View
217
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Land Use, Human Health and Climate Change:Convergence of Planning Problems for Michigan
David L. Skole
Center for Global Change and Earth Observations
Michigan State University
Major Questions What is health? What is sprawl? How might sprawl affect health? What is climate change? How might climate change affect
health? What are the opportunities to improve
health on both fronts?
What is health?“a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”
- World Health Organization
Physical health Mental health Well-being Livability
What is sprawlA pattern of urban regional development that features: Land-extensive, low density, leapfrog development Segregation of land uses Extensive road construction Architectural homogeneity Economic and racial homogeneity Shift of development and capital investment from inner
city to periphery Absence of regional planning
Vehicle miles increases at a time when fleet efficiency is declining and per capita autos is approaching 1-1.2 in some suburbs.
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation
In the Lansing metro area, vehicle miles traveled increased by 16 percent between 1992 and 1999. Population increased by 2 percent over the same period.
5.4
5.9
6.0
6.2
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
1992 1995 1997 1999
Mill
ions
of
Mile
s
•Traffic congestion•Air pollution•Water and land pollution
•Heat and temperature•Loss of open space•Loss of social capital
Sprawl has had many negative consequences for health in new suburbs
The generic problem Decentralization Outer suburbs are experiencing a population
boom Suburbs garner the lion’s share of new
housing and new home owners Outer suburbs are experiencing most of the
job growth Poverty is becoming more concentrated in
urban core Urban metabolism is having an impact on the
local and global environment
How might sprawl affect health? air pollution CO2 emissions heat island effect exercise car crashes pedestrian injuries water quantity and quality mental health consequences social capital
Air Pollution sources and effects Ozone Nox Carbon monoxide Particulates Hydrocarbons Lead Sox Air toxics allergens
Produced by Automobile traffic
Ozone Health Effects The most important pollutant in urban areas Respiratory effects (ozone > PM):
Airway inflammation Decreased air flow Increased symptoms, ER visits, medication
use, hospitalizations Cardiovascular effects (PM > ozone)
Increased mortality Immune effects
Increased susceptibility to infection
Expanding Heat Island from greenhouse gases and surface condition changes in heat exchange and albedo
Health Consequences of Heat Heat syncope Heat edema Heat tetany Heat cramps Heat exhaustion Heat stroke
IncreasingSeverity