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Lande, N., Asheim, L.J. & Eik, L.O.
Production systems and tree planting in
Njombe, Tanzania – A study area description
SUA/Noragric/NILF
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Introduction
Production systems in Njombe
Challenges and opportunities
Objective
Method and model parameters
Findings
Discussion and summary
Future work
Norw
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ILF) Sokoine U
niversity of Agriculture (SUA)
SYNOPSIS
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High altitude farming area (1600-1800 m asl)
Flat terrain, suitable for mechanized agriculture
Main industry in the area: wattle, tea and agriculture
Tanganyika Wattle Company (TANWAT) have been planting forest since 1949
One rainy season: December-April
Norw
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Introduction to Njombe
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Manual field work
Crop-livestock dominant agricultural system
Mostly dairy cows (Friesian, Ayshire, Jersey) and indigenous cows
Some goats and poultry
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Production systems in Njombe
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Norw
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ILF) Sokoine U
niversity of Agriculture (SUA)
Challenges and opportunities
Climate change awareness
Introduction of fast growing tree species
Rain-fed agriculture (seasonal)
Degraded soil
Malnutrition and food insecurity
Southern agricultural growth corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT)
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Modelling production systems in Njombe
Examine economic and environmental constraints in agriculture, identify and study farm level development paths
Norw
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Objective
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Structured household interviews
Pre-determined villages to cover different areas in Njombe (Magoda, Kichiwa and Ibumila N=60)
Farmer meetings were held to identify a variety of production systems
Farmers selected on a voluntarily basis
GPS used to quality check size of a few farm plots
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Method
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Njombe
Mbarali
Mufindi
Ludewa
Makete
Songea Rural
Iringa Rural
Kilombero
Kilolo
Namtumbo
Ulanga
Mbinga
Kyela
Rungwe
Iringa Urban
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Legend
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Main Roads
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Method: What we inquired aboutTime spent walking to each plot from house
Crops; yields, seeds, manure, DAP, Urea etc per ha
Work h – from land preparation to harvest/market
Livestock management; feeds, grazing, work h
Veterinary expenses, shed maintenance, other costs
Use of crop residues for animal feeding
Forest products e.g. firewood, charcoal
Other NWFP e.g. honey, medicine herbs, fruits etc.
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Farming activities
1) Growing fruits and vegetables for sale and self-sufficiency
2) Managing pasture crops and/or multipurpose trees (MPPT) for feeding
3) Livestock keeping
4) Planting trees for timber and fuelwood
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Average plot size cultivated area: 1.1 ha
Average plot size farm forest area: 4.6 ha
Plots per HH: 2.7
Average total size : 8.8 ha
Walking time from farmhouse:
5.5 min (nearest)
37.7 min to more distant field
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Findings
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Findings: Crops
Crop type Plot average, ha
Beans (6 plots) 2.6
Chinese cabbage (1 plots) 0.2
Fodder trees (11 plots) 0.6
Fruits (28 plots) 0.6
Irish potatoes (39 plots) 1.1
Maize (98 plots) 1.0
Pasture (18 plots) 0.9
Sunflower (2 plots) 1.0
Sweet potatoes (1 plot) 0.8
Tomatoes (1 plot) 0.6
Wheat (1 plot) 2.4
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Findings: Farm forest
Other findings:
Most crop residues left in the field
9 of 60 HH fed crop residues to animals
Total crop residue fed to animals: 304 kg
50% of crop residues from maize
Average fuelwood collection/y: 27 378.7 kg
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Tree type Plot average, ha
Pine (47 plots) 6.2
Eucalyptus (18 plots) 1.9
Black wattle (10 plots) 1.8
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Example: 1 ha of maize
Yield: 1 520 kg
Inputs:
Seeds: 14.3 kg
Manure: 2 118 kg
Diammonium phosphate (DAP): 65.8 kg
Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN): 25 kg
Urea: 62.6 kg
Fungicide: 0.3 kg
Pesticide: 203.4 ml
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Most common livestock:
Dairy cattle: 2.9/hh
Local cattle: 2.4/hh
Poultry: 23/hh
Meat goats: 0.25/hh, Pigs: 0.7/hh
Milk per cow: 8 L /day for 8 months= (1 920 L/y)
Calves per cow/y: 1
Eggs produced/day: 5.9 (=0,26/hen/day)
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Findings: Livestock production
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Findings: Livestock production cont.
Dairy cows mainly kept and fed in sheds
Concrete or wooden sheds
Indigenous cattle and goats grazing (4-6 h) and kept in kraals (night)
Poultry roaming at the farm
Pigs kept in kraals and fed maize bran
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Findings: Labour requirement
Vegetable crops are labour intensive:
Tomatoes, 632 h/ha
Irish potatoes, 317 h/ha
Maize, 311 h/ha
Pasture and fodder trees is labour intense
Pasture 290 h/ha, mostly harvesting
Fodder trees 213 h/ha, mostly harvesting
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Labour requirement cont.
Trees (15 years rotation) needs less labour:
Pine: 13 h/ha and year,
Eucalyptus: 9 h/ha
Black wattle: 15 h/ha
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Summary and discussion
Vegetables and dairy cows are the main sources of livelihood for smallholders in Njombe
Some fruits, pork and poultry in addition
Intensification of cow milk production possible
More concentrate feedstuff needed in that case
More pasture and MPPT for soil C-sequestration?
Planting of forests for C-sequestration and as a source of supplementary income?
What is the best option economically and environmentally in the area ?
DETTE E
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Further work
A detailed study report will be published as a discussion paper on the web page of NILF
A Linear programming (LP) model will be built with parameters assessed based on the questionnaire
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Nashukuru sana!
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