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Laboratory Safety

Program

Version 2: Implemented 2018

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Table of Contents Laboratory Safety Program ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 LABORATORY SAFETY SYNOPSIS ........................................................................................................... 4

1.1 Preparing for Laboratory Work ........................................................................................................ 4 1.1.1 Training Requirements .............................................................................................................. 4

1.2 General Safety Rules ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ............................................................................................... 4

1.3.1 General PPE Procedures ............................................................................................................ 5 1.3.2 Eye Protection ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.3 Hand Protection ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.3.4 Protective Clothing .................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.5 Foot Protection ......................................................................................................................... 6

1.4 Personal Hygiene .............................................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Shared Responsibilities ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Evaluating Laboratory Hazards ......................................................................................................... 8 1.7 Visitor’s Policy ................................................................................................................................... 8

2.0 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES ................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 First Aid Kits ...................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Specific Laboratory First Aid Procedures .......................................................................................... 9

2.2.1 Chemical Burns .......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Cuts and Abrasions .................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.3 Chemical splashes to the skin or eyes ..................................................................................... 10 2.2.4 Poisoning ................................................................................................................................. 11

2.3 Chemical Spills ................................................................................................................................ 11 2.3.1 Spills and unintentional release reporting .............................................................................. 12 2.3.2 Algonquin College Spill Pails Contents .................................................................................... 12

2.4 Fire Safety ....................................................................................................................................... 12 2.4.1 The fire triangle ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.2 Classes of fire........................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.3 Fire Extinguishers................................................................................................................. 13 2.4.4 Preventing fires ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.5 Flashpoint ................................................................................................................................ 14 2.4.6 Auto ignition temperature ...................................................................................................... 14 2.4.7 Flammable limits ..................................................................................................................... 14

2.5 Flammable and Combustible Materials .......................................................................................... 15 2.5.1 Substitution ............................................................................................................................. 15 2.5.2 Elimination of Ignition Sources ............................................................................................... 15 2.5.3 Storage Options ....................................................................................................................... 16 2.5.4 Handling .................................................................................................................................. 16 2.5.5 Ventilation ............................................................................................................................... 17

2.6 Electrical Safety .............................................................................................................................. 17 2.7 High Pressure and Vacuum Work ................................................................................................... 18 2.8 Handling Glassware ........................................................................................................................ 18

3.0 WORKPLACE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INFORMATION SYSTEM (WHMIS) ......................................... 19 3.1 Labels .............................................................................................................................................. 19

3.1.1 Supplier Labels ........................................................................................................................ 19 3.1.2 Workplace Labels .................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.3 Laboratory Labels .................................................................................................................... 20

3.2 Material Safety Data Sheets ........................................................................................................... 20 3.2.1 SDS Training ............................................................................................................................. 20

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3.3 WHMIS Symbols ............................................................................................................................. 20 3.4 Health Hazards of Chemicals .......................................................................................................... 24 3.5 Routes of Entry ............................................................................................................................... 24

3.5.1 Skin and Eye Contact ............................................................................................................... 24 3.5.2 Inhalation ................................................................................................................................ 25 3.5.3 Ingestion .................................................................................................................................. 25 3.5.4 Injection ................................................................................................................................... 26

3.6 Toxicological properties: LD50 & LC50 ........................................................................................... 26 3.7 Exposure Limits ............................................................................................................................... 26

4.0 CONTROL OF CHEMICALS.................................................................................................................... 26 4.1 Six Classes of Chemicals .................................................................................................................. 27 4.2 Segregation of Stored Chemicals .................................................................................................... 27

4.2.1 Strong Acids ............................................................................................................................. 28 4.2.2 Strong bases: ........................................................................................................................... 28 4.2.3 Flammables/Combustibles ...................................................................................................... 28 4.2.4 Oxidizers .................................................................................................................................. 28 4.2.5 Incompatible Chemical Mixtures: ........................................................................................... 29

4.3 Chemical Waste .............................................................................................................................. 30 4.3.1 Chemical Waste Labels ............................................................................................................ 31 4.3.2 Chemical Waste Storage ......................................................................................................... 31

5.0 CONTROL OF BIOLOGICALS ................................................................................................................. 32 5.1 Biological Waste Packaging and Treatment ................................................................................... 32 5.2 Liquids Containing Biological Agents .............................................................................................. 32 5.3 Solids Containing Biological Agents ................................................................................................ 32 5.4 Sterilization and Disinfection .......................................................................................................... 32 5.5 Biological Waste Storage and Disposal ........................................................................................... 33

6.0 CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS .............................................................................................. 33 6.1 Hazardous Waste Disposal ............................................................................................................. 33 6.2 General Hazardous Waste Disposal Guidelines .............................................................................. 33 6.3 Hazardous Waste Minimization...................................................................................................... 34 6.4 Hazardous Waste Collection ........................................................................................................... 34

7.0 EQUIPMENT AND SAFETY ................................................................................................................... 35 7.1 Fume Hoods .................................................................................................................................... 35

7.1.1 The Basics ................................................................................................................................ 35 7.1.2 Monitoring Fume Hood Function ............................................................................................ 36 7.1.3 Standard Operation of Fume Hoods ....................................................................................... 36

7.2 Compressed Gas Cylinders ............................................................................................................. 37 7.2.1 Gas Cylinder Storage ............................................................................................................... 37 7.2.2 Handling Compressed Gases ................................................................................................... 37 7.2.3 Use and Operation .................................................................................................................. 38

8.0 HEATING BATHS, WATER BATHS ......................................................................................................... 38 9.0 OVENS AND HOT PLATES .................................................................................................................... 38 10.0 ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT .................................................................................................................. 39 11.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ........................................................................................................................ 39

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1.0 LABORATORY SAFETY SYNOPSIS

1.1 Preparing for Laboratory Work Before starting to work in a laboratory, familiarize yourself with:

a. The hazards of the materials in the laboratories, as well as appropriate safe handling, storage and emergency protocols. Read labels and safety data sheets (SDSs) before moving, handling or opening chemicals. Never use a product from an unlabeled container, and report missing labels to your supervisor.

b. The agents, processes and equipment in the laboratories. If you are unsure of any aspect of a procedure, check with your supervisor before proceeding.

c. The location and operation of safety and emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers, eye wash and shower, first aid and spill response kits, fire alarm pull stations, telephone and emergency exits.

d. The emergency spill response procedures for the materials you will handle. e. The emergency reporting procedures and telephone numbers. f. The designated and alternate escape routes.

1.1.1 Training Requirements Faculty, staff, and students who are exposed to, or will perform duties with, any hazardous materials must receive appropriate information and training. The extent of the training will depend on the tasks these individuals will perform in the laboratory. As it pertains to chemical handling and storage, the training may include, but is not limited to, the following training modules:

• Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS; general and work site specific), • biosafety training, • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), • numerous Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), • chemical handling, and • emergency response procedures (i.e. chemical spill, overexposure, etc.).

All faculty, staff and students in the laboratories must receive training prior to beginning work in the laboratories and handling the hazardous materials.

1.2 General Safety Rules a. No running, jumping, or horseplay in laboratory areas is permitted. b. No employee will work alone in a laboratory or chemical storage area when performing a task that

is considered unusually hazardous. c. Spills will be cleaned immediately. Specifics of emergency spill tactics are discussed and provided.

Water spills can create a hazard because of the slip potential and flooding of instruments (particularly on the floor.) Small spills of liquids and solids on bench tops will be cleaned immediately to prevent contact with skin or clothing.

d. Lifting of heavy items must be performed in the proper fashion, using the legs to lift, and not the back.

e. It is the responsibility of everyone working in the laboratory to make certain that the laboratory is left clean after work is performed.

1.3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is primarily used to supplement engineering controls to minimize lab worker exposure to hazardous agent(s) in the Algonquin College laboratories. The PPE used in the laboratories are dependent upon the potential hazards that are likely to be encountered by the worker. The PPE utilized in the labs may include, but is not limited to, the following items: gloves, eye protection, foot protection, and protective clothing. It is important for workers to understand that PPE will only be effective if workers understand the proper selection, use and limitations of the PPE they are using.

1.3.1 General PPE Procedures a. Skin and eye contact with hazardous agents must be prevented. The PPE selected for the workers

will be based on the hazard present, the types of materials used and the manner in which they are used.

b. Workers are to be trained and educated on the selection, use and limitations of the PPE they use. c. Workers must report any problems with the PPE used in the lab (such as deterioration and/or

degradation) to their immediate supervisors. d. When removing PPE, workers must remove gloves before touching any common items in the labs

such as phones, door knobs, light switches and computers. e. Dispose of PPE correctly (i.e. PPE used as protection against chemical agents) may be disposed of

in regular waste, whereas disposable PPE used as protection against hazardous biological materials must be disposed of in appropriate biological waste containers.

1.3.2 Eye Protection Eye and face protection in the Algonquin College Science lab must be worn whenever there is a risk of eye injury. The risk of eye injuries is present in the labs due to chemical, biological and physical hazards, including: flying particles, broken glass, chemical liquids, caustic liquids, chemical vapours or gases, biological agents, or light radiation.

In line with Algonquin College’s PPE Program, all protective eyewear worn must be CSA approved. When choosing the appropriate safety eye and face wear, there are a number of different styles that can be chosen depending on the purpose of the eyewear protection. The different types of eye protection used in the laboratory may include the following: prescription safety eyewear, safety glasses, safety goggles and face shields.

The choice of the type of eye protection required by each worker will be dependent on the risk involved (i.e., the degree of hazard severity and probability of an incident occurring) as determined by the completion of the hazard assessment for the task or operation.

1.3.3 Hand Protection Injuries involving the hands and forearms at a workplace can be broken down into the following hazard categories: contact with hazardous materials (i.e., skin absorption, burns), abrasions, cuts, and heat/cold. In the laboratory setting, gloves will be the primary method of hand protection. Gloves must be worn whenever chemical, biological or physical hazards are a concern.

1.3.3.1 Guidelines for using gloves in the laboratories a. Appropriate gloves must be worn by workers when handling hazardous chemicals or biological

materials, or when handling materials with sharp surfaces. b. Gloves are to be stored in clean areas (i.e. outside of fume hoods).

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c. Remove gloves before touching any ‘common’ items in the labs such as: phones, door knobs, light switches and computers.

d. Gloves are to be replaced on a periodic basis depending on the frequency of use and permeability to substance(s) handled.

e. Reusable gloves are to be washed clean and carefully removed after use. f. Disposable gloves are to be disposed after one (1) use or contamination. g. Any gloves found to have any defects are to be discarded immediately.

1.3.4 Protective Clothing Protective clothing must be worn to protect the skin (other than the hands and eyes) when there is the potential for:

• chemical splashes to the body, • airborne contaminants that may damage or be absorbed by the skin, and • contaminants that will remain on a worker’s clothing.

The amount of coverage needed will depend on the potential amount of exposure. Protective clothing includes, but is not limited to, lab coats, aprons, boots, shoe covers and other garments to prevent chemical and biological contamination.

1.3.5 Foot Protection Laboratory workers are required to wear foot protection in the form of closed toe shoes in the laboratory and laboratory support areas where hazardous materials are present. Pants, dresses or skirts should cover all exposed skin. Nylons, tights and leggings are not sufficient to protect skin. Long pants are recommended.

1.4 Personal Hygiene a. Wash promptly whenever a chemical has contacted the skin. Know what you are working with and

have the necessary cleaning/neutralization material readily available. b. Normally, no sandals, open toed shoes or clogs are to be worn by staff/students using the

laboratory. c. Clothing worn in the laboratory should offer protection from splashes and spills and should be

easily removable in case of accident. d. During a chemical or biological experiment PPE should be worn. Acceptable PPE include

nonporous aprons, lab coats, protective eye wear, close toe shoes and clothing that shows no skin below the waist.

e. Laboratory clothing should be kept clean and replaced when necessary. Clothing should be replaced or laundered using appropriate decontamination procedures whenever contamination is suspected.

f. Employees must, as a matter of routine, be responsible for washing, cleaning, and any other decontamination required when passing between the lab and the adjoining areas. Washing should be done with soap and water. Do not wash with solvents.

g. Lab coats may leave A129 but should not leave A130 until decontaminated (see Biosafety Manual). h. Do not drink, eat, smoke or apply cosmetics in the laboratory or chemical storage areas. i. Normally, no food, beverage, tobacco, or cosmetics products are allowed in the laboratory or

chemical storage areas at any time. Cross contamination between these items and chemicals or samples is an obvious hazard and should be avoided.

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1.5 Shared Responsibilities These recommendations are designed for accident prevention. Safety is every person’s responsibility.

a. THE AREA MUST BE KEPT AS CLEAN AS THE WORK ALLOWS. b. Each laboratory employee is responsible for maintaining the cleanliness of his/her area. c. Reagents and equipment items should be returned to their proper place after use. This also

applies to samples in progress. Normally, students/faculty should wash beakers, desktops and other equipment after use. Equipment should then be returned to the appropriate location. If you are unsure where something goes please consult the laboratory inventory folder. Items containing biologicals are to be put into containers for autoclaving.

d. Chemicals, especially liquids, should never be stored on the floor, except in closed door cabinets suitable for the material to be stored. Nor should large bottles (2.5 L or larger) be stored above the bench top.

e. Normally, reagents, solutions, glassware, or other apparatus are not to be stored in hoods. Besides reducing the available work space, they may interfere with the proper air flow pattern and reduce the effectiveness of the hood as a safety device.

f. Counter tops should be kept neat and clean. Bench tops and fume hoods are not to be used for chemical storage. All work done in fume hoods must be performed in the "Safety Zone", (6" minimum from the sash).

g. Stored items, equipment, and glass tubing must not project beyond the front of shelf or counter limits.

h. Stored items or equipment must not block access to the fire extinguisher(s), safety equipment, or other emergency items.

i. Hallways, passageways/aisles and access to emergency equipment and/or exits must be kept dry and not be obstructed.

j. No combustible material such as paper, wooden boxes, pallets, etc., are to be stored in hallways. Hallways must be kept free of boxes and materials so that exits or normal paths of travel will not be blocked.

k. Mats and carpeting must be kept in good condition. l. All working surfaces and floors should be cleaned regularly. m. All containers must be labeled with at least the identity of the contents and the hazards those

chemicals present to users. A WHMIS label is required for reagents.

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1.6 Evaluating Laboratory Hazards There are many categories of hazards that might be encountered in a laboratory setting, and situations can change frequently. Even after you have identified and controlled all current risks, it is critical that you remain open to the possibility that new and unexpected dangers can arise. All lab personnel should regularly check the safety apparatus listed below. All lab personnel are responsible for visually inspecting the laboratories during use. Physical Resources staff are responsible for inspections of:

• fire extinguishers; • emergency wash devices such as eyewashes and drench hoses (run these for several minutes and

update inspection tags); • fume hood and other ventilation devices; • tubing for circulating water, vacuum, gases; and • chemical storage compartments.

Among potential laboratory hazards, be alert for the following: • chemical products;

- flammable - toxic - oxidizing - reactive - corrosive

• microbiological disease-producing agents and their toxins; - bacteria - parasites - rickettsiae - fungi

• physical or mechanical hazards; and - ionizing and non-ionizing radiation - electrical - poor equipment design or work organization (ergonomic hazards) - tripping hazards - excessive noise or heat

• psychosocial conditions that can cause psychological stress. - Never joke about lab hazards or a dangerous condition. - Should there be an issue with lab setups, reagent effectiveness or equipment, do not panic.

Remember that we are training these students to be competent in the laboratory. Help the students to assess the issue and allow them to help troubleshoot the problems. When you remain calm, you will help the student learn the proper psychological response to situations when things go wrong in the lab.

- Do not over-react to a laboratory safety incident.

1.7 Visitor’s Policy • Visitors must be supervised by a competent staff member. • It is the responsibility of the staff member in charge of the visitor(s) to ensure that the visitor(s)

comply with all safety precautions. • The staff member should ensure that visitor(s) wear appropriate Personal Protection Equipment

(PPE) based on the laboratory activities occurring. • Visitors should be advised to refrain from touching laboratory equipment and chemicals.

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2.0 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES This section includes specific instructions for handling emergency situations

2.1 First Aid Kits Know how to handle emergency situations before they occur.

a. Become familiar with the properties of the hazardous products used in your area. b. Familiarize yourself with the contents of the first aid kit and learn how to use them. c. Learn first aid. The College puts on First Aid CPR courses for the College community regularly. For

course dates please consult Occupational Health and Safety. d. First aid kits, which should be located in conspicuous places in the laboratory (with location clearly

marked), are to be used for the immediate response to minor injuries, such as cuts or minor burns. All injury victims should be advised to seek medical treatment or consultation.

e. Minor injuries requiring first aid must always be reported to a supervisor. a. A minor injury may indicate a hazardous situation which should be corrected to prevent a

more serious injury. b. It is important to document all injuries. Please ensure an Incident Report is filled out and

sent to the Academic Chair. f. The location and phone number of emergency services and the Ontario Poison Control Center (1-

800-268-9017) should be clearly posted. g. The Laboratory Technologist is responsible for monitoring and maintaining the first aid kit(s).

There should be a log attached to the kit indicating the last inspection date and by whom the kit was inspected.

h. First aid kit contents should include items such as Band-Aids®, sterile gauze pads, bandages, scissors and a first aid card. All kits should also contain examination gloves for response to emergencies in which blood is present.

2.2 Specific Laboratory First Aid Procedures The emergency first aid procedures described below should be followed by a consultation with a physician for medical treatment.

2.2.1 Chemical Burns If a chemical burns the skin, follow these steps immediately, and then consult a doctor:

1. Remove the cause of the burn by first brushing any remaining dry chemical and then rinsing the chemical off the skin surface with cool, gently running water for 10 to 20 minutes or more.

2. Remove clothing or jewelry that has been contaminated by the chemical. 3. Wrap the burned area loosely with a dry, sterile dressing (if available) or a clean cloth. 4. Rewash the burned area for several more minutes if the person experiences increased burning

after the initial washing. 5. Get a tetanus shot. All burns are susceptible to tetanus. Doctors recommend you get a tetanus

shot every 10 years. If your last shot was more than five years ago, your doctor may recommend a tetanus shot booster.

6. Minor chemical burns usually heal without further treatment.

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Contact security to request emergency medical assistance if: a. The person shows signs of shock, such as fainting, pale complexion or breathing in a notably

shallow manner. b. The chemical burn penetrated through the first layer of skin, and the resulting second-degree burn

covers an area more than 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. c. The chemical burn occurred on the eye, hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or over a major joint. d. The person has pain that cannot be controlled with over-the-counter pain relievers. e. If you're unsure whether a substance is toxic, call the poison control center at 1-800-268-9017. If

you seek emergency assistance, take the chemical container or a complete description of the substance with you for identification.

2.2.2 Cuts and Abrasions First aid treatment for minor scrapes, scratches, cuts, lacerations or puncture wounds include the following:

a. Wash the wound and surrounding area with mild soap and running water. b. Remove any dirt around the wound. c. Cover with an adhesive dressing or gauze square taped on all sides with adhesive tape. d. Wounds caused by dirty, soiled or grimy objects should be examined by a physician, who will

determine whether a tetanus immunization is needed. e. If the wound was caused by an object that has contacted human blood or body fluids, the victim

must be seen by a physician immediately, as immunization or post-exposure prophylaxis may be required.

f. If a wound is bleeding profusely, the first aider should attempt to stop the bleeding as quickly as possible by doing the following:

a. Elevate the injured area above the level of the heart, if possible, in order to reduce the blood pressure to the area of the wound.

b. Apply direct pressure to the wound unless an object is protruding from it (in this situation, apply pressure around the injury). Direct pressure can be applied with the fingers of the hand, the palm of the hand or with a pressure dressing.

g. If bleeding cannot be controlled with direct pressure, apply pressure to the arteries supplying the injured area. This involves compressing the artery between the wound and the heart against a bone.

h. Do not remove a dressing that has become soaked with blood, as this may interrupt the clotting process. Apply an additional dressing on top of the first.

i. Avoid over-tightening of the dressing, that is, do not cut off the blood circulation to limbs. j. As a tourniquet completely stops the flow of blood to beyond the point of application, it should be

applied only as a last resort, as in the case of a severed limb.

2.2.3 Chemical splashes to the skin or eyes For splashes to the skin:

• If the splash affects a large area of skin, go to the nearest shower and rinse thoroughly for at least 20 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing while in the shower.

• For splashes involving a small skin area, proceed to the nearest drench hose, remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and rinse for 15 minutes.

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For splashes to the eyes: • Go to the nearest eyewash and flush for at least 20 minutes. • If you are wearing contact lenses, remove them as quickly as possible, while continuing to flush. • Hold your eyelids open with your fingers. • Roll your eyeballs, so that water can flow over the entire surface of the eye. • Lift your eyelids frequently to ensure complete flushing. • Cover the injured eye with dry sterile gauze pads while waiting for medical attention.

2.2.4 Poisoning Toxic substances can enter and poison the body by inhalation, absorption through the skin, ingestion or injection. When assisting a victim of poisoning:

• Call security (x5000) for serious poisoning. • Ensure that the area is safe to enter before attempting to aid the victim. • Move the victim away from the contaminated area and provide first aid as required. • Do not induce vomiting unless advised to do so by a reliable authority such as the Ontario Poison

Control Centre (1-800-268-9017). • Provide emergency medical personnel with the SDS for the poisonous product. If the victim was

overcome by an unknown poison and has vomited, provide the ambulance technicians with a sample of the vomitus.

• Always ensure that the victim receives medical attention, even if the exposure seems minor.

2.3 Chemical Spills Spills involving hazardous materials will require different tactics depending on the magnitude of the spill, the material's toxicity, reactivity, flammability, routes of entry of the material into the body and the promptness with which the spill can be safely managed.

Many spills can be prevented or controlled by careful planning and use of trays and absorbent paper. (Remember, hoods do not prevent or control spills, they just relocate them!) Proper techniques for transporting hazardous chemicals and proper storage techniques may help prevent spills. Please see the Chemical Spill SOP.

A hazardous chemical spill means that an uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical has occurred. The release may involve a gas, liquid, or solid, and usually requires some action be taken to control the point of release or the spread of the chemical. A chemical is hazardous if it possesses a physical or health threat to humans, the environment, or property. More specifically, a substance is considered hazardous if it:

• is flammable, explosive, or reactive; • generates harmful vapor or dust; • is a carcinogen; • is a corrosive and attacks skin, clothing, equipment, or facilities; or, • is poisonous by ingestion, inhalation or absorption.

Personnel working in laboratories must have WHMIS training and be prepared to work safely with hazardous materials. WHMIS will also prepare personnel to deal with emergencies and other unexpected events involving these products.

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2.3.1 Spills and unintentional release reporting The Environmental Protection Act and municipal sewer use by-laws in Ottawa mandate the protection of the natural environment from dumping, spills or unintentional releases of any products. Reporting of any such release must be done immediately to the Ministry of the Environment and for Algonquin College, to the City of Ottawa Environmental Protection Officer. It is strongly advised that all such reporting is done through Occupational Health and Safety.

In the event of a spill or release: • Immediately turn off or stop the source or the release. • Contain the spill and minimize its spread. • Contact Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) personnel at 613-727-4723 extension 7142, or for

assistance contacting OHS after hours, contact Security Services at extension 5010.

2.3.2 Algonquin College Spill Pails Contents Table 1. Algonquin College Spill Pails Contents

ITEM

QUANTITY UNIT DESCRIPTION

1 1 Each Universal Spill Socks 3” x 4’ 2 4 Each Universal Spill wipes 16” x 20” 3 4 Each Heavy Gauge Plastic Bags 4 2 Pair Corrosive Resistant Gloves 5 2 Pair Solvent Resistant Gloves 6 2 Pair Saranex Boot covers 7 2 Pair Saranex Sleeve Covers 8 1 Reel Litmus Paper 9 1 Each Plastic zip-lock bag

10 1 Pair 12” Tongs (Metal with Plastic/Rubber Tips) 11 1 Each Note Pad 12 1 Each Pen 13 1 Pack Prepared Labels 14 1 Each Spill Response Instructions 15 2 Each Splash Proof Goggles 16 1 Reel Caution Tape 25’ roll 17 1 Each 1 Litre spray bottle 18 1 Each 10 Liter Polyethylene Pail (complete with cover)

2.4 Fire Safety Laboratory fires can be caused by Bunsen burners, runaway chemical reactions, electrical heating units, failure of unattended or defective equipment or overloaded electrical circuits. Familiarize yourself with the operation of the fire extinguishers and the location of pull stations, emergency exits and evacuation routes where you work. In the event that the general alarm is sounded use the evacuation routes established for your area and follow the instructions of the Evacuation Monitors. Once outside of the building, move away from the doors to enable others to exit.

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2.4.1 The fire triangle Fire cannot occur without an ignition source, fuel and an oxidizing atmosphere (usually air). These three elements comprise what is called the "fire triangle":

Figure 1. Fire Triangle

Fire will not be initiated if any one of these elements is absent, and will not be sustained if one of these elements is removed. This concept is useful in understanding prevention and control of fires. For example, the coexistence of flammable vapours and ignition sources should be avoided, but when flammable vapours cannot be controlled elimination of ignition sources is essential.

2.4.2 Classes of fire The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has defined four classes of fire, according to the type of fuel involved. These are:

• Class A fires involve combustibles such as paper, wood, cloth, rubber and many plastics. • Class B fires entail burning of liquid fuels like oil-based paints, greases, solvents, oil and gasoline. • Class C fires are of electrical origin (fuse boxes, electric motors, wiring). • Class D fires encompass combustible metals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium and

phosphorus.

2.4.3 Fire Extinguishers Fire extinguishers are rated as A, B, C or D (or combinations of A, B, C and D) for use against the different classes of fires. Familiarize yourself with the fire class ratings of the extinguishers in your work area so that you will know what types of fire you can attempt to extinguish with them. Learn how to use the extinguisher in your lab, as there will be no time to read instructions during an emergency. Attempt to fight small fires only, and only if there is an escape route behind you. Remember to have the extinguisher recharged after every use. To do so, inform OHS at Ext. 7142 and Security at extension 5010. If you do fight a fire, remember the acronym "PASS" when using the extinguisher:

• P: Pull and twist the locking pin to break the seal. • A: Aim low, and point the nozzle at the base of the fire. • S: Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing agent. • S: Sweep from side to side until the fire is out. Be prepared to repeat the process if the fire breaks out again

2.4.4 Preventing fires

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Use the following precautions when working with or using flammable chemicals in a laboratory. Keep in mind that these precautions also apply to flammable chemical waste.

• Minimize the quantities of flammable liquids kept in the laboratory. Do not exceed the limits established by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), as listed in the Flammable Combustible Liquids Section below.

• Except for the quantities needed for the work at hand, keep all flammable liquids in NFPA- or UL- (Underwriter's Laboratories) approved flammable liquid storage cabinets. Keep cabinet doors closed and latched at all times. Do not store other materials in these cabinets.

• Use and store flammable liquids and gases only in well-ventilated areas. Use a fume hood when working with products that release flammable vapours.

• Keep flammable solvent containers, including those for collecting waste, well capped. Place open reservoirs or collection vessels for organic procedures like High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) inside vented chambers.

• Keep flammable chemicals away from ignition sources, such as heat, sparks, flames and direct sunlight. Avoid welding or soldering in the vicinity of flammables.

• Bond and ground large metal containers of flammable liquids in storage. To avoid the build-up of static charges, bond containers to each other when dispensing.

• Use portable safety cans for storing, dispensing and transporting flammable liquids. • Clean spills of flammable liquids promptly.

2.4.5 Flashpoint The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid produces enough vapour to ignite in the presence of a source of ignition. The lower the flash point, the greater the risk of fire. Many common laboratory solvents (e.g., acetone, benzene, diethyl ether, and methanol) have flash points that are below room temperature.

2.4.6 Auto ignition temperature The ignition or auto ignition temperature is the temperature at which a material will ignite, even in the absence of an ignition source. A spark is not necessary for ignition when a flammable vapour reaches its auto ignition temperature. The lower the ignition temperature, the greater the potential that a fire can be started by typical laboratory equipment.

2.4.7 Flammable limits Flammable limits or explosive limits define the range of concentrations of a material in air that will burn or explode in the presence of an ignition source such as a spark or flame. Explosive limits are usually expressed as the percent by volume of the material in air.

• The lower explosive limit (LEL) or lower flammable limit (LFL) is the lowest vapour concentration that will burn or explode if ignited. Below this limit, the concentration of fuel is too "lean" for ignition, i.e., the mixture is oxygen rich but contains insufficient fuel.

• The upper explosive limit (UEL) or upper flammable limit (UFL) is the highest vapour concentration that will ignite. Above this limit, the mixture is too "rich" for ignition.

• The flammable range consists of concentrations between the LEL and UEL

Table 2. Flash points, lower explosive limits and exposure limits (8 hour time-weighted averages) of several

flammable or combustible laboratory solvents.

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Solvent FPL (oC)

LEL (% by volume)

Autoignition temperature (oC)

TLV-TWA * ppm (mg/m3)

acetic acid, glacial 39 4.0 427 10(25)

acetone -18 2.5 538 250(590)

acetonitrile 5.6 3.0 524 20 (34)

diethyl ether -45 1.9 180 400 (1210)**

ethanol, absolute 13 3.3 423 1000 (1900)

ethyl acetate -4.4 2.0 427 400 (1440)

methanol 11 6.0 464 200 (260)

2.5 Flammable and Combustible Materials The storage, use, handling, and disposal or flammable and combustible materials should be carefully considered.

2.5.1 Substitution Where possible, flammable materials should be replaced by safer, less flammable materials to reduce the risk of fires. Any substituted material should be stable and non-toxic and should either be non-flammable or have a high flashpoint.

2.5.2 Elimination of Ignition Sources All nonessential ignition sources must be eliminated where flammable liquids are used or stored. Common sources of ignition include:

• open flames from cutting and welding operations; • furnaces; • matches; • heater, portable or fixed; • motors, switches, and circuit breakers; • mechanical sparks from friction; and • smoking materials.

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Specific strategies for eliminating some of these sources of ignition are: • Motors, switches, and circuit breakers need to be explosion-proof in areas where

flammable liquids are used or stored. • Use non-sparking tools in areas where mechanical sparks from friction are a concern. • Proper grounding and bonding procedures must be used to eliminate static sparks when

transferring flammable liquids to and from containers.

2.5.3 Storage Options The proper storage of flammable liquids in a work area is required to reduce the risk of fire and prevent health hazards. Remember that the quantities that can be stored in one location are limited. Storage areas should be provided with at least fire extinguishers, but a fire protection system should be considered for any large storage area.

Small quantities, up to 250 litres of flammable liquids (or 600 litres of flammable and combustible liquids), in closed containers, may be stored outside of fire-separated rooms or storage cabinets in any one fire compartment. Of this, NOT more than 100 litres are to be Class 1A liquids. Greater quantities may be stored but must not exceed one day’s normal requirements.

Quantities above 250 Litres

Any quantities above 250 litres must be stored in either: • a metal cabinet, • a general storage area in the workplace, • a fire-separated room in the workplace, • a flammable liquid warehouse (see Ontario Fire Code 4.2.7), or • outdoors.

Metal Cabinets

Flammable liquids storage cabinets should be used where greater quantities of liquids are needed. Contrary to popular thinking, they are not designed to contain a fire but are designed to prevent a fire outside from reaching the contents of the cabinet for a period of 10 minutes - just enough time to allow escape from the area. Limits for cabinets are as follows:

• Up to 250 litres of flammable liquids (500 litres of flammable and combustible liquids), in closed containers, may be stored in a metal cabinet.

• A total quantity of 750 litres of Class 1 liquids (1,500 litres of flammable or combustible liquids) may be stored in a group of cabinets in a single fire compartment.

* If metal cabinets come with ventilation openings, the ventilation openings must be sealed with materials providing fire protection at least equivalent to that required for the construction of the cabinet, OR the cabinet must be vented outdoors. (Sec 4.2.10.6.(1) Ontario Fire Code)

2.5.4 Handling Flammable and combustible liquids require careful handling at all times. Containers should be tightly sealed when not in use, and liquids should be stored in an area where temperature is stable to prevent a buildup of internal pressure due to vaporization. Safety cans are a good risk management tool where smaller quantities of liquids are handled. They prevent spillage and have

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spring-loaded safety caps that prevent vapors from escaping and act as a pressure vent if the can is engulfed in fire, preventing explosion and rocketing of the can, which could spread the fire. Users are expected to limit the risk of a fire by reducing the quantities of liquids located outside of storage cabinets/areas. Quantities of flammable and combustible liquids located outside of storage cabinets/areas should be restricted to one day’s supply or to what can be used during a single shift.

Some flammable liquids, such as xylene, toluene, benzene and gasoline have a tendency to accumulate a static electric charge. If the charge is released a spark can be produced and ignition can result. Most nonpolar solvents—solvents that do not mix with water—have this characteristic. Polar solvent, such as acetone and other ketones and alcohols, don’t usually present static charges. To prevent the buildup of static charge, it is important to bond metal dispensing and receiving containers together before pouring. To do this, each container is wired together and one container is connected to a good ground point to allow any charge that may develop to drain away safely.

Because there is no easy way to bond plastic containers, their use should be limited to smaller sizes of no more than 4L.

2.5.5 Ventilation To prevent the accumulation of vapors inside a flammable or combustible materials storage room or area, a continuous mechanical ventilation system should be in place. Both makeup and exhaust air openings must be arranged to provide air movement directly to the exterior of the building. Any exhaust ventilation ducts must be exclusive to the system and used for no other purposes.

Common solvents that require a continuous mechanical ventilation system include: methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl alcohols; acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; methyl, ethyl, and butyl acetates; all ethers; pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, and "light petroleum" or "petroleum ether"; benzene, toluene, and xylene; and carbon disulfide. Carbon disulfide has a flash point of 30 degrees below zero Celsius, and its use in teaching laboratories is strongly discouraged. Likewise the use of the chlorinated solvents carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and methylene chloride (dichloromethane) is discouraged because of their toxicity.

2.6 Electrical Safety The typical laboratory requires a large quantity of electrical power. This increases the likelihood of electrically-related problems and hazards. One must address both the electrical shock hazard to the facility occupants and the fire hazard potential. The following recommendations are basic to a sound electrical safety program in the laboratory.

a. All electrical equipment must be properly grounded. b. All electrical equipment must be U.L., U.L.C listed and/or FM (http://www.fmglobal.com/)

approved. c. Sufficient room for work must be present in the area of breaker boxes. All the circuit breakers and

the fuses must be labeled to indicate whether they are in the "on" or "off" position, and what appliance or room area is served. Fuses must be properly rated.

d. Equipment, appliance and extension cords must be in good condition.

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e. Extension cords must not be used as a substitute for permanent wiring. f. Electrical cords or other lines must not be suspended unsupported across rooms or passageways.

Do not route cords over metal objects such as emergency showers, overhead pipes or frames, metal racks, etc.. Do not run cords through holes in walls or ceilings or through doorways or windows. Do not place cords under carpet, rugs, or heavy objects. Do not place cords on pathways or other areas where repeated abuse can cause deterioration of insulation.

g. Multi-outlet plugs must not be used unless they have a built-in circuit breaker. This causes overloading on electrical wiring, which will cause damage and possible overheating.

h. Most of the portable multiple outlets are rated at 15 amps. Employees must check when all connections are made to determine that the total input average will never exceed 15 amps. (The amperage on electrical equipment is usually stamped on the manufacturer's plate).

i. All building electrical repairs, splices, and wiring must be performed by certified electricians. j. Electrical standards may be obtained by referencing the Ontario Electrical Safety Code. k. Do not unplug large, permanent equipment (i.e. refrigerators, large equipment, freezers, etc.).

2.7 High Pressure and Vacuum Work Pressure differences between equipment and the atmosphere result in many lab accidents. Glass vessels under vacuum or pressure can implode or explode, resulting in cuts from projectiles and splashes to the skin and eyes. Glass can rupture even under small pressure differences. Rapid temperature changes, such as those that occur when removing containers from liquid cryogenics, can lead to pressure differences, as can carrying out chemical reactions inside sealed containers.

The hazards associated with pressure work can be reduced by the following: • Check for flaws such as cracks, scratches and etching marks before using vacuum apparatus. • Use vessels specifically designed for vacuum work. Thin-walled or round-bottomed flasks larger

than 1 L should never be evacuated. • Assemble vacuum apparatus so as to avoid strain. Heavy apparatus should be supported from

below as well as by the neck. • Tape glass vacuum apparatus to minimize projectiles due to implosion • Use adequate shielding when conducting pressure and vacuum operations. • Allows pressure to return to atmospheric pressure before opening vacuum desiccators or after

removing a sample container from cryogenics. • Wear eye and face protection when handling vacuum or pressure apparatus.

2.8 Handling Glassware

a. Glass breakage is a common cause of injuries in laboratories. Only glass in good condition should be used.

b. Discard or send for repair all broken, chipped, starred or badly scratched glassware. Hand protection should be used when picking up broken glass. All broken glass should be placed in a broken glass bucket in the lab.

c. When using glass tubing, all ends should be fire polished. Lubricate tubing with glycerin or water before inserting into rubber stoppers or rubber tubing.

d. Protect hands with leather gloves when inserting glass tubing. Hold elbows close to the body to limit movement when handling tubing.

e. Do not store glassware near the edge of shelves. Store large or heavier glassware on lower shelves.

f. Use glassware of the proper size. Allow at least 20% free space. Grasp a three-neck flask by the middle neck, not a side neck.

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g. Do not attempt to catch glassware if it is dropped or knocked over. h. Conventional laboratory glassware must never be pressurized.

3.0 WORKPLACE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INFORMATION SYSTEM (WHMIS)

The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is a legislated program that is applicable to all College employees and students who work in areas where hazardous materials are used. The purpose of this legislation is to ensure that everyone in a workplace is provided with the information needed to identify hazardous materials and to take the appropriate precautions when working with these materials. WHMIS accomplishes this through the use of warning labels, Material Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) and training on how to use the information provided.

3.1 Labels The label is the primary source of hazard information. The requirements for label content are dependent upon whether the container is from a supplier or a workplace, and whether the hazardous material is a laboratory product, a sample for analysis or neither.

3.1.1 Supplier Labels A supplier label is required for containers from the supplier containing 100 mL or more of the material. Supplier labels must contain the following information in both English and French and be enclosed by a distinctive border coloured to contrast with the background of the label:

• product identifier or name, • supplier identifier (supplier’s name), • reference to the SDS, • hazard symbol(s), • risk phrase(s) (description of the main hazards of the product), • precautionary measures, and • first aid measures.

Supplier labels for materials sold in a container with less than 100 mL do not require risk phrases, precautionary measures or first aid measures to be included.

3.1.2 Workplace Labels A workplace label is typically prepared by staff and/or students following the WHMIS guidelines and must contain the following information:

• product identifier or name , • precautionary measures, and • reference to the SDS.

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3.1.3 Laboratory Labels For supplies originating from a laboratory supply house that are to be used solely in a laboratory, and that are supplied in quantities of less than 10 kg, a laboratory label is permitted. The laboratory label is to contain the following information:

• product identifier or name, • risk phrases, • reference to SDS, • precautionary measures, and • first-aid measures.

Laboratory supplies transferred to a container other than the original, and for use only in the laboratory where the transfer took place need to be labelled with the product identifier only.

3.2 Material Safety Data Sheets SDSs (Material Safety Data Sheets) provide detailed information about physical, chemical and toxicological properties and hazards, as well as recommended handling and emergency procedures. Material Safety Data Sheets must be reviewed and/or revised by the supplier at least every three years. Unexpired SDSs are to be readily available for all controlled products on site. Supervisors are to ensure that laboratory personnel are aware of and able to readily access these SDS documents. In addition, it is recommended that laboratories maintain SDS documents for all chemicals. Laboratory personnel are strongly encouraged to regularly review SDSs for all hazardous materials being used.

3.2.1 SDS Training Training is required to provide detailed instruction on the site-specific procedures necessary to carry out work safely, as well as provide the basis for proper interpretation of hazard information provided on labels and SDSs.

3.3 WHMIS Symbols The classes of controlled chemical products and their corresponding symbols or pictograms, as well as general characteristics and handling precautions are outlined in Table 3.

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Table 3: WHMIS 2015 Symbols

HAZARDS in WHMIS 2015

Hazard Symbol Types of Products Handling Instructions

Flame • Flammable gases • Flammable aerosols • Flammable liquids • Flammable solids • Pyrophoric liquids • Pyrophoric solids • Pyrophoric gases • Self-heating substances &

mixtures • Substances and mixtures which, in

contact with water, emit flammable gases

• Self-reactive substances and mixtures

• Organic peroxides

Keep the material away from heat sources and other combustible materials.

Never smoke when working with or around material.

Store in a cool fire proof area.

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Hazard Symbol Class of Controlled Products Handling Instructions

Gas Cylinder Gases under pressure (Compressed gas, Liquefied gas, Refrigerated liquefied gas, and Dissolved gas)

Do not drop container.

Keep container away from all ignition sources.

Store only in designated areas.

Flame over circle • Oxidizing gases • Oxidizing liquids • Oxidizing solids

Keep the material away from combustible materials and store in designated area.

Keep the material away from sources of ignition.

Wear proper protective equipment, including eye, face and hand protection and protective clothing.

Skull and crossbones Acute toxicity - Oral (Category 1, 2 and 3) Dermal (Category 1, 2 and 3) Inhalation (Category 1, 2 and 3

Handle material with extreme caution.

Avoid contact with the skin or eyes by wearing the proper protective equipment, including eye, face and hand protection and protective clothing.

Avoid inhaling by working in well –ventilated areas and or wearing respiratory equipment.

Wash and shower thoroughly after using

Store the material in designated places only.

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Hazard Symbol Class of Controlled Products Handling Instructions

Biohazardous Infectious Materials

Biohazardous Infectious Materials Take every measure to avoid contamination.

Handle the material only when fully protected by the proper, designated equipment.

Handle the material in designated areas where engineering controls are in place to prevent exposure.

Corrosion • Corrosive to metals • Skin corrosion/irritation - Skin

corrosion • Serious eye damage/eye irritation

Keep containers tightly closed.

Avoid skin and eye contact by wearing all necessary PPE

Avoid inhaling by using in well-ventilated areas

Exploding Bomb • Self-reactive substances and mixtures (Types A and B*)

• Organic peroxides (Types A and B)

Keep material away from heat.

Open containers carefully, Do not drop them.

Store the material in a cool, flame-proof area.

Health Hazard • Respiratory or skin sensitization - Respiratory sensitizer

• Germ cell mutagenicity • Carcinogenicity • Reproductive toxicity • Specific Target Organ Toxicity -

Single exposure • Specific Target Organ Toxicity -

Repeated exposure • Aspiration hazard

Avoid skin and eye contact by wearing all protective equipment necessary including eye, face and hand protection and protective clothing

Avoid inhaling by working in well-ventilated area and/or using respiratory equipment.

Store the material in designated places only.

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Exclamation Mark • Acute toxicity – Oral, Dermal, Inhalation

• Skin corrosion/irritation – Skin irritation

• Serious eye damage/eye irritation – Eye irritation

• Respiratory or skin sensitization – Skin sensitizer

• Specific target organ toxicity – Single exposure

Avoid skin and eye contact by wearing all protective equipment necessary including eye, face and hand protection and protective clothing

Avoid inhaling by working in well-ventilated area and/or using respiratory equipment.

Store the material in designated places only.

3.4 Health Hazards of Chemicals The health effects of hazardous chemicals are often less clear than the physical hazards. Data on the health effects of chemical exposure, especially from chronic exposure, are often incomplete. When discussing the health effects of chemicals, two terms are often used interchangeably: toxicity and hazard. However, the actual meanings of these words are quite different. Toxicity is an inherent property of a material, similar to its physical constants. It is the ability of a chemical substance to cause an undesirable effect in a biological system. Hazard is the likelihood that a material will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use. Thus, with proper handling, highly toxic chemicals can be used safely. Conversely, less toxic chemicals can be extremely hazardous if handled improperly.

RISK = TOXICITY + EXPOSURE

The actual health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the actual exposure. No matter how toxic the material may be, there is little risk involved unless it enters the body. An assessment of the toxicity of the chemicals and the possible routes of entry will help determine what protective measures should be taken.

3.5 Routes of Entry Routes of entry include absorption, inhalation, ingestion, and injection.

3.5.1 Skin and Eye Contact

The simplest way for chemicals to enter the body is through direct contact with the skin or eyes. Skin contact with a chemical may result in a local reaction, such as a burn or rash, or absorption into the bloodstream. Absorption into the bloodstream may then allow the chemical to cause toxic effects on other parts of the body. The SDS usually includes information regarding whether or not skin absorption is a significant route of exposure.

The absorption of a chemical through intact skin is influenced by the health of the skin and the properties of the chemical. Skin that is dry or cracked or has lacerations offers less resistance. Fat-soluble substances, such as many organic solvents, can easily penetrate skin and, in some instances, can alter the skin’s ability to resist absorption of other substances.

Wear gloves and other protective clothing to minimize skin exposure. See Section on Personal Protective Equipment for more information. Symptoms of skin exposure include dry, whitened skin, redness and

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swelling, rashes or blisters, and itching. In the event of chemical contact on skin, rinse the affected area with water for at least 15 minutes, removing clothing while rinsing, if necessary. Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.

Chemical contact with eyes can be particularly dangerous, resulting in painful injury or loss of sight. Wearing protective eyewear or a face shield can reduce the risk of eye contact. Eyes that have been in contact with chemicals should be rinsed immediately with water continuously for at least 15 minutes. Medical attention is necessary if symptoms persist. All students are recommended to seek medical attention.

3.5.2 Inhalation

The respiratory tract is the most common route of entry for gases, vapors and particles. These materials may be transported into the lungs and exert localized effects, or be absorbed into the bloodstream. Factors that influence the absorption of these materials may include the vapor pressure of the material, solubility, particle size, its concentration in the inhaled air, and the chemical properties of the material. The vapor pressure describes how quickly a substance evaporates into the air – higher concentrations in air cause greater exposure in the lungs and greater absorption in the bloodstream.

Most chemicals have an odour that is perceptible at a certain concentration, referred to as the odour threshold. There is considerable individual variability in the perception of odour. Olfactory fatigue may occur when exposed to high concentrations or after prolonged exposure to some substances. This may cause the odour to seem to diminish or disappear, while the danger of overexposure remains.

Symptoms of over-exposure may include headaches, increased mucus production, and eye, nose and throat irritation. Narcotic effects, including confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, or collapse, may result from exposure to some substances, particularly many solvents. In the event of exposure, close containers, open windows or otherwise increase ventilation, and move to fresh air. If symptoms persist, seek medical attention.

Volatile hazardous materials should be used in a well-ventilated area, preferably a fume hood, to reduce the potential of exposure. Occasionally, ventilation may not be adequate and a fume hood may not be practical, necessitating the use of a respirator. The use of a respirator may be required pending a review by OHS.

3.5.3 Ingestion The gastrointestinal tract is another possible route of entry for toxic substances. Although direct ingestion of a laboratory chemical is unlikely, exposure may occur as a result of ingesting contaminated food or beverages, touching the mouth with contaminated fingers, or swallowing inhaled particles which have been cleared from the respiratory system. The possibility of exposure by this route may be reduced by not eating, drinking, smoking, or storing food in the laboratory, and by washing hands thoroughly after working with chemicals, even when gloves were worn.

In the event of accidental ingestion, immediately call Securtiy at extension 5000 or contact the Poison Control Center at 1-800-268-9017 for instructions. Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by a health care provider.

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3.5.4 Injection The final possible route of exposure to chemicals is by accidental injection. Injection effectively bypasses the protection provided by intact skin and provides direct access to the bloodstream, and thus, to internal organ systems. Injection may occur through mishaps with syringe needles or through accidents with pipettes, broken glassware or other sharp objects which have been contaminated with toxic substances. All individuals using needles should be trained and signed-off on the use of Needles and Syringes SOP.

If accidental injection has occurred, wash the area with soap and water and seek medical attention, if necessary. Cautious use of any sharp object is always important. Substituting cannulas for syringes and wearing gloves may also reduce the possibility of injection.

3.6 Toxicological properties: LD50 & LC50 Despite the limitations of using toxicity data from animal studies to predict the effects on humans, LD50 and LC50 values often comprise a large part of the available toxicity information, and form the bases for many standards, guidelines and regulations. When assessing the hazards of materials used in the laboratory, it is important to remember that substances with lower LD50 or LC50 values are more toxic that those with higher values.

LD50 (Lethal Dose, 50%) is the amount of a substance that, when administered by a defined route of entry (e.g. oral or dermal) over a specified period of time, is expected to cause the death of 50 per cent of a defined animal population. The LD50 is usually expressed as milligrams or grams of test substance per kilogram of animal body weight (mg/kg or g/kg).

LC50 (Lethal Concentration, 50%) is the amount of a substance in air that, when given by inhalation over a specified period of time, is expected to cause the death in 50 per cent of a defined animal population. Some LC50 values are determined by administration of test substances to aquatic life in water. The LC50 is expressed as parts of test substance per million parts of air (PPM) for gases and vapours, or as milligrams per litre or cubic metre of air (mg/L or mg/m3) for dusts, mists and fumes.

3.7 Exposure Limits An exposure limit is the maximum limit of exposure to an air contaminant. The threshold limit value (TLV) or permissible exposure limit (PEL) can be expressed as the following:

• 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) is the average concentration to which most workers can be exposed during an 8-hour workday, day after day, without harmful effects.

• Short-term exposure limit (STEL) is the maximum average concentration to which most workers can be exposed over a 15 minute period, day after day, without adverse effects.

• Ceiling (C) defines a concentration that must never be exceeded. C is applied to many chemicals with acute toxic effects.

It should be noted that most exposure limits are based on industrial experiences and are not entirely relevant to the laboratory environment. Good laboratory practices and well-designed ventilation systems serve to maintain air concentrations well below these limits.

4.0 CONTROL OF CHEMICALS

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Chemical control is important to ensure employee and student safety in the laboratory. Proper storage is a key aspect of chemical control and must take into account chemical compatibility, spill control and fire/explosion control. Proper storage must further provide security and identification, as well as a "user friendly" system with respect to point-of-use.

The location of general laboratory chemicals can be found in the laboratory inventory book in A129 or A130. Every chemical in the laboratory has a storage location and it should be returned to that location after each use. Chemicals should not be stored in the fumehoods.

Material Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) are the easiest method for obtaining information on handling and storing chemicals. Under WHMIS, all hazardous agents are required to be supplied by the vendor with a SDS, as per the Hazardous Product Act (R.S., 1985, c. H-3). Sufficient information is to be gathered from SDS’s and other sources to ensure the chemical is handled and stored correctly at any facility. The SDS files are all available on the computer in the back of A129 and paper copies may be found in both the A129 and A130 labs.

4.1 Six Classes of Chemicals Chemicals in the Algonquin College laboratories are classified and colour coded into six (6) main chemical groups. The chemicals typically have just a round sticker that indicates their colour classification. The classification and colour coding of all the chemicals in the lab will ensure that:

1. All chemicals have undergone an initial risk assessment. 2. All lab workers can quickly identify from the color coded label the hazards associated with each

chemical. 3. Lab workers can easily identify when they need to obtain further information for the handling and

storing of chemicals.

The six (6) classification groups used by the Algonquin College Science Labs are: 1. Health Hazard (BLUE) 2. Flammable/Combustible Materials (RED) 3. Dangerously Reactive Materials (YELLOW) 4. Corrosive Materials (WHITE) 5. Incompatible Hazard (special cases) (ORANGE) 6. General Storage (GREEN)

4.2 Segregation of Stored Chemicals Developing safe storage practices for laboratory chemicals is not always easy and often requires a considerable amount of thought and planning. The goal of our storage system is to separate materials according to chemical compatibility and hazard class. In developing the chemical storage plan, we took into account both compatible and incompatible chemical mixtures (based on Incompatible Chemical Mixtures).

Normally, the laboratory chemicals are separated into the following 5 groups: • strong acids, • strong bases, • flammables and combustibles (including weak acids), • oxidizers, and • general chemicals.

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Additional locations or containers may be set up for extremely toxic compounds and compounds that require desiccation or low temperature.

4.2.1 Strong Acids Strong acids (which may include hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and phosphoric acids, etc.) must be stored separate from weak acids (acetic and formic acids are combustible) and flammable solvents. Mixing any of these with the strong acids will produce heat and may result in a fire or explosion.

Special cases with strong oxidizers: strong oxidizers must not be stored near any compounds that can be oxidized (such as acetic acid or any flammable solvents/solids). Some examples of strong oxidizers are:

• nitric acid (also a strong oxidizer, see below); • perchloric acid (should never be used in the labs); and • chloric acid (also a very strong oxidizer).

4.2.2 Strong bases: Strong bases (which may include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, calcium oxide, etc.) should be isolated in a cabinet away from strong acids.

4.2.3 Flammables/Combustibles Flammables and combustibles should be stored in large containers (>1 L) in a Flammable Storage cabinet. These cabinets are insulated and designed to keep the contents cool for a finite period should there be a fire in the lab. Examples include:

• alcohols: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol; • ethers: petroleum ether, diethyl ether ; • organic "solvents": hexane, pentane, acetone, xylene, methylene chloride, diethylamine (although

this is an organic base, it is also flammable), methyl ethyl ketone, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (Cellosolve) and many more.

It is permissible for workers to have some flammable chemicals stored on the bench for easy access but workers should try to keep as much as possible and any larger bottles (>1L) in the Flammable cabinet. The Ontario Fire Code places limits on the quantities of Flammable/Combustible liquids that can be stored in a Flammable Storage cabinet or in a room. When in doubt, please consult the Ontario Fire Code.

4.2.4 Oxidizers Oxidizers can cause spontaneous ignition if mixed with a combustible material, therefore, oxidizers must be separated from other chemicals and stored in a separate cabinet.

Examples of oxidizers: • nitrates/nitrites: sodium nitrate, potassium nitrite; • dichromates: sodium or potassium dichromate, might be used in acid cleaning solutions; • hydrogen peroxide: 30% (or 70%) solution (don't store in Flammable cabinet with solvents;

refrigerate at 4C); • Nitric acid: store with strong acids; • Iodine, bromine: don't contain oxygen but are strong oxidizers.

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4.2.5 Incompatible Chemical Mixtures: Examples of chemical incompatibilities are given in table 4. These combinations may produce fire, explosion or poisonous gases so efforts must be made to ensure that such mixtures do not occur. Avoiding these reactions is the main reason for segregating stored chemicals into different parts of the laboratory or storage room. Consult alternate sources (e.g. SDSs) for further information.

Table 4: Incompatible Chemical List Chemical: Incompatible With:

Acetic acid Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates

Acetylene gas Chlorine, bromine, copper, fluorine, silver, mercury Acetone Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures

Chemical: Incompatible With: Alkali and alkaline earth metals (e.g. powdered aluminum or magnesium, calcium, lithium, sodium, potassium)

Water, carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, halogens

Ammonia gas (anhydrous) Mercury metal, chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous)

Ammonium nitrate (oxidizer) Acids, powdered metals, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrites, sulfur, finely divided organic combustible materials

Aniline Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide Arsenical materials Any reducing agent (generates poisonous arsine gas Azides Acids (forms hydrogen azide-extremely explosive) Bromine (oxidizer) See chlorine Calcium oxide Water Carbon (activated charcoal) Calcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing agents Carbon tetrachloride Sodium Chlorates (e.g. sodium and potassium chlorate; these are strong oxidizers)

Ammonium salts, acids, powdered metals, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials

Chromic acid and chromium metal Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, alcohol, flammable liquids in general

Chlorine gas Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane (or other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium carbide, benzene, finely divided metals, turpentine

Chlorine dioxide Ammonia, methane, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide Copper metal Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide Cumene hydroperoxide Acids (organic or inorganic) Cyanides Acids (generates poisonous hydrogen cyanide gas Flammable liquids Ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric

acid, sodium peroxide, halogens Fluorine gas (very strong oxidizer) All other chemicals Hydrocarbons (e.g. butane, propane, benzene)

Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid, sodium peroxide

Hydrocyanic acid Nitric acid, alkali Hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous) Ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous)

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Hydrogen peroxide (oxidizer) Copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their salts, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitromethane, combustible materials

Hydrogen sulfide Fuming nitric acid, oxidizing gases Hypochlorites Acids, activated carbon Iodine (oxidizer) Acetylene, ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous), hydrogen Mercury metal Acetylene, fulminic acid, ammonia Nitrates (e.g. sodium or potassium nitrates; oxidizers)

Sulfuric acid (generates nitrogen dioxide)

Nitric acid (concentrated; oxidizer) Acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids, flammable gases, copper, brass, any heavy metals

Chemical: Incompatible With: Nitrites (e.g. sodium or potassium nitrite; oxidizers)

Acids (generates nitrous fumes)

Nitroparaffins inorganic bases, amines Oxalic acid Silver, mercury Oxygen gas (oxidizer) Oils, grease, hydrogen, flammable liquids, solids or gases Perchloric acid (strong acid and very strong oxidizer when heated)

Never allowed in Algonquin College labs.

Peroxides, organic Acids (organic or mineral), avoid friction, store cold Phosphorus (white) Air, oxygen, alkalies, reducing agents Potassium metal Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water Potassium chlorate (strong oxidizer) Sulfuric and other acids (explodes!) Potassium perchlorate (oxidizer) Sulfuric and other acids Potassium permanganate (oxidizer) Glycerol, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulfuric acid Selenides Reducing agents (generates hydrogen selenide gas) Silver metal Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartartic acid, ammonium compounds,

fulminic acid Sodium metal Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water Sodium nitrite (oxidizer) Ammonium nitrate and other ammonium salts Sodium peroxide (oxidizer) Ethyl or methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride,

benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerin, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural

Sulfides Acids (generate poisonous hydrogen sulfide gas) Sulfuric acid Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium

permanganate (similar compounds of light metals, such as sodium, lithium)

Tellurides Reducing agents (generates poisonous hydrogen telluride gas)

4.3 Chemical Waste Both A129 and A130 have separate chemical waste receptacles for acids, bases, and organic waste.

The following chemical waste container requirements are to be adhered to by all lab workers in the lab: a. All containers used for storage are to be sealed and not leaking. b. Containers are to be kept closed, except during the transfer of waste.

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c. Liquid waste containers are only to be filled to 70-80% of capacity to allow for vapour expansion and to minimize the potential for spills.

d. Incompatible chemicals are not to be mixed and placed into a single container. Similar waste may be mixed if they are compatible as determined by the Laboratory Technologist.

e. Container material must be compatible with chemical waste (i.e., hydrofluoric acid cannot be stored in glass containers).

f. All containers must have their hazardous warning signs and symbols removed before being disposed of in the garbage or recycling bins. Containers can only be disposed if no hazardous waste residue exists in the container.

4.3.1 Chemical Waste Labels Chemical waste containers must be properly labelled to prevent mixing of incompatible chemicals and to minimize disposal costs. The following labelling requirements are to be adhered to by all lab workers generating, handling, and disposing of chemical waste:

a. Ensure all containers are clearly labelled with the chemical class (i.e. Acid, Base, etc.). b. Labelling is to be clearly printed, legible and accurate. c. Any old labels on containers are to be removed to prevent confusion concerning what is presently

stored in the waste container. d. If the chemical waste is not identified properly, it cannot be transported or disposed of properly

and it will not be removed by the waste disposal contractor.

4.3.2 Chemical Waste Storage All lab workers in the Algonquin College Science Labs are to abide by the chemical waste storage guidelines outlined below:

1. All flammable/combustible wastes are to be stored in the appropriate fire safety containers in the fire safety cabinets in lab.

2. The handling and storage of the chemical wastes will performed with adequate safety precautions to minimize the risk of incident/injury.

3. Chemical wastes are to be stored in a manner to prevent leaks, spills or damage to the container. 4. Chemical wastes are to be segregated according to compatibility groups previously outlined. 5. Chemicals that require special storage requirements (i.e., organic peroxides) must be addressed on

an individual basis. 6. Full chemical waste storage bins (red containers) should be moved to the chemical storage shed.

Please contact OHS for further instructions

There must be constant vigilance for any sign of chemical leakage. Containers storing chemical waste must be inspected weekly by the Laboratory Technologist for any sign of chemical leakage. Containers of all types should be free of rust and deformation. Caps and covers for containers must be securely in place whenever the container is not in immediate use. Storage must be physically secure.

During some laboratory activities, chemical waste may be placed in a beaker in the fume hood before being transferred to the red waste storage bins. Faculty should transfer this waste to the storage bins at the end of the laboratory period. All containers used for storage (even short term) must be labeled. At a minimum, all containers must be labeled with regard to content and general hazard.

Flammable liquids in quantities greater than one (1) liter should be kept in metal safety cans designed for such storage. The cans should be used only as recommended by the manufacturer, including the following safety practices:

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• Never disable the spring-loaded closure. • Always keep flame-arrestor screen in place; replace if punctured or damaged.

Flammable liquids must not be stored in a laboratory unit in amounts greater than the limits for Flammables identified in the Ontario Fire Code. (Please see “Flammable/Combustible” section.)

Small quantities of chemicals can be held at individual work stations if this quantity is to be promptly used and does not compromise acceptable ambient organic vapor levels or procedures for spill control and fire safety. These containers must be properly labeled.

Only limited quantities of chemicals and solvents should be stored in the laboratory. Out-of-date chemicals must be disposed of on a periodic basis to reduce overall hazard potential and minimize inventory tracking and updating.

*Due to difficulties associated with obtaining HACH chemicals (and since many do not truly expire), these chemicals will not be disposed of without consulting all full-time faculty.

5.0 CONTROL OF BIOLOGICALS Working with biological materials may require specific handling and disposal. For A129, please refer to the sections below and only use biological material that is acceptable in a Biosafety level 1 lab. For A130 please see the Biosafety Manual for working in a Biosafety level 2 Laboratory.

5.1 Biological Waste Packaging and Treatment In the Algonquin College Science Labs, all materials containing biological agents must be collected in appropriate containers and disinfected or sterilized before disposal. In addition to the general waste disposal guidelines outlined previously, the packaging and treatment of biological waste must adhere to the guidelines listed below as it pertains to the physical state of the waste, and the sterilization and disinfection method utilized.

5.2 Liquids Containing Biological Agents 1. Liquids containing biological wastes are to be collected and stored in leak-proof containers. 2. Liquid waste containers used for steam sterilization (autoclaving) are to be designed to withstand

the temperatures experienced in the autoclaves. All containers used in the autoclave are not to be sealed.

3. Once autoclaved, liquids can be disposed of down the drain.

5.3 Solids Containing Biological Agents 1. Solid laboratory waste containing biological agents (e.g. agar plates) excluding sharps are to be

placed in an appropriate container with an autoclave bag. 2. All solid waste must be doubled bagged and twist tied or taped shut to prevent leakage. 3. Solid waste that is to be autoclaved must be steam sterilized in autoclave bags and subsequently

placed into the regular garbage.

5.4 Sterilization and Disinfection

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Autoclaving (steam sterilization) is the primary method of sterilization in the Algonquin College Science Labs. It is noted that disinfecting through the use of chemical disinfectants is also performed in the laboratory. The autoclaves are to be used according to the operational parameters and the work procedures set out by the Department who owns them.

5.5 Biological Waste Storage and Disposal All lab workers are required to follow the biological waste storage and disposal procedures listed below:

a. Innocuous liquids may be disposed of in the general drainage system following sterilization or disinfection. It is recommended that clean water be used to purge the drain after the disposal of liquids.

b. Do not pour melted agar down sinks or drains. c. Allow containment level 1 and 2 biological waste (agar) to cool after sterilization, and then dispose

of it with other biological waste (this may include non-hazardous waste).

6.0 CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Hazardous waste is separated into eighteen (18) different classes or streams. Refer to table 5 for the different classification groups.

Table 5. Hazardous Waste Streams found at Algonquin College

A. Non-flammable liquids K. Asbestos B. Flammable solvent waste L. Silica gel C. Oil and liquid waste M. Sharps D. Organic Compounds N. Solid waste contaminated with trace

chemicals E. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) O. Radioactive waste F. Batteries P. Biohazardous waste G. Pesticides Q. Cardboard boxes and empty containers H. Paint R. X-ray film I. Aerosol cans/compressed gases S. Unknown chemicals and chemical waste J. Photographic developer and fixer

6.1 Hazardous Waste Disposal The Laboratory Technologist is responsible for scheduling the hazardous waste pickups with the hauler, Ministry of the Environment (MOE) registrations and maintaining the appropriate manifest records.

6.2 General Hazardous Waste Disposal Guidelines a. Only hazardous waste generated by the Algonquin College Science Labs will be collected for

disposal by lab workers. b. No hazardous waste is to be flushed down the sanitary drain. c. Hazardous waste materials (solid and liquid) are to be appropriately disposed and not mixed with

regular garbage going to the landfill. d. The individual(s) who produced the waste are responsible to ensure all chemicals are clearly

identified by the original manufacturer label (provided the contents consist only of that chemical) or a WHMIS workplace label to prevent the mixing of waste that could create an incompatible combination.

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e. Unidentified chemical waste cannot be accepted for disposal and cannot be legally transported to waste treatment facilities.

f. Chemical wastes are not to be mixed with biological wastes. g. Liquid containers should be periodically checked for leaks, and any aging containers are not to be

used and must be disposed. h. Waste must not be placed in containers that identify incorrect or non-existing hazards (i.e.,

chemical waste cannot be packaged in biohazard bags). i. Non-hazardous waste is not to be placed in hazardous waste containers.

6.3 Hazardous Waste Minimization The utilization of hazardous waste minimization procedures in the Algonquin College Science Labs can be effective in decreasing:

• the quantity of waste generated annually, • the risk associated with the storage of larger quantities, and • the annual disposal costs incurred.

Simple actions are to be taken to decrease the amount of waste generated by the laboratories on an annual basis. These include:

• the effective purchasing of materials, • the constant evaluation of lab processes for chemical use, • the request of the minimum amount of chemicals needed, • the implementation of product substitutions, and • the implementation of good laboratory practices.

When purchasing hazardous materials it is important to purchase the least amount of materials needed. Therefore, it is important to gauge how much hazardous materials are required for a given time period (i.e., per school semester) based on the labs being performed. Given that we keep the amount of chemicals to a minimum, it is crucial that the Laboratory Technologist receives requests sufficiently far in advance.

When reviewing the experiments performed in the labs, the experimental processes are to be reviewed to determine if it is possible to:

a. eliminate materials that will generate waste, or b. reduce the quantities of hazardous materials in the experimental procedures.

6.4 Hazardous Waste Collection According to the Ontario Environmental Protection Act Regulation 347 (http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_900347_e.htm), chemical wastes in the Algonquin College Science Labs are not allowed to accumulate for any length of time. If possible, all chemical wastes stored in the Algonquin College Science Labs should not to be stored for more than 90 days.

It is important to note that the 90 day storage limitation is not required if: a. The hazardous industrial waste, hazardous chemical waste, ignitable waste, corrosive waste,

leachate toxic waste or reactive waste is produced in any month in an amount less than five kilograms or otherwise accumulated in an amount less than five kilograms.

or

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b. The acute hazardous chemical waste that is produced in any month is an amount less than one kilogram or otherwise accumulated in an amount less than one kilogram, it is the responsibility of all parties involved to ensure that an appropriate waste disposal collection schedule is adhered to.

7.0 EQUIPMENT AND SAFETY Most of the laboratory equipment has a specific Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). The SOPs can be found at the end of this laboratory safety program. Before using equipment each staff member must be trained and signed off on the SOP.

The following sections outline some of the precautions and procedures to be observed with laboratory equipment that do not require SOPs.

7.1 Fume Hoods

7.1.1 The Basics A chemical fume hood is a partially enclosed work space that is exhausted to the outside. When used properly, hazardous gases and vapors generated inside the hood are captured before they enter the breathing zone. This serves to minimize your exposure to airborne contaminants.

Professors are recommended to train the students about how fume hoods work.

The common parts of a fume hood and their major functions are:

Hood Body -- The visible part of the fume hood that serves to contain hazardous gases and vapors.

Baffles -- Moveable partitions used to create slotted openings along the back of the hood body. Baffles keep the airflow uniform across the hood opening, thus eliminating dead spots and optimizing capture efficiency.

Sash -- By using the sash to adjust the front opening, air flow across the hood can be adjusted to the point where capture of contaminants is maximized. Each hood is marked with the optimum sash configuration. The sash should be held in this position when work involving the fume hood is being performed and closed completely when the hood is not in use.

Airfoil -- Found along the bottom and side edges airfoils streamline air flow into the hood, preventing the creation of turbulent eddies that can carry vapors out of the hood. The space below the bottom airfoil provides source of room air for the hood to exhaust when the sash is fully closed.

Work surface -- Generally a laboratory bench top, but also the floor of a walk-in hood, this is the area under the fume hood where apparatus is placed for use.

Figure 2. Basic features of a standard fume hood.

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Exhaust plenum -- An important engineering feature, the exhaust plenum helps to distribute air flow evenly across the hood face. Materials such as paper towels drawn into the plenum can create turbulence in this part of the hood, resulting in areas of poor air flow and uneven performance.

Face -- The imaginary plane running between the bottom of the sash to the work surface. Fume hood face velocity is measured across this plane.

7.1.2 Monitoring Fume Hood Function The ultimate goal of fume hood use is to contain the contaminants generated within the hood. A face velocity of 100 fpm with a minimum of turbulence is generally considered a good compromise between competing air forces and the creation of turbulent eddies. Face velocity is strongly dependent on sash height. When not in use the sash should be closed completely. This will reduce noise levels and ease the load on the heating or air conditioning system.

The face velocity of each fume hood is tested annually by a contractor via OHS. The yellow label affixed on the left side of the hood indicates the most recently measured fume hood face velocity and the date by which the fume hood should be retested. Call OHS if your fume hood has not been retested by the expiration date.

This face velocity information represents air flow results at the time of the test. Fume hood function can change from one moment to the next due to system irregularities such as fume hood storage and use, broken belts, electrical malfunctions, or maintenance activities. For this reason it is important that you always verify air flow prior to conducting procedures inside the fume hood. This can be done by checking the air flow gauge on the fume hood, if so equipped. If you suspect fume hood is not working contact the Academic Chair.

7.1.3 Standard Operation of Fume Hoods

• Confirm that the hood is operational. If fitted with a local on/off switch, make sure the switch is in the "on" position. Check the air flow gauge if so equipped. Never work with a malfunctioning fume hood. Report problem fume hoods to Physical Resources at extension 7710.

• Maintain operations at least 6" inside the hood face. Barricade tape can be attached to the work surface to serve as a visual reminder.

• Lower sash to optimum height. Optimum height is the sash height at which air flow is maximized without creating turbulence, generally 100 feet per minute. With unattended or potentially explosive processes, conduct the operation behind a lowered sash or safety shield.

• Keep head out of hood except when installing and dismantling equipment. • Keep hood storage to an absolute minimum. Keep only items needed for the ongoing operation

inside the hood. Keep the back bottom slot clear at all times as it serves as an exhaust port for fumes generated near the work surface. Raise large objects at least two inches off the hood surface to minimize air flow disruption.

• Minimize foot traffic around the fume hood. A person walking past a fume hood can create competing currents at the hood face, causing vapors to flow out. Other sources of competing air currents such as open windows and fans should also be avoided while using a fume hood.

• Use extreme caution with ignition sources inside a fume hood. Ignition sources such as electrical connections, Variac controllers and open flame can be used inside a fume hood as long as there are no operations involving flammable or explosive vapors. If possible, ignition sources should remain outside the hood at all times.

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• Replace hood components prior to use. Every component of a fume hood, whether airfoil, baffle, or sash, plays a vital role in preventing the escape of hazardous materials from the fume hood.

7.2 Compressed Gas Cylinders Compressed gas cylinders can be extremely hazardous when misused or abused. Students may not handle gas cylinders or valves. Certain precautions must be observed when storing, handling, and using compressed gas cylinders in order to keep the hazards to a minimum. The uncontrolled release of a compressed gas can result in serious consequences, not only because of possible toxicity and flammability, but also because a high pressure cylinder can become a lethal missile if the cylinder valve is broken off.

7.2.1 Gas Cylinder Storage

• Store cylinders in an upright position (valve end up) on a level fireproof floor. • Fasten cylinders securely at all times. • Keep storage area well ventilated and dry. • Ensure no flammable substances such as oil and volatile liquids are stored in the same area. • Store out of direct sunlight and away from other sources of heat, as cylinder temperatures must

not exceed 125°F. • When gas cylinders are empty, this should be noted on the tag. • No smoking in the storage room or near any compressed gas. • Remove all sources of ignition from the storage room.

Figure 3. Appropriate storage of gas cylinders.

7.2.2 Handling Compressed Gases

• Numbers, marks, and paint colors on cylinders identify them and must not be removed or changed. Tags attached to the cap are not a satisfactory method of identification.

• Keep the metal cap securely in place to protect the valve whenever the cylinder is not connected for use.

• Protect cylinders from damage. • Because of their shape, smooth surface, and weight, cylinders must not be carried by hand.

Cylinders are to be moved only with cylinder carts in which a chain securely holds the cylinder. • If necessary, cylinders may be rolled on their bottom edge while in a nearly vertical position, but

never dragged. • Keep valve caps in place when cylinders are transported, moved, or not connected for use. • Do not use cylinders for rollers, supports, or any purpose other than to contain gas.

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• Avoid dropping cylinders or allowing them to strike violently against other cylinders. • Handle empty cylinders as carefully as full ones. Residual pressures can be dangerous. • Do not tamper with safety devices in valves or on cylinders. • Never refill a cylinder. This calls for specialized equipment and techniques. • Never mix gasses in a cylinder. The next person who draws from it may unknowingly cause an

explosion. • If an outlet valve becomes clogged with ice or frozen, thaw with warm (not boiling) water (if gas is

not water reactive), applied only to the valve. Do not use a flame.

7.2.3 Use and Operation

• Use cylinders, particularly those containing liquefied gas, in an upright position and secure them firmly with chains or clamps.

• Reduce the pressure of a compressed gas through a manufacturer’s specified regulator attached to the cylinder valve.

• Ensure the threads on a regulator or union correspond with those on the cylinder valve outlet. Do not force mismatched connections.

• Use regulators and pressure gauges only with gases for which they are designed and intended. Do not use adapters or modify connectors to circumvent this rule.

• Open cylinder valves slowly with valve outlet directed away from all personnel. • Never use oil or grease on valves or attachments for oxygen cylinders and never handle oxygen

cylinders and apparatus with oily hands, gloves, or clothing. • Test cylinders for leaks each time you use them. Use soapy water, an approved leak-test solution

or detection equipment to check for leaks. Never use flame. • Never direct compressed air or other gases toward the body. • Do not use force to open or close cylinder valves. • Use the cylinder valve for turning the gas off, not the regulator valve. • Close the main cylinder valve as soon as it is no longer necessary to have it open. • Before you remove the regulator make sure that the cylinder valve is closed.

8.0 HEATING BATHS, WATER BATHS Heating baths keep immersed materials immersed at a constant temperature. The following precautions are appropriate for heating baths:

• set up on a stable surface, away from flammable and combustible materials including wood and paper;

• relocate only after the liquid inside has cooled; • use with the thermostat set well below the flash point of the heating liquid in use; and • equip with a thermometer to allow a visual check of the bath temperature.

The most common heating bath used in laboratories is the water bath. When using a water bath: • clean regularly - a disinfectant, such as a phenolic detergent, can be added to the water; • avoid using sodium azide to prevent growth of microorganisms as sodium azide forms explosive

compounds with some metals; and • unplug the unit before filling or emptying.

9.0 OVENS AND HOT PLATES

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Laboratory ovens are useful for baking or curing material, off-gassing, dehydrating samples and drying glassware. Adhere to the following guidelines:

• Discontinue use of any oven whose backup thermostat, pilot light or temperature controller has failed.

• Avoid heating toxic materials in an oven unless it is vented outdoors (via a canopy hood, for example).

• Never use laboratory ovens for preparation of food for human consumption. • Glassware that has been rinsed with an organic solvent should be rinsed with distilled water before

it is placed in a drying oven.

10.0 ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT The following instructions for safe use of analytical equipment are general guidelines; consult the user's manual for more detailed information on the specific hazards:

• All analytical equipment must have a valid SOP document and all Faculty must be signed off on the SOP to use the equipment.

• Ensure that installation, modification and repairs of analytical equipment are carried out by authorized service personnel.

• Read and understand the manufacturer's instructions before using this equipment. • Make sure that preventive maintenance procedures are performed as required. • Do not attempt to defeat safety interlocks.

11.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Acute Exposure: A single exposure to a substance or multiple exposures occurring within a short time, usually 24 hours or less.

Allergens: Substances which trigger the body's immune response and produce an allergic response.

Asphyxiants: Substances that replace oxygen, and eventually making breathing impossible.

Auto-ignition Temperature:

Temperature at which the vapour from a liquid will ignite without a source of ignition such as a spark or flame.

Carcinogens: Substances or agents capable of causing cancer in mammals.

Ceiling Exposure Limit [C or CEL]:

The maximum concentration of a chemical to which one may be exposed at any time. This value is never to be exceeded without special precautions.

Chronic Exposure: Repeated exposure to a substance over a relatively long period of time [typically more than ten per cent of lifetime in laboratory studies].

Combustible Liquid: Liquids with flash points 100 °F [37.8 °C] or more, but less than 93.3 °F [200 °C] when tested in accordance with an established procedure.

Flammable Limits: The upper and lower concentrations of a gas or vapour in air between which an explosion or propagation of flame will occur when an ignition source is present.

Flammable Liquid: A liquid with a flash point below 100 °F [38.7 °C] when tested in accordance with an established procedure.

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Flash Point: The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapour to ignite in the presence of a source of ignition under specified test conditions.

Half Life: The period of time for a chemical or radioactive substance to lose half its concentration or activity due to metabolic uptake, decay, or other chemical change.

I.D.L.H.: Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. An atmosphere where the concentration of oxygen or flammable or toxic air contaminants would cause a person without respiratory protection to be fatally injured or would cause irreversible and incapacitating effects on that person's health.

Irritants: Substances, which cause reddening, itching or pain to exposed bodily parts.

LC50 and LD50: These are not exposure criteria, but represent the concentrations taken orally or inhaled, which killed about 50% of a test population. One need not remember the exact meaning of the terms. It is useful however, to know that a low LC or LD50 quantity indicates the relative toxicity of a substance.

Mutagen: Substances that cause genetic mutation in living cells. May occur in either reproductive or body cells.

Odour Threshold: The lowest airborne concentration of a chemical that can be perceived by the sense of smell.

Pictogram: Refers to the stylized graphical material, which appears within a hazard symbol.

Poisons: Any substances which injurious to health when taken into the body.

Polymerization: A chemical reaction in which one or more small molecules combine to form larger molecules. A hazardous polymerization is one that takes place at a rate, which releases large amounts of energy.

Risk Phrase: A statement identifying a hazard that may arise from the nature of the controlled product or the class, division or subdivision of controlled products.

Sensitizer: A substance, which on first exposure causes little or no reaction in man or test animals, but which on repeated exposure may cause a marked response not necessarily, limited to the contact site. Skin sensitization is the most common form in industry, although respiratory tract sensitization also occurs.

Short Term Exposure Limit [STEL]:

The maximum exposure limit to which one may exposed for a brief (generally 15 minute) period for a maximum of 4 such periods per day, without suffering serious health effects.

Solvent: A liquid that will dissolve another substance.

Synergist: An agent or substance that augments or increases the activity or effects of another agent or substance. Often increases the dangerous effects of the mixture.

TDG: Refers to Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act

Teratogen: Substances that deform a fetus or cause birth defects.

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Threshold Limit Value: Threshold Limit Value is a term used by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists [ACGIH] to express the airborne concentration of a material to which nearly all persons can be exposed day after day, without adverse effects.

Time Weighted Average [TWA]:

The airborne concentration of a substance to which a person is exposed when calculated as a weighted average over a period of time [usually 8 hours].

Vapour: The gaseous form of a substance that is found in a solid or liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure.

Vapour Pressure: The pressure exerted by a saturated vapour above its own liquid in a closed container.

Ventilation - exhaust: Considered as either "general" or "local" exhaust ventilation, and involve mechanical systems, which are designed, installed and maintained for the control of airborne contaminants. Local exhaust systems are preferred for the control of harmful substances. Designs should be in accordance with established ventilation principles produced by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists.

Warning Properties: The capability of chemicals to be noticed by human senses at levels in the air below those, which may cause ill health effects.