SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 9

yV y VVVyVvyyyyyyyyyyyyyyRecommended for use in theARMY AIR FORCE PROGRAMFOR AIR CREW TRAINING

MAP. INTERPRETATIONWITH MILITARY APPLICATIONS

By WILLIAM C. PUTNAMDepartment of Geology, University of California at Los Angeles

67 pages, 81/2 x 11, fully illustrated. $1.25

T HIS timely new text provides a basis for the map study of terrain features of militarysignificance, showing the student how to recognize such features and to evaluate their tacticalimportance. The book includes a discussion of the characteristics of topographic maps andaerial photographs and the nature of landforms represented on them. No previous knowl-edge of geology is required and the treatment has been kept as nontechnical as possible.Controversial theories on the origin of various landforms are omitted, and a practical, objec-tive approach is maintained throughout.

An outstanding feature of the book is the wealth of excellent illustrations, includingtopographic maps, vertical and oblique aerial photographs, and block diagrams. All illus-trations are closely integrated with the text and greatly increase the teaching value of thebook.

The discussion of the characteristics of maps used in military operations is organizedin approximately the same style as the War Department Basic Field Manuals 21-26 and21-30. The material included in this text is, however, sufficiently complete to stand by itself.

CONTENTSI. IntroductionII Contour Maps

ScaleRepresentative FractionGraphic Scales

DirectionDeclination

Cultural FeaturesContours

Construction of Contour MapsProfilesGradientRoad and Railroad LayoutsVisibilityLocation

ResectionTriangle of Error

m. Aerial PhotographsVertical Photographs

Effect of ReliefEffect of Tilt

ScaleDirectionStereoscopic Examination

InterpretationNegative Relief

Water FeaturesStreamsLakesCanalsThe OceanSwamps

Relief FeaturesArtificial Structures

BuildingsRoadsVegetation and Land Use

IV. Geologic InterpretationRocks

Igneous RocksMetamorphic RocksSedimentary Rocks

Send for a copy on approval

McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC.330 West 42nd Street, New York, N. Y.

MARCH 5, 1943

Aldwych House, London, W.C.2

SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENT VOL. 97, No. 2514

SCIENCE NEWSScience Service, Washington, D. C.

BIOLOGY, THE SCIENCE OF PEACEBIOLOGY, unlike physics and chemistry, has not been

heavily drawn upon in the service of war, Dr. EdwinGrant Conklin, president of the American PhilosophicalSociety and of Science Service, pointed out in an addresson March 1 given before the Science Talent Institute,attended by the forty topiflight high school Seniors,in Washington to compete for scholarship prizes in theSecond Annual Science Talent Search.

Biology is the science of peace, Dr. Conklin empha-sized; it is the science of life rather than of death.Biologists have been left at their normal posts, to teachmedical students and to carry on research in agriculture,nutrition and public health.

Dr. Conklin pointed out that "Biology is in times ofwar less applied than these other subjects, but it is noless important. Nothing concerns man so much as under-standing life-his own life and that of animals andplants. The great lesson of evolution is not that we are

descended from monkeys (which we are not), but thefact that all life, that of plants, animals and men, isfundamentally alike."The speaker warned his young hearers against the

heresy, too prevalent in the period between the twoWorld Wars, that the chief aim of science is materialsuccess in war or in peace. He challenged them to pro-

duce from their ranks a new Darwin who will discoverthe unknown factors of evolution, a new Pasteur who willdemonstrate the causes of cancer, a new Columbus ofbiology who will venture out on the dark unknown sea

between the living and the non-living and find the con-

nection between them.

VANADIUM IN ANCIENT OCEAN BEDSIN IDAHO AND WYOMING

DEVELOPMENT tunnels to tap a jackpot of the war

metal, vanadium, are being driven into the canyon wallsof Sublette ridge. This formation, running off the south-eastern tip of Idaho into Wyoming, is the site of oldocean beds which it is estimated contain millions of tonsof vanadium ore. From it comes the light gray metalused as a toughener for armor plate, guns, machine toolsand other victory ingredients.

Discovered by the U. S. Geological Survey, the depositswill go far toward making the nation self-sufficient in

this war necessity. Up to this time an important partof our vanadium came across submarine-infested sea

routes from foreign mines, mainly in Peru. Utilizationof the newly found deposits would free much neededshipping space.More than two years ago phosphate miners in this

region began to recover vanadium as a by-product with-

out knowing of the richer beds which lay near-by. Butabout this time, W. W. Rubey, of the Geological Survey,searching for phosphate fertilizer, sent in some unim-

portant-appearing dark shales and mud-stones for analy-sis. Back came the report on vanadium-a much higherpercentage than appeared in the phosphate rock itself.

Then came a tedious period of exploration and sam-

pling. Along a gulch at the foot of Sublette ridge, thesearchers came upon the long-abandoned diggings of an

old fertilizer prospector. Here a vanadium-rich samplewas found which led them to still others. Most of thebetter analyses seemed to come from one particular bed.

After Pearl Harbor the work was pushed with renewedvigor. Hundreds of old samples were reexamined. Withthis correlated data, Mr. Rubey again went into the fieldlast spring to test his theory that a single workable vana-

dium bed of wide extent had been discovered.Establishing a field laboratory, he took more samples

and analyzed them on the spot. Engineers from theBureau of Mines then came in to.cooperate. Finally itwas proved that the bed was vanadium-bearing nearlyeverywhere and its position was carefully mapped. Theresults were turned over to the Bureau of Mines, the WarProduction Board and the Metals Reserve Company foraction. Secretary Ickes has banned speculative claim-staking to insure rigorous testing and proper public con-

trol of this important war project.

SOUTHERN PINE STUMP AND PINE OILPINE stump salvaging has become a profitable enter-

prise in southern states where reduction plants have beenestablished to chew them up and extract their turpentine,resin and pine oil. The plants are working at full speedthese days as the war activities use up their products as

fast as they can turn them out.Generally the stumps are left in the ground to rot if

the land is to be used for another timber crop. Theymust be cleared if the land is to be used for farming.Leaving them in the ground or pulling and burning themwastes their valuable resinous and oil contents. Muchexperimental work has been done during the past two or

three decades by the U. S. Department of Agricultureand by private companies interested in naval stores, tofind a profitable method of extracting resinous contentsfor commercial purposes. Processes have now been sim-plified and a great expansion in the industry may beexpected.

Before the stumps are processed they must be thor-oughly dried. Usually they are left in the ground to dry.This may take several years. While drying importantchanges take place in the composition of their resinouscontents. Then they are pulled with special machines,loaded on trucks and taken to the mill. They are washedfree of all earth in long troughs through which they are

dragged on an endless chain in a stream of runningwater.The next step is their mastication. They are ground

in drums with heavy cutting blades that crush, cut andchew them into small pieces. In another machine theyare further shredded into tiny chips. What was once an

ungainly stump is now a mass of very small pieces, and

ready for the treatment necessary to extract the oil, tur-

pentine and resin. The extraction is accomplished in

large tanks, some of which will hold as much as 15 tons

10

MARCH 5, 1943 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 11

Announcing an unusual and important second-yearPhysics text-now ready:

ANALYTICAL EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICSBy Harvey B. Lemon and Michael Ference, Jr.

The University of Chicago

Tested for seven years in mimeographed textform, this book's effectiveness for both teacherand student has been proved. Its emphasis is onfundamental concepts without neglecting prac-tical applications.

This text is for full-year course in colleges andengineering schools giving physics courses atsophomore level, and of analytical character; itis particularly valuable for pre-electronics andpre-meteorological courses; and suitable for col-lateral reading in physics courses in liberal artsand junior colleges.

Distinctive features are: 1. exceptional amountof analysis; 2. experimental methods; 3. 66 full-

page plates showing experiments recorded inmotion picture strips, so that apparatus and proc-esses can be reviewed again and again; 4. abun-dance of worked examples; 5. abundance of prac-tice problems; 6. queries on concepts at end ofeach section; 7. extensive mathematical appendixcontaining all formulas needed; 8. advanced topicsstarred in table of contents, to be omitted in shortcourses.A beautiful book, containing 600 large pages,

size 9 x 113, each page containing almost twicethe amount of material on an average size page;66 half-tone pages, almost 600 zincs. Price,$7.00. Write for illustrated brochure withsample pages.

Also just published:A distinctly new type second-year text onFOOD CHEMISTRY AND COCKERY

By Evelyn G. Halliday andIsabel T. Noble

Authors of "Hows and Whys of Cooking"

A new practical manual for teaching homeeconomists and food research laboratories, withmany novel and distinctive features. Discus-sions and experiments illustrate the chemicalprinciples upon which good practices in foodpreparation and preservation are based. Manychemical methods and pieces of apparatus notheretofore utilized in food classes have been madea part of the experiments featured, with detaileddirections and lists of apparatus, food materials,chemicals and solutions called for. 380 pages,39 illustrations. $3.00

A concise, up-to-date study ofFOOD POISONING

By Gail M. Dack, M.D.Associate Professor of Bacteriology,

University of ChicagoThis book collects and brings up to date our

knowledge on food poisoning, a field in whichthere have been tremendous advances in recentyears. Similarities and distinctions are drawn sothat the volume will be of interest also as a studyof the numerous gastrointestinal upsets whichmay or may not be due to food poisoning. Ofextreme war-time importance to Army, Navy,and Marine medical officers, as well as to publichealth workers, practicing physicians, the foodindustries, teachers of home economics, and alliedprofessions. $2.00

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS * 5750 ELLIS AVENUE * CHICAGO, ILL.

SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 11MARCH 5, 1943

SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENT

of the chips. The tanks are sealed and the contentstreated with a solvent-benzole, naphtha or other petro-leum product-which is steam-heated and forced in underpressure. The solvent mixes with the tiny chips and takesup the resin, turpentine and oil in solution. When theprocess is completed the liquid is drawn off and the resin-free wood is used for fuel under the boilers of the plant.The liquid solution is first cooled. A resinous pitch

settles which is easily separated. It is sold to foundrieswhere it is used as a core binder. The remaining liquidis separated by distillation. The petroleum solvent isevaporated off first, as it has the lowest boiling point.It is reused. The turpentine is evaporated off next, thenthe pine oil. The resin is left in the retort, from whichit is drained as a heavy fluid that hardens as it cools.

Longleaf pine and slash pine stumps are used in theseprocesses. There are some nine or ten well-equippedplants operated in the country. The uses of turpentineand resin are well known. Pine oil is used in the manu-

facture of textile sizes, disinfectants, liquid and industrialsoaps, and in a variety of sprays. It is used also as a

flotation agent in recovering metals in copper refining.

NUTRITIONAL STANDARDSRECONSTRUCTION in the postwar world, and advances

to new achievements in civilization and culture, will de-pend to a very considerable extent on a high nutritionalstandard-higher than was ever known in prewar ways,

according to Dr. Frank G. Boudreau, executive directorof the Milbank Memorial Fund, who spoke at the mid-winter meeting of the American Philosophical Society.The advantages of abundant nutrition over just-suffi-

cient feeding have been repeatedly demonstrated, both insociological field observations and in controlled experi-ments, Dr. Boudreau pointed out. Even with animals theresults are beyond argument. Colonies of laboratory rats,descended from long lines of sleek and well-fed ancestors,immediately showed improvements in health, vigor andlongevity when they were given extra feedings of vitaminsand other health-making factors. As negative evidence,Dr. Boudreau cited the cultural stagnation of the latemiddle ages and early modern times, when famines oc-

curred on the average of seven times in a century, keep-ing whole populations hungry as much as a tenth of thetime.

If we are to move forward into the gleaming civiliza-tion that forward-looking statesmen see for us beyondthe present smoky horizon, we shall have to see to it5that the American people, to say.nothing of the. rest ofthe world, receive far better nutrition than the averageAmerican prewar diet represented. Prewar consumption,on the basis of careful studies by the Food and Nutri-tion Board of the National Research Council, showed some

astonishing lacks, for a people who boasted themselves thebest fed in the world. From the diet designated by theNational Research Council studies as best adapted, thefollowing deficiencies were noted: 59 per cent. in leafygreen and yellow vegetables, of 45 per cent. in milk, 28

per cent. in citrus fruits and tomatoes, 25 per cent. inbeans, peas, and nuts, 17 per cent. in eggs, 14 per cent.in tomatoes, 4 per cent. in meat, poultry, and fish, and

2 per cent. in flour and other cereals. There was anexcess production of 8 per cent. in butter and other fatsand of 15 per cent. in sugar.To right this, even for the United States alone, will

require a reorientation of our agriculture that is notmuch short of a revolution.

ITEMSEVIDENCE that luminous hydrogen gas is streaming

from a faint star known to astronomers as HD 242257in the constellation of Auriga, the Charioteer, at the rateof 1,200,000 miles an hour, has been obtained by Dr.Paul W. Merrill, of the Mount Wilson Observatory. Ifthe sun were expanding with the same speed it wouldswell to the size of the earth's orbit in three days. Theevidence is based upon photographs of the spectrum ofthe star taken with the 100-inch reflecting telescope. Dr.Merrill suggests that possibly forces are at work in theatmosphere of the star similar in nature to those thatcause sudden eruptions of vast clouds from the surfaceof our sun. "So far as I am aware, no other star ex-cept a nova is known to be surrounded by an atmosphericshell of hydrogen expanding at so tremendous a rate,"said Dr. Merrill.

WAR plane output is being speeded by the productionof aircraft parts by thousands of factories scatteredthroughout the country. These converted plants are as-sisted in their war work by the use of standard specifica-tions distributed by the Society of Automotive Engineers.The specifications include precise engineering instructionscovering processes and materials, types, qualities and tol-erances. They have enabled widely separated plants toturn out standard aircraft parts which on the assemblyline in the warplane factory are used in the assemblingof the completed plane. Metallurgists and materials en-gineers representing the aircraft industries, and Armyand Navy officials cooperated in writing the specifications.Some 283 specifications have been completed. Others arein preparation. Nearly half of those originally issuedhave been revised to meet newer aircraft speeifications.

ABOUT 36,000 residents of Washington, D. C., most ofthem employees of the Federal Government, have beenvaccinated against smallpox since last December, has beenannounced by the District of Columbia Health Depart-ment. About 10,000 of these vaccinations were given byphysicians of the health department and the rest by the.medical.staffs of .various Federal and District agencies&The outbreak of smallpox in near-by Pennsylvania stimu-lated the current vaccination drive, but Dr. George C.Ruhland, health officer of the District of Columbia, is stillurging that all persons living there who have never beenvaccinated should take this health protection immediately.The reason is that Washington is the crossroads of theworld in war activities. People are coming not only fromthe entire nation but from all over the world, many ofthem from regions where vaccination against smallpox isnot practiced, and this increases the danger to unvacci-nated persons there. No case of smallpox has been re-ported in that city in the past 10 years.

VOL. 97, NO. 251412

SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 13

\two NEW TextSfor Ctla~ssroom orReference Use

TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY ANDPHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSESWritten by authorities in their respective fields, this new text presents the correlated subjects of anatomyand physiology on the unit plan. Accordingly, th3 topics are discussed under the headings, I-Body,Body Tissues, Environment; II-Posture and Movement; III-Integrative Mechanisms; IV-Mainte-nance of Body Tissues; V-Reproduction. The book is comprehensive, well illustrated with finely detailedblack and white drawings, and contains a well-rounded glossary.

by CARL C. FRANCIS, Senior Instructor in Anatomy, Laboratory of Anatomy, Western Reserve Uni-versity; W. W. TUTTLE, PH.D., Professor of Physiology, College of Medicine, State University of Iowa,and G. CLINTON KNOWLTON, Assistant Professor of Physiology, College of Medicine, State Univer-sity of Iowa. About 570 pages, 338 illustrations, 39 color plates. PRICE, about $3.50

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANICAND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRYThis new text is unique in its coverage of these two fields, and rich in potential use. The selection ofsubject matter renders it useful and interesting to a wide variety of students. Part I reviews chemicalfundamentals to refresh the student. Part II deals with organic chemistry, prefaced with suggestionsfor methods of successful study. Part III is a summary of the more important phases of metabolismand nutrition, presented on the basis of a chemical outline.

by L. EARLE ARNOW, Director of Biochemical R.search, Medical Research Division, Sharp & Dohme,Inc., Glenolden, Penna. and HENRY C. REITZ, Ass 't Chemist, Western Regional Research Laboratory,U. S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, Calif. About 711 pages, 91 illustrations. PRICE, about $3.50

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14 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 97, No. 25141

MAaRC 5, 1943 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

A.H.T. CO. SPECIFICATION

KOFLER MICRO HOT STAGE(MICRO MELTING POINT APPARATUS)

KOFLER MICRO HOT STAGE (Micro Melting Point

Apparatus), A.H.T. Co. Specification, electrically heated andwith stage calibrated thermometers.For determining corrected micro melting points by means of a

microscope with samples as small as a single crystal, permittingcontinuous observation of changes in the sample before, duringand after melting. Useful also for general micro-preparative

work, sublimations, measurements of refractive indices at ele-

vated temperatures, fusions,heating under controlled condi-tions, etc., and physico-chemicalstudies. See Ludwig Kofier,Mikrochemie, Vol. XV (1934),p. 242; and Kofier, Kofler andMayrhofer,

"Mikroskopische R

Methoden in der Mikrochemie"(Vienna, 1936).For temperatures up to 3500C,

with an accuracy of + 0.50C in

the range to 2000C and of A+ 1.00C in higher range. Canbe used with transmitted, re-

flected or polarized light on

any compound microscope pro-

viding magnifications from 50to 100x with objective havingworking distance of 6 mm or

more, and preferably with a

metal stage.TThe apparatus consists essen- 4-A

tially of an insulated metal *-

stage, 90 mm diameter x 20 mm Mhigh, heated by an embedded ____K__Nichrome unit, and with a cen-

tral light well fitted with a L < 909 's'Jacondensing lens system. A

L

threaded post takes either a fork D

for the micro slide or varioussublimation blocks. A vertical rheostat, specially designed for use with this Hot Stage, permits exact

reproduction of settings.The thermometers have been calibrated on the individual Hot Stage with which they are to be used.

A set of eight stable test reagents is included with each outfit. They are convenient, not only in ac-

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chart for the rheostat.6886-A. Micro Hot Stage, Kofler, as above described, complete outfit as shown in Illustration, i.e. Hot Stage

A, two calibrated thermometers M, cooling block H, Fischer sublimation blocks Ja and Jb, glassbaffle D, three sublimation dishes K, Kofler-I)ernbach vacuum sublimation chamber H, fork lifterL, twenty-four micro slides P. set of test reagents T, and vertical rheostat R; in case, with di-rections for use. For 115 volts, a.c. or d.c. 204.25

6887-A. Ditto, Hot Stage A, only, with twvo calibrated thermometers, cooling block, glass baffle and verticalrheostat but. without case or other accessories ...... ...................................... 151.95

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16 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 97, No. 2514

Spencer Microscopes in use in an Army Laboratory. Official Photo-Lowry Field*

The Greatest Health Crusade in HistoryHealth is the first prerequisite of a

soldier. Keeping him healthy is an es-

sential ingredient of Victory.Since World War I medical science

has crusaded relentlessly for greaterknowledge to insure better health. Thesuccess of this crusade is resulting in an

army which is far healthier than any in

history. Of equal importance is the factthat the nation behind our armed forcesis likewise one of the healthiest whichthe world has ever known.Today, as for over a century, Spencer

Microscopes are playing an importantrole in both medical progress and ap-

plied medical practice. Greatly increas-ed production facilities are in operationnight and day to meet the unprece-dented wartime needs for microscopes.

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Optical instruments are so vital to war and pub-lic health that the nation's needs absorb practicallyall of Spencer's greatly increased production.

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Spencer LENS COMPANYBUFFALO, NEW YORK

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT DIVISION OF

AMERICAN OPTICAL COMPANY

*This, of course, does not constitute an indorsement by the War Department or by any other Government Agency.

16 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 97, No. 2514