Laboratory Table of Contents - Long Beach City Collegeezone.lbcc.edu/ezlrnpWebEdit/ezlrnCourses/bioma/bio1bwema... · 2013-02-10 · DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM / DIVISION (for plants and

The Diversity of Life

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Laboratory

Table of Contents

PART ONE: The Diversity of Life – Kingdom Plantae

Introduction: Diversity of and Classification ................................................................................. 1

Protista II .......................................................................................................................................... 2

Bryophytes – Non-vascular Seedless Plants .................................................................................... 5

Seedless Vascular Plants ............................................................................................................... 11

Gymnosperms ............................................................................................................................... 21

Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) ................................................................................................... 29

Plant Growth and Development .................................................................................................... 42

Plant Anatomy -- Roots.................................................................................................................. 46

Plant Anatomy -- Stems ................................................................................................................. 52

Plant Anatomy -- Leaves ................................................................................................................ 66

PART TWO: The Diversity of Life – Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Animalia I ........................................................................................................................ 1

Kingdom Animalia II ..................................................................................................................... 21

Kingdom Animalian III ................................................................................................................. 29

Kingdom Animalia IV ................................................................................................................... 41

PART THREE: Animal Form and Function

Animal Tissues ................................................................................................................................ 1

Nervous System ............................................................................................................................... 7

Senses............................................................................................................................................. 15

Digestion ........................................................................................................................................ 29

Heart............................................................................................................................................... 35

Immunology ................................................................................................................................... 39

Respiration ..................................................................................................................................... 45

Kidney, Urine Analysis and Osmoregulation ................................................................................ 57

Investigation for Concept 49.6: How do electrical stimuli affect muscle contraction? ................ 65

Reproduction .................................................................................................................................. 67

Behavior ......................................................................................................................................... 75

Investigation for Concept 50.2: How do abiotic factors affect distribution of organisms?........... 83

Investigation for Concept 53.2: How are impacts on community diversity measured? ................ 85

Investigation for Concept 50.2: How do temperature and light affect primary production? ........ 87

The Diversity of Life

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Plant Form and Function 1

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The Diversity of Life and Classification

lanet Earth is the only planet yet discovered which has given rise to such a multitude of living organisms.

We share this planet with wide arrays of bacteria, algae, plants, insects and other animals. Close to 3.8

billion years of evolution resulted in the diversification of organisms into a tremendous variety of shapes,

sizes and functions which allows exploitation of the different available niches. As a result of billions of years of

natural selection, organisms are adapted to particular ways of life in their peculiar environments. Today there are

over 1.6 million species which have been identified and named. This is only the tip of the iceberg; far more species

have yet to be discovered.

Studying all these organisms without a systematic and organized method would be total chaos. Therefore, a branch

of biology referred to as taxonomy, which names and classifies organisms based on distinguishing characteristics,

was developed by Linnaeus (1735). The current system of classification categorizes organisms into three domains:

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Domain Eukarya is further divided into Kingdoms “Protista” (see text book) ,

Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. These kingdoms are further distinguished into groups within groups. This

hierarchical system of classification consists of broad categories to the more specific:

DOMAIN

KINGDOM

PHYLUM / DIVISION (for plants and protists)

CLASS

ORDER

FAMILY

GENUS

SPECIES

Furthermore, in this classification system, each organism is given a scientific name which always includes both the

genus and the species name. The following rules for writing the scientific name were developed so scientists are able

to easily recognize the scientific name. The genus is written first and capitalized, followed by the species, which is

not capitalized. The entire scientific name is either underlined or written in italics. Examples: Equus asinus or

Equus asinus (donkey); Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens (human).

P

2 Plant Form and Function

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Algae( Protista II)

he term algae, from the Latin word for "seaweed", has been used to describe simple aquatic phototrophs which

contain chlorophyll. Algae is a broad category which also can include prokaryotic organisms such as

cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).

Algae that are protists are grouped based on the predominant photosynthetic pigment :

Brown algae (phaeophytes)

Red algae (rhodophytes)

Green algae (chlorophytes)

Formerly, these algae were classified in the following phyla:

Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae)

Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)

Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae)

This group of organisms are all multicellular, and are primarily marine and prefer colder temperatures. They are

abundant on the California and Oregon coasts. Their size ranges from small to very large, as in the giant seaweed

(kelp) found in deeper water. The stipe of kelp can grow as long as 60 meters.

Procedure: Examine a variety of preserved representatives of algae found in Southern California, and the pictures in

the botany atlas. Label the drawing below.

What is the common name of Postelsia palmaeformis? ________________________________________

What is the function of the holdfasts in brown algae? ________________________________________

What is the function of the floats? _________________________________________________________

How long can the giant sea kelp grow? ______________________________________________________

What substances give seaweed their characteristic slimy and rubbery feeling? __________________

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Brown algae (Phaeophytes)


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Red algae are primarily marine. They are more abundant in warmer temperatures, and can be found at the deepest

depths for algae, up to 250 meters below the surface of the ocean. They contain chlorophyll, but the more abundant

pigment is a red pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green pigment. The majority of red algae are

multicellular.

Procedure: Examine a variety of preserved representatives of algae found in Southern California, and the pictures in

the botany atlas.

Carefully study Carolina algae as one representative, and make a drawing.

What is the substance that makes their appearance more like coral?

Green algae are primarily found in fresh water. Different types include unicellular, filamentous , colonialand

multicelluler, as well as motile and non-motile. Green algae are considered to be the most closely related to

terrestrial plants. Green algae are divided into two main groups: chlorophytes and charophytes.

Chlorophytes

There are more than 7,000 species identified. The majority live in fresh water, however there are also marine and

terrestrial species.

Single-Celled Chlorophytes

Organisms belonging to the genus Chlorella are single-celled green algae. [Chloros is Greek for green, and ella is

Latin for small.] The cells are spherical and do not have flagella.

Procedure: Obtain a prepared slide of Chlorella, and draw it below.

Chlorella [430X]

Colonial Representatives

Red algae (Rhodophytes)

Green algae (Chlorophytes)


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Volvox is a colonial algae composed of several hundred to tens of thousands biflagellate cells.

Procedure: Obtain prepared slides of the organisms below. Draw, and label the structures.

Volvox 100 X Hydrodictyon 430X

[motile, colonial, made up of several hundred to [water net]

60,000 bi-flagellated cells] [Atlas Figure 35b] [Atlas Figure 35f]

Volvox: Volvox develop daughter colonies.

Is that an example of sexual or asexual reproduction? ___________________________________

Explain how Volvox undergoes sexual reproduction. Draw the life cycle.


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Spirogyra are filamentous green algae commonly found in green masses on the surface of ponds.

Spirogyra vegetative 400X Spirogyra sexual 400X

[Atlas Figure 36a] [Atlas Figure 36c,d,e]

Spirogyra: What is the shape of the chloroplasts? ________________________________________

How are they arranged within the cell? ________________________________________


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Closteridum 250X Micrasterias 250X

[Atlas Figure 37d] [Atlas Figure 37g]

Oedogonium 400X

[unbranched, filamentous green algae]

[Atlas Figure 38a,b,c]


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Multicellular Green Algae

There are approximately 400 species of charophytes. These multi-cellular

algae are considered to be the closest relatives to organisms belonging to

Kingdom Plantae, based in part on the similarities in pigment composition.

Chara inhabits fresh water. It is known as stonewart due to the fact that

the plant can become encrusted in calcium carbonate (lime). It is also

sometimes referred to as musk grass or skunkweed due to its garlicky

odor.

Procedure: Obtain a prepared slide of Charai, and draw it below. Distinguish the oogonium (containing eggs) and antheridium

(containing male gametes).

Chara w.m. [430x] Chara c.s [430x]

In addition to the composition of pigments, list three other characteristics (mentioned in the textbook) that

provide evidence for their close relationship to Kingdom Plantae.

Look at the other, non-microscopic representative samples of green algae on the side counter.

For more information on algae in California, go to the web site:

http://www.sonoma.edu/biology/algae/algae.html

http://www.sonoma.edu/biology/algae/algae.html


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Review Questions

Matching. Each question may be matched with one or more than one answer. Answers may be used once, more

than once or not at all.

1. ________ Red algae a. Chlorophyta

2. ________ Green algae b. Rhodophyta

3. ________ Brown algae c. Phaeophyta

4. ________ Spirogyra d. Colonial algae

5. ________ Volvox e. Filamentous algae

6. ________ Multicellular, attains great size and

complexity

7. At what depth is each type of algae found?

Depth Type of algae (red, brown, green)

Shallow water _______________

Medium depth _______________

Deep water _______________

How is it possible for some algae to live at great depths where there is little light? Explain.

8. From which algal phylum did green plants most likely arise? Explain the evidence supporting this hypothesis.


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The Diversity of Life - Kingdom Plantae Bryophytes - Non-vascular Seedless Plants

ryophytes (from Greek bryon - “moss”) are plants that grow in moist habitats. Included in this group are

mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. The oldest known fossil of moss is about 350 million years old.

Bryophytes are not fully adapted to dry land for two main reasons. Their sperm must swim through water to

fertilize the egg. In addition, because they generally lack vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), they depend on the

surrounding water to transport fluids and minerals necessary for growth. Thus, none of the species becomes very

large, although some may form extensive low mats.

Phylum Bryophyta: Moss

Procedures: Examine the preserved samples on the side counter showing:

Four different species of moss

Observe the differences in shape, etc.

Label the examples below with the correct name: Sphagnum, Mnium, Polytrichum, Funaria

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The life cycle

Be able to distinguish the gametophyte and sporophyte generation,

and the sporangium (contains spore).

Label the identified structures.

Examine the slides of moss (Mnium) antheridia and archegonia (plural of archegonium) under low power (40X) and

high power (100X). Label the indicated structures on the microscopic images below and on the next page. [Atlas

Figure 45b]

gametophyte

Longitudinal section of moss antheridial head - 40X


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Moss archegonial head l.s.- 100X Moss archegonium l.s. - 400X

[Atlas Figure 45d] [Atlas Figure 45e]

Draw and label the parts of the moss life-cycle below.

Moss life-cycle. On the gametophytes, which are haploid, the

sperm are released from antheridia. They then swim through

free water to the archegonia and down their neck to the egg.

Fertilization takes place there; the resulting zygote develops

into a sporophyte, which is diploid. The sporophyte grows on

the gametophyte and eventually produces spores as a result of

meiosis. These spores are released and germinate, giving rise

to gametophytes. The gametophytes initially are threadlike;

they grow along the ground. Ultimately, buds form on them,

from which leafy gametophytes arise.

Phylum Hepatophyta: Liverworts

Liverworts are often only slightly more complex than marine algae, thus they are considered to be one of the simplest

photosynthetic plants found on land. Liverworts do not have roots, but have filaments called rhizoids which are used

to absorb water and nutrients.

Examine the preserved sample. Identify the genus of the liverwort shown below and label the indicated parts.


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Questions:

1. Why is the term “gametophyte generation” used to describe this stage of the moss life cycle? Is it haploid or

diploid?

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2. Why is the term “sporophyte generation ” used to describe this stage of the moss life cycle? Is it haploid or

diploid?

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3. Are archegonia male or female reproductive structures? _____________________

4. Are antheridia male or female reproductive structures? _____________________

5. Do the sperm get to the eggs by way of (a) wind or (b) swimming in water?

6. Do Bryophytes reproduce sexually via: (a) seeds or (b) spores?

7. Are spores haploid or diploid? _______________________

8. In addition to reproduction, spores facilitate ___________________ of the organism.

(a) water intake (b) anchorage (c) dispersal

Engage Your Mind and Discover Your Knowledge:

1. The genus Sphagnum in mosses is considered to be the most primitive of the mosses. Common names include:

bog moss, turf or peat moss. This type of moss is aquatic or semiaquatic, and grows in dense masses in swamps,

ponds or at lake margins. During growth, certain acids are liberated, causing the surrounding water to become

acidic (pH levels from 3.7 to 4.8).

What possible effects would the release of acid have?

How can this be advantageous to the mosses?


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The Diversity of Life - Kingdom Plantae Seedless Vascular Plants

he next group of plants to evolve after the bryophytes were seedless vascular

plants. Ferns are the most familiar seedless vascular plants. Unlike the

bryophytes, the ferns do possess vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) and

true roots, which makes them capable of transporting great quantities of water

and minerals over long distances in short periods of time. The presence of these

conductive tissues allow this group of plants to grow more upright and larger than

moss. The seedless vascular plants are grouped into two phyla: Phylum

Pterophyta (e.g., whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns) and Phylum Lycophyta (e.g.,

club moss, spike moss, and quillworts).

Phylum Pterophyta

Ferns

Draw and label the life-cycle of the typical fern.

Fern life-cycle. The gametophytes, which are haploid, grow

in moist places. Eggs and sperm develop in archegonia and

antheridia, respectively, on their lower surface. The sperm,

when released, swim through free water to the mouth of the

archegonium, entering and fertilizing the single egg.

Following the fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote -- the

first cell of the diploid sporophyte generation -- the zygote

starts to grow within the archegonium. Eventually, the

sporophyte become much larger than the gametophyte--it is

what we know as a fern plant. On its leaves occur clusters of

sporangia, within which meiosis occurs and spores are formed.

The release of these spores, which is explosive in many ferns,

and their germination, lead to the development of new

gametophytes.

Examine the lower surface of a typical fern leaf on the side counter. Note the brownish sori (singular = sorus). Each

sorus contains many sporangia (singular = sporangium) where the spores are produced. Notice the difference

between the ventral (lower) and dorsal (upper) view.

What is stored or will be released from sporangium?

__________________________

What is the chromosome component (i.e., haploid or

diploid) of the sporangium cells ?

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Are the spores haploid or diploid?

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Lower surface of a typical fern leaf

Examine the preserved life history of the fern under the dissecting microscope on the side counter or with a hand

lens. Distinguish the various stages and possible structures and compare with the drawing of the life cycle.

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spores prothallium sporophyte

Life history of fern

Examine the slide of the fern prothallium (heart-shaped structure) using a compound microscope under low power

(prothallium) and high power (antheridia and archegonia).

Fern prothallium - 100X


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Look at the display of different species of fern. Try to match the following pictures with the displays. Write down

their names: Sword fern (Nephrolepis exaltata,) Autumn fern (Dryopteris erythrosora), Leatherleaf fern (Aspidium

capense) , Asparagus fern (Asparagus densiflorus).


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CALIFORNIA PLANTS

Observe the drawings and any preserved samples, and read the descriptions of some ferns found in California

habitats.

Select four species of ferns common to California. Draw the frond (leaf) of each in a box below and complete the

corresponding information.

Common name: ___________________________________

Scientific name: ___________________________________

Elevation/ Area found: _____________________________

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Unique characteristics/interesting facts: ________________

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Common name: ___________________________________

Scientific name: ___________________________________


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Common name: ___________________________________

Scientific name: ___________________________________


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Common name: ___________________________________

Scientific name: ___________________________________


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Some Interesting Facts - Match the facts below with the correct species.

___ 1. The Miwok Indians used rhizomes from which

California fern for brown fibers in their baskets?

___ 2. Indians used the root stalk and

young tender fronds for food.

___ 3. When sheep and goats eat the wiry stalk of this fern,

it results in death -- the stalk breaks into sharp pieces

which pierce the intestines.

___ 4. Early white settlers made summer shelter with their fronds.

___ 5. Which fern is the most commonly found in the Sierras?

Phylum Pterophyta

Horsetails

Horsetails are another representative sample of Phylum Pterophyta. This group of organisms was abundant in the

tropical regions about 300 million years ago. Horsetails have hollow, jointed stems and true roots. The stem

contains silica, which give them a grainy texture. Furthermore, the green stem is the main organ of photosynthesis.

The reproductive branch of the horsetail bears a terminal conelike strobilus which contains sporangia that will give

rise to spores. Horsetails grow to less than 1.3 meters (4 feet). Horsetails are commonly used in water gardens.

Examine the representative sample of horsetails and label the picture below.

What is the function of the strobilus? ___________________________________

a. Maidenhair fern (Adiantum jordani)

b. Bird’s-foot fern (Pellea mucronata)

c. Brake or Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum)

d. Woodwardia or Giant Chain Fern

(Woodwardia fimbriata)


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Phylum Pterophyta

Whisk Ferns

The whisk ferns are highly specialized plants that have

evolved recently. Whisk ferns are simple vascular plants

lacking roots. They can be found in the tropics and

subtropics.

Observe the sample whisk fern and note its characteristics.

Distinguish the tiny round sporangia that may be present

on the erect stems. These produce haploid spores.

Phylum Lycophyta

Club Mosses, Spike Mosses, Quillworts There are 1,200 species of lycophytes today. Even though some are referred to as club or spike “moss”, they are

vascular plants and not true mosses.

Study the representative samples and note their characteristics.

sporangia


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Review Questions : Phlym Bryophyta and Phylum Pterophyta

1. What is meant by "alternation of generations"? What two generations are involved? How does each reproduce?

2. What structures are found in Bryophytes that are not found in algae?

3. What structures are found in ferns that are not found in Bryophytes?

4. How do Bryophytes absorb water and minerals?

5. What are the factors that make Bryophytes and ferns dependent on "free" water (water surrounding the plant)?

6. Which of the following have true roots? FERNS MOSS HORSETAILS WHISK FERN

7. What structures or characteristics allow ferns to grow large, up to 8 meters tall, such as in the case of tree ferns?


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Gymnosperms

he plants we have studied thus far (Bryophytes and ferns) are plants that are adapted to moist and cool

environments. More than 200 million years ago, these plants were the dominant plant-life on earth. Then 150

million years ago, temperatures started warming and as a consequence more dry land was available, presenting

opportunities for the development of plants with different sets of structures to overcome the new challenges. Thus,

evolutionary forces launched a new group of plants – plants that bear seeds.

Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms are non-flowering plants that produce seeds. The word gymnosperm comes from two Greek words

that mean "naked-seeded," which alludes to the fact that most, but not all, gymnosperm seeds are produced out in

the open on cone scales, whereas the seeds of angiosperms (flowering plants) are produced completely enclosed

within a fruit.

Gymnosperms encompass four phyla: Coniferophyta Ginkgophyta

Cycadophyta Gnetophyta

Gymnosperms

A.Phylum Cycadophyta

There are 140 living species in Phylum Cycadophyta. These organisms were widespread during the age of

dinosaurs. This plant has leaves that are palm-like and the common name of one species is sago palm,

however, don’t let the name throw you off: cycads are gymnosperms while palm trees are flowering plants

(angiosperms).

During World War I, due to food shortages, people on Guam ate the seeds of the cycad, and

developed severe muscle spasms. It is now known that the seeds contain neurotoxins and carcinogenic

compounds.

Draw a typical leaf of a cycad.

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B.Phylum Ginkgophyta

This phylum of plants was thought to be extinct, yet a group of Ginkgo biloba (Maidenhair) trees was found

in China. This is the only living member of this phylum. These graceful trees with their fan-shaped leaves

have become popular in landscaping due to their resistance to disease and air pollution.

The trees are dioecious and deciduous.

Observe the Ginkgo branches and the preserved specimens.

Label the structures of the Ginkgo shown below.

Smell the fleshy seed of Ginkgo. Describe the distinct odor.

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If you were going to plant a Ginkgo biloba in your yard, would you plant a male or female

tree? Why?

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C.Phylum Gnetophyta

There are 70 species in this Phylum, one of which is in California (Mormon tea). They are normally found

in hot climates, either tropical or desert. It has recently been shown that these plants are most closely

related with flowering plants.

Look at the pictorial samples on the side counter. Note some of the characteristics.

What is the genus of the plant which is known as Mormon tea? ___________________


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D. Conifer (Phylum Coniferophyta)

Conifers are the most abundant of the Gymnosperms. They are characterized by scale-like or needle-like leaves

which are adaptations to cold and dry environments. These majestic creatures include individuals which reach awe-

inspiring heights of 117 meters or more (Coastal Redwoods), and phenomenal ages (the oldest known bristlecone

pine is 4,725 years old).

ON THE SIDE COUNTER, OBSERVE THE MALE AND FEMALE CONES.

The pine trees produce two kinds of cones -- female (megasporophyll or seed cone) and male (microsporophyll or

pollen cone). Female pinecones usually take two growing seasons to mature. Notice the paired winged seeds at the

base of each cone scale. It is possible that the seeds are missing, if so, the slight depressions in which the seeds

rested should be discernible.

Examine and explain the differences in the structures. Be able to recognize male and female cones.

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Apart from the size differences, how can you distinguish a female pinecone from a male pine cone?

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wing

seed

Sugarpine

Giant Sequoia

Coastal Redwood

Fir

Ponderosa

Pine

Male Cones

Female Cones


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Examine the prepared slide of a male pine cone

(Pinus staminate cone). Label the pollen grains

and microsporangium (pollen sac).

Male pine cone(l.s.) 40X

[Atlas Figure 55c]

Prepare a wet mount slide of pollen. Observe

under high power. Label the structures.

Does this remind you of any cartoon figure?

________________________

Pollen 400X

In this group of organisms pollination is aided by _____________ .

[insects / bats / water / wind ]

What do the pollen grains of pine trees have that aid in their dispersal?

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Examine the prepared slide of a female pine cone

(megasporangium) l.s.. Draw and label

ovuliferous scale, ovule.

Female pine cone 40x

[Atlas Figure 56c]

Examine the prepared slide of a Pinus mature

embryo (l.s.). Draw and label: female

gametophyte, embryo, cotyledons

Pinus mature embryo

[Atlas Figure 57d]

Draw and label the life cycle of a pine.


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Identification of Organisms and Construction of Dichotomous Key

People often depend on biologists to identify organisms that they may encounter. Experts in a particular field may

know the names of local organisms, but no biologist can remember or learn all the features which distinguish

different species, or their names. Biologists have developed dichotomous keys via keen observations and patience,

utilizing distinct characteristics to systematically narrow down the possible identification of an organism to the

species level.

A dichotomous key uses a two-branch system in which two choices are given at each level. Each of these two

choices provides unambiguous questions to further separate and distinguish the organisms. Through this continuous

series of binary choices, one can reach the proper identification. A key should be precise, simple, and easy to use.

For example, if you have eight objects of four shapes, different sizes and two colors, a possible key would look

something like this.

KEY TO 8 OBJECTS 1a. If it’s red, go to ................................................................ 2

b. If it’s not red, go to .......................................................... 5

2a. If it’s a circle, go to ........................................................... 3

b. If it’s not a circle, go to ..................................................... 4

3a. If the diameter 15 cm, it is .............................. “Object A”

b. If the diameter < 15 cm, it is ............................. “Object B”

4a. If it’s a square, it is ............................................ “Object C”

b. If it’s a triangle, it is .......................................... “Object D”

5a. If it’s a rectangle, go to ..................................................... 6

b. If it’s a circle, go to ........................................................... 7

6a. If the length > 29 cm, it is .................................. “Object E”

b. If the length 29 cm, it is ................................... “Object F”

7a. If the diameter = 5 cm, it is ............................... “Object G”

b. If the diameter = 19 cm, it is ............................. “Object H”

To better understand the process and the use of dichotomous keys for identification purposes, you will construct your

own dichotomous key for a group of conifers provided to you. The goal is for anyone to be able to use your key to

determine the species of an unknown plant. In addition, creating a key helps you to sharpen your observation skills,

and at the same time become more familiar with characteristics of common conifers in California.


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Study the specimens of pine branches and cones. With your keen observations, distinguish all the characteristics and

differences among the samples provided. The names of the plants are provided. Your task is to develop a

dichotomous key that allows any individual to key out these plants and determine their identity. Pay attention to

such characteristics as: number of needles in a bundle, size of leaves, type of leaves (needle-like, scale-like), size of

the cone, fleshy seeds, color, etc.

Common name/

Scientific name

(if available)

Description of leaves Description of cones Other observations


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KEY for Samples of Conifers


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It is not essential to know the names of all the California pines, however you should be able to distinguish cypress

from juniper and other pines by recognizing distinct characteristics.

Explain the distinct characteristics of cypress.

Explain the distinct characteristics of juniper.


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REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. How are gymnosperms better adapted to terrestrial living than the plant species (fern, moss) you examined

in the last lab?

2. What is the evolutionary importance of wind-pollination?

3. What are two different ways in which conifers disperse their seeds?

4. What are some of the important evolutionary adaptations of Giant Sequoias?

5. What do botanists mean when they use the terms dioecious and monoecious? Give examples of each.

Documents

Laboratory Table of Contents - Long Beach City Collegeezone.lbcc.edu/ezlrnpWebEdit/ezlrnCourses/bioma/bio1bwema... · 2013-02-10 · DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM / DIVISION (for plants and