label annotation aerial oblique - WordPress.com · Give 4 advantages of using ICT in the presentation and analysis of data provides the ability to process, ... upload photographs

St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION

Give 4 advantages of using ICT in the collection of data

can use a handheld GPS to get accurate location information

which can be used to show data linked to specific locations

within a GIS

can collect qualitative data using digital cameras which can be

used to help explain findings / anomalies

can access data that may not otherwise have been available -

e.g. secondary data from internet

can ensure greater accuracy in readings and automatic

collection to enable studies of change over time (using data

loggers)


Give

Give 4 disadvantages in the use of ICT in the collection

of data

often requires expensive equipment (e.g. data loggers /

Global Positioning Systems)

may require specific software to actually make use of the

data collected using data loggers etc.

data from the internet may have some bias (need to

consider reliability)


Give 4 advantages of using ICT in the presentation and

analysis of data

provides the ability to process, search and query data

using GIS

can save time - some graphical techniques and statistical

tests are time consuming by hand (time saved can be

spent on interpreting findings)

wide variety of different graphs can be produced quickly

base maps can be produced quickly


Give 4 disadvantages of using ICT in the presentation

and analysis of data

may require particular computer programmes (may

be expensive)

need to ensure type of graph chosen is appropriate

for data being presented

accuracy of graphs produced will only be as

accurate as the raw data

some inaccuracies may occur during data input


Give 3 advantages of GIS

provides ability to show lots of information on one map

information can be linked together to help identify spatial

patterns / support analysis of data

more and more people have access to GIS - e.g. i-phones etc.

GIS used by many public services to improve services offered

GPS combined with GIS has made travelling between places

easier

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Year 11 - Geographical Skills www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com





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Give 3 disadvantages of GIS

May include:

May require expensive software and a computer which

needs keeping updated

Some software is complicated to use / may require

training

if too many layers or data are added to a map it can be

difficult to interpret

GIS produces maps - but skills is still required to interpret

the maps in a geographical context.


How could you improve a geographical enquiry using

GIS?

upload photographs onto Google Earth using place

marks

Measure straight line distances and irregular lines

Locate study areas and access aerial photographs

Link data / graphs collected with specific places in a

GIS system


What steps would you take to download a satellite

image to help with data presentation in a geographical

enquiry?

1. Identify a source for satellite images, e.g. through a google search, or

using a specific programme such as Google Earth.

2. Once located image - right click and save, or print screen image

3. Image can then be pasted within text and given a title. Annotations can

be made using text boxes.

4. A figure number should be given so that it can be made reference to in

text and the source of the image added.


What is meant by the site of a settlement?

What could be included in a description of site?

This refers to the physical characteristics of the place

and the land it is built on.

S H A W L

Slope; Height above sea level; Aspect (way slope

faces); Water Supply; Land (e.g. floodplain)


How could you use the internet to search for a

particular topic area to support a geographical

enquiry?

1. Use a google search, with appropriate key words and where

appropriate the + sign in between to get more focused results

2. Check origin of the information given in the website (to consider

reliability / possible bias)

3. If it is a controversial topic that is being investigated, or involves

specific points of view - look for a number of different views to get

a more balanced overview.

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Yr 11 - Tectonics www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com











What is meant by the situation of a place?

The location of a place in relation to other places (e.g. 2

km northwest of the A428, or located on the south bank of the

River Ouse) etc.

Remember - P A R C

Places (nearby Settlements); Accessibility; Relief (near hills

etc.) Communications (e.g. near roads / rivers)


What is the difference between an aerial photograph

and an oblique photograph?

An aerial photograph is a photograph taken directly

from above - i.e. a birds-eye view, whereas an oblique

photograph is one taken from above, but from an

angle.


What is the difference between a label and an

annotation?

A label is a simple descriptive point whereas an

annotation is an explanatory label.

e.g. outside of meander (label)

outside of a meander which river flows faster due to less

friction (annotation)


Briefly describe the main stage in drawing a sketch

map

1. Draw a simple box frame and add grid lines to act as

guidelines

2. Draw any features relevant to the question asked and

which will help make the map make more sense (e.g. roads /

major settlements)

3. Add appropriate labels and annotations


Define the following terms:

Linear Settlement

Nucleated Settlement

Dispersed Settlement

Linear Settlement - where buildings are located either side

of a main road

Nucleated Settlement - where buildings are grouped

together (often at a crossroads or around a village green)

Dispersed Settlement - where individual buildings are

spread out around an area

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What does scale mean and what does a scale of

1:50,000 mean?

Scale is the link between real life distances and those

shown on a map. 1:50,000 means that 1cm on the map

is equal to 50,000cm in real life - i.e. 1cm on a map =

0.5km in real life.


If asked to measure distance on a map, what is the

difference between direct or straight line distance and

actual distance?

Direct, or straight line distance, means measuring the

direct distance between two places on a map (i.e. not

following roads)

Actual distance, means measuring the distance by

roads between two places.


Give examples of human features that you could

describe from a map

Relates to man-made features / influenced by humans

and may include:

Land-use (i.e. residential, recreation, industrial etc.)

Communications (i.e. roads, railways etc.)

Settlement (inc. site, situation, shape (linear,

nucleated etc.))


Give examples of physical features that you could

describe from a map.

Relates to natural features - so may include:

- relief (shape of land - e.g. contour patterns, shape of land -

e.g. valleys, height above sea level etc.)

- Drainage (e.g. number of rivers, width, lakes, marsh etc.)

- Vegetation - woodland, type vegetation etc.


A. B.

What landscape features would these contour patterns

represent?

A. A V-shaped valley

B. East facing steep sided slope

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What is meant by Continuous Data?

Data that can take any value (within a range). You can

count, order and measure continuous data

Examples: heights e.g. 1.2metres 10.6 metres. People's

heights could be any value (within the range of human

heights), not just certain fixed heights.


What is meant by Discrete Data?

Data which has values which are distinct and separate

(i.e. they can be counted - e.g. 1,2 3)). Examples

include gender (male, female); blood group (O A B AB)


Give 3 advantages of using Bar Graphs and also state a

disadvantage

Advantages:

- can easily compare 2 or 3 data sets

- can estimate values from a glance

- summarises large data sets in visual form

Disadvantages:

- can only be used with discrete data


Describe the stages involved in constructing a bar

chart

1. Choose an appropriate scale for the x and y axis and draw up the

axis on graph paper using a ruler and sharp pencil

2. Draw each bar to the correct value (leaving a gap between each

bar)

3. Label each axis and add a title

4. Colour each bar and add a key


Describe the difference between a bar graph and a

Histogram

Histograms show continuous data and therefore bars

are drawn touching each other, whereas bar graphs

show discrete data and each bar should have a small

gap between them.

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Give one advantage of a located bar chart over a

normal bar graph

Located bar charts help to give spatial relevance to

data and therefore help identify differences between

places enabling easy visual comparison


What are flow lines used for?

These lines can be used to show direction and

movement - the direction of the line representing the

direction of the flow and the thickness of the line

representing the volume of flow.


Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of isolines

Advantages:

1. good for showing gradual changes over space

2. avoids the abrupt changes shown on choropleth maps

Disadvantages:

1. requires a large amount of data for accurate drawing

2. unsuitable for showing discontinuous patchy

distributions


What data to the following isolines show? - Isohyets

- Contour Lines

- Isochrones

- Isobars

- Isovels

- Isohyets - join places of equal rainfall

- Contour Lines - join places of equal height

- Isochrones - join places which are of equal time distance

from an area

- Isobars - join places of equal air pressure

- Isovels - join places of equal velocity in a river


What is meant by an isoline?

An isoline joins places of equal value and show the

distribution of a variable over an area.

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Year 11 - Geographical Skills



Year 11 - Geographical Skills










Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using a

flow line map

An advantage is that it gives a strong visual impression of

both volume of movement and direction of movement

between 2 places.

However

A disadvantage is that parts of the map can get very

crowded and make it more difficult to interpret


Give examples of data that could be shown using flow

lines.

1. Pedestrian flows around a CBD

2. Traffic flows between a settlement and

surrounding villages

3. Migration to or from the UK


Evaluate the usefulness of a pie chart as a

graphical technique

Advantages:

Visually very clear

shows % total for each category (easy comparison)

commonly used technique - easy to understand

can also make circle size proportional to total quantity represented

Disadvantages

doesn't provide much numerical data

hard to compare 2 data sets

if more than 3-6 categories - difficult to read

can only be used with discrete data


Describe the stages involved in constructing an isoline

map

1. Draw / find a base map showing the relevant area

2. Identify and name the places of origin and destination of flow

3. Look at range of values of the flow and decide on appropriate

scales

4. Draw on the flow lines - tail of arrow should be in country

where the flow began and arrow should point to the UK

5. Add a scale, title and shade the arrow to make them clearer.


Describe what is meant by a pictogram

A pictogram uses symbols to show the data that you

want to present. Each symbol stands for a certain

quantity - e.g. for a pictogram showing a traffic count -

one picture of a car may represent 10 cars in reality.

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What criteria need to be met to use a Triangular Graph

to represent a data set?

The data set needs to be made up of 3 parts and each

needs to be in % adding up to 100%


Give 3 advantages of a Triangular Graph

1. A large number of data can be shown one graph

2. Enables data to be classified easily

3. A sophisticated technique showing information

about several variables on one graph

4. Dominant characteristics can be shown clearly


Give examples of data which could be represented

using a triangular graph

1. Employment Structure (i.e. % working in primary,

secondary and tertiary industry)

2. Land use (i.e. % residential, recreational and

industrial)

3. Soil Texture (i.e. % sand, % clay and % loam)


What is a choropleth map?

These maps are shaded according to a pre-arranged

range, with each colour presenting a particular range

of values. For example showing population density


State 2 disadvantages of a Triangular Graph as a

presentation technique

1. Can be difficult and time consuming to construct

2. Can only be used for data with 3 components

given in % form and which adds up to 100%

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Describe the basic stages in constructing a choropleth

map

1. Locate an appropriate base map for the study area

2. Select the groupings to be mapped - rind the range

of values and devise a shading scale

3. Choose an appropriate shading to use (could be one

colour - highest values represented by darkest colour)

4. Shade map neatly and add a key to show the ranges

5. Give map a title.


What is a dispersion graph and what are there

uses?

Dispersion graphs show the range of a date set, they

can be useful for showing the tendency of a data set to

group or disperse.

Dispersion graphs can also be useful for comparing the

range of two data sets.


State one advantage and one disadvantage of a

choropleth map

Advantage - gives a good visual impression of the data

and changes over space - patterns can easily be

identified

Disadvantage - can hid variations within an area (and if

too many categories - can be difficult to distinguish

between shades)


What is meant by a proportional symbol?

A proportional symbol - e.g. proportional circles, are

drawn in a proportion that represents the size of the

value that is being presented.


Give 2 advantages of proportional symbols

1. Proportional symbol maps are not dependent on

the size of the area associated with the variable so all

areas have equal visual importance

2. provides a quick visual comparison of a variable

between 2 places.

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On a scattergraph - how do you decide which variable

is plotted on the x axis and which variable is plotted on

the y-axis?

The independent variable is plotted on the x axis and the

dependent variable (i.e. the variable that is believed to rely on the

other) is plotted on the y axis.

For example - GNP and Birth Rate: GNP is a measure of wealth and

will affect Birth Rate - therefore GNP is the independent variable

and is plotted on the x-axis whereas Birth Rate is the independent

variable and is plotted on the y axis.


What are Scattergraphs used for?

Scattergraphs can be used to see if there is a

relationship between two sets of data and can indicate

the nature of the relationship.


What is a best fit line used for on a scattergraph?

A best fit line is used to indicate the strength of a

relationship shown between two variables on a

scattergraph


Give 2 ways in which GIS can be used in society.

1. Emergency Services - ambulances use GIS to improve response time to

identify where the nearest ambulance is to an emergency. A traffic map can

help controllers make a decision on which ambulance to send, depending

on how close and any traffic congestion / road works.

2. GIS is used to provide navigation systems in cars

3. Utility companies use GIS to locate and manage water, drains, gas and

electricity supplies.


What is meant by GIS?

GIS is a Geographical Information System

- it is software tool that is available to geographers to

aid the mapping and spatial analysis of data and

information. It enables data to plotted and

interrogated digitally in a map form. GIS can involve

the layering of data, to overlay different data sets and

look for spatial patterns and relationships therefore

enabling us to make sense of large amounts of data

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What does layering mean in the context of GIS?

GIS enables large amounts of data to be shown on one

map. Each data set represents a different layer which

is superimposed on a map, so different layers can be

switched on and off as required to add further detail

to a map - e.g. a layer showing relief of land, a layer

showing names of settlement, a layer showing position

of rivers etc.

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label annotation aerial oblique - WordPress.com · Give 4 advantages of using ICT in the presentation and analysis of data provides the ability to process, ... upload photographs