hs Turkey 4.778 0.306 0.690

Hv Turkey 4.500 0.278 0.640

Hv Moroco 3.667 0.111 0.538

Hs Morocco 2.389 0.028 0.383

Hs WANA 10.111 1.278 0.775

Hv WANA 9.750 1.417 0.725

Diversity Parameters forDifferent Subspecies/Origin(S/O)-groups


(Orabi et al. 2009)

Take-Home Message from WANA Study:

• Both Wild and cultivated barley from WANA possess high level

of genetic diversity

• Wild and cultivated barley from WANA are a very useful source

for barley improvement.

• Since both, landraces and wild barley posses a high level of genetic

diversity, utilizing the landraces is better due to the undesirable

traits that can be carried from the wild barley.


Barley in Eritrea

• Barley is the second crop in production and harvested area.

• Barley is growing as “primitive” landraces.

• Barley yield is 352 kg\ha (FAO, 2008)..

• Barley from Horn of Africa is a valuable resource for diseases resistance

http://ochaonline.un.org/ocha2008/images/eritrea-map.gif


The Sites of Eritrean Barley Collection

Region Topography

1 Dubarwa-Halhale Mid Highland Plains

2 Medenfera- Adi Quala Mid Highland Plains

3 Asmara- Dekamhare High Lands Terraces

4 Asmara- Hezega High Lands Terraces

5 Asmara- Himbirti High Plains

6 Asmara- Serejeka- Weki High Lands Terraces

ASMARA

Eritrea

6

34

1

5

2

1 Dubarwa-Halhale(Mid-highland plains)

2 Medenfera-Adi Quala(Mid-highland plains)

3 Asmara-Dekamhare(Highland terraces)

4 Asmara-Hezega(Highland terraces)

5 Asmara-Himbirti(High plains)

6 Asmara-Serejeka-Weki(Highland terraces)

Red Sea

Ethiopia

Sudan


Morphological Diversity in One Eritrean Barley Field

Ten spikes collected from a single barley farmer’s field


L4

0.0

2L

29

.03

L2

8.0

2L

32

.02

L3

2.0

7L

17

.10

L2

7.0

8

L2

7.0

5L

21

.09

L0

8.1

0L0

3.03

L0

2.0

8L

25

.02

L0

2.0

6L

28

.10

L3

4.1

0L

16

.03

L0

2.0

9L

11

.01

L1

0.0

8L

01

.03

L3

6.0

2L

27

.02

L0

6.0

1L

08

.02

L0

3.0

2

L0

2.0

7L

01

.04

L2

0.0

7L

01

.07

L3

1.1

0L

36

.06

L3

4.0

8L

02

.01

L1

2.0

4

L1

2.0

3L

10

.06

L1

6.0

9L

06

.09

L1

5.1

0L

36

.09

L2

5.0

6L

19

.06

L1

6.0

7L

17

.01

L1

5.0

5L

20

.05

L3

2.0

9L

31

.08

L2

5.0

4L

32

.08

L2

7.0

9L

31

.09

L3

2.1

0

L2

0.0

1L

16

.05

L1

9.0

5L

16

.06

L0

4.0

9L

16

.10

L1

7.08

L3

6.0

3L

20

.06

L03.

05L

01

.10

L1

1.0

4L

04

.02

L0

6.1

0L

06

.06

L0

6.0

4L

11

.05

L0

3.0

6L

08

.05

L0

4.0

1L

27

.04

L1

2.0

8L

02

.02

L3

4.0

7L

08

.09

L1

0.1

0L

08

.01

L0

4.0

5

L0

6.0

3L

12

.02

L1

2.0

1L

11

.07

L1

1.0

3L

11

.06

L0

2.1

0L

01

.06

L1

0.0

4L

10

.02

L1

1.1

0L

11

.09

L1

1.0

8L

04

.08

L0

3.0

1L

08

.04

L0

1.0

2L

21

.04

L3

4.0

3

L3

6.0

8L

34

.01

L2

1.0

7L

40

.05

L4

0.0

9L

40

.06

L4

0.0

4L

40

.01

L2

1.1

0L

21

.08

L2

1.0

2L

40

.08

L4

0.0

3L

21

.05

L2

1.0

3L4

0.10

L4

0.0

7L

21

.01

L29.0

4L

32

.06

L3

1.0

7L

31

.01

L2

9.0

8L

25

.01

L2

5.1

0L

19

.10

L1

7.0

5L

27

.03

L0

8.0

6L

06

.07

L1

9.0

2L

17

.06

L1

7.0

3L

12

.06

L1

0.0

3L

04

.04

L3

2.0

3L

31

.03

L0

6.0

2L

19

.07

L0

1.0

8L

36

.05

L3

6.0

7L

36

.10

L2

7.0

1L

32

.01

L2

9.0

1

L2

5.0

7L

15

.06

L1

0.0

1L

17

.09

L1

5.0

3L

15

.01

L1

2.1

0L

12

.07

L0

2.0

5L

21

.06

L0

2.0

4L

34

.06

L2

9.0

2L

36

.04

L3

4.0

9L

32

.05

L2

8.0

6L

20

.08

L1

5.0

7L

29

.09

L3

1.0

5

L28.

07L

28

.03

L2

8.0

1L

28.0

4L

28

.08

L2

7.1

0L

16

.01

L1

6.0

2L

20

.09

L3

1.0

6L

15

.02

L0

8.0

8L

29

.05

L3

4.0

2L

31

.04

L2

9.0

6L

28

.09

L3

4.0

4L

10

.09

L0

6.0

5L

31

.02

L2

8.0

5L

27

.06

L0

3.0

4L

25

.05

L1

7.0

2L

11

.02

L1

2.0

9

L0

3.0

8L

25

.09

L1

0.0

7L

04

.03

L3

2.0

4L

19

.09

L0

4.0

7L

01

.05

L0

3.0

9L

34

.05

L1

0.0

5L

25

.03

L1

7.0

7L

06

.08

L1

5.0

9L

16

.04

L1

2.0

5L

36

.01

L1

6.0

8

L2

0.0

3L

08

.07

L2

0.1

0L

03

.07

L1

9.0

8L

20

.02

L1

5.08

L0

1.0

9L

20

.04

L0

4.1

0

L1

7.0

4L

08

.03

L0

4.0

6L

15

.04

L0

3.1

0L

27

.07

L1

9.0

4L

29

.10

L2

9.0

7

L1

9.0

3L

19

.01

L0

2.0

3L

01

.01

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Linkag

e Distance

Adi Hisbay

Cluster Analysis for the Eritrean Lines Based on Nuclear Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) Distance


Plant Materials Used in 40 Nuclear SSRs Profiling Study

Group Sources Subspecies Country No. of individuals

I

Our group H. vulgare Eritrea 240

GRU, ICARDA, Syria H. vulgare Ethiopia 23

NSGC, USA H spontaneum Ethiopia 2

II

Our group H spontaneum Palestine 100

GRU, ICARDA, Syria H spontaneum Syria 10

GRU, ICARDA, Syria H spontaneum Jordan 10

GRU, ICARDA, Syria H spontaneum Turkey 9

Lleida, Spain H spontaneum Morocco 8

GRU, ICARDA, Syria H. vulgare Syria 10

GRU, ICARDA, Syria H. vulgare Jordan 10

GRU, ICARDA, Syria H. vulgare Turkey 10

GRU, ICARDA, Syria H. vulgare Tunisia 10

GRU, ICARDA, Syria H. vulgare Morocco 10

III Life. Ku H. vulgare NW. EU 96

Total 549Alnarp 24th November 2009

The Allele Number and the Unique Allele Number of Barley Populations Based on Nuclear SSRs

Alleles HsWa HvWa HvEr& HvEt HvEu

Alleles no. Unique Alleles no. Unique Alleles no. Unique Alleles no. Unique

Total 874 691 209 418 38 416 69 253 31

Average 20,81 16,45 4,98 9,95 0,90 9,90 1,64 6,02 0,74


The Geographical Distribution of the WANA, European and Eritrean Barley Populations Used

5000 km

3000 km

WANA

NW.EU

100 km

Eritrea


Multi-dimensional Scaling (MDS) for all Groups Based on nuSSRs

Dimension 1

-1.10 -0.43 0.25 0.93 1.60

Dim

ens

ion

2

-1.40

-0.77

-0.15

0.48

1.10

Dimension 1

-1.10 -0.43 0.25 0.93 1.60

Dim

ens

ion

2

-1.40

-0.77

-0.15

0.48

1.10

Hs-PalestineHs-SyriaHs-JordanHs-TurkeyHs-MoroccoHv-SyriaHv-JordanHv-TurkeyHv-TunesiaHv-MoroccoHv-Eritrea

Hv-EuropeHv-Ethiopia

Hs-PalestineHs-SyriaHs-JordanHs-TurkeyHs-MoroccoHv-SyriaHv-JordanHv-TurkeyHv-TunesiaHv-MoroccoHv-Eritrea

Hv-EuropeHv-Ethiopia


(Orabi et al. 2007)

Population Sample size A Ĥ SD Ĥ*

H.sp. WANA 118 5.00 0.3990 0.0785

H.v. WANA 41 2.20 0.2060 0.0875

H.v. Eritrea 214 4.60 0.3481 0.0980

H.v. Ethiopia 22 2.20 0.2532 0.0726

H.v. Europe 92 2.60 0.1774 0.0726

Allelic Richness and the Diversity Index ĤBased on 5 Chloroplast SSRs for all Populations


(Orabi et al. 2007)

MDS for all Groups Based on cpSSRs

Dimension 1

-1.40 -0.75 -0.10 0.55 1.20

Dim

ensi

on2

-1.50

-0.90

-0.30

0.30

0.90

Dimension 1

-1.40 -0.75 -0.10 0.55 1.20

Dim

ensi

on2

-1.50

-0.90

-0.30

0.30

0.90

Hs-WANA

Hv-EritreaHv-EthiopiaHv-EuropeHv-WANAHs/Hv-WANAHs-Ethiopia/Hv-Eritrea

Hv-Ethiopia/Eritrea

Hv-Europe/WANA

Hv-Eritrea/Hs-WANA

Hs/Hv-WANA/Hv-Eritrea

Hv-Europe/Eritrea/Ethiopia

Hs-WANA

Hv-EritreaHv-EthiopiaHv-EuropeHv-WANAHs/Hv-WANAHs-Ethiopia/Hv-Eritrea

Hv-Ethiopia/Eritrea

Hv-Europe/WANA

Hv-Eritrea/Hs-WANA

Hs/Hv-WANA/Hv-Eritrea

Hv-Europe/Eritrea/Ethiopia


(Orabi et al. 2007)

Neighbour-Joining tree Based on Nei-dissimilarity

cpSSRsnuSSRs


(Orabi et al. 2007)

Phylogenetic Tree Based on Sequence Differences in a Chloroplast intergenic-Spacer


(Orabi et al. 2007)

Jilal et al. 2008

Distinctness of the Horn of Africa’s Barley

cpSSRs

nuSSRs

Ethiopian barley

Molina-Cano et al. 2005

Sequence Differences in a Chloroplast intergenic-Spacer


Take-Home message from Eritrea study

• A huge genetic diversity also at chloroplast level was found within the Eritrean barley fields.

• H. v. subsp. spontaneum is the progenitor of the WANA and the European barley.

• H. v. subsp. spontaneum is NOT the progenitor of theEritrean-Ethiopian barley.

• An independent domestication event of barley could have happened in East Africa.

• The Eritrean-Ethiopian barley is a new gene-pool that can deliver new source for breeding.


A landrace story� In 1948, Jack Haralan and Osman Tosun collected a wheat

landrace from Turkey PI 178383.

� It lodged, had no winter hardiness and susceptible to leaf rust.

� ”it was hopelessly useless but dutifully conserved”

� 15 years later a stripe rust outbreak happend in USA

� PI 178383 was found to have resistance to

� 4 races strip rust.

� 35 races of common bunt.

� 10 races of dwarf bunt.

� A tolerance to flag smut and snow mold.

� PI 178383 is in the pedigree of ”all” wheat in the Pacific

Northwest. Alnarp 24th November 2009

(Kaplan 1998)

• Nordic Gene Resource Centre (NordGen). Alnarp, Sweden

• Morten Rasmussen

• Agnese Kolodinska Brantestam

• The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo Syria

• Amor Yahyaoui• J. Valkoun• M. H. Matougui

• Faulty of Life Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark

• Ahmed Jahoor (Nordic seed)• Gunter Backes

• National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), Asmara, Eritrea

• Asmelash Wolday

Acknowledgment:

Thanks for your attention

Documents

Landraces: Genetic Diversity and Evaluation · 2010-05-25 · Landraces Stone Age varieties , primitive varieties , heirloom varieties . traditional cultivars, farmer varieties and