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SEC CSE/IV DBMS LAB MANUAL

SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGECOMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

ANNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, CHENNAI

REGULATION 2009

II CSE (2011-2015)

CS2254

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM LABORATORY

LAB MANUAL

BY

C.SARANYA, Assistant Professor.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TOPIC PAGE NO

I

Introduction to the language

Main Features

Advantages

Limitations

Applications

4

5

6

7

II Syllabus 10

III System Requirements 11

IV

Description about each experiment

AimLearning ObjectiveGeneral procedure to executeprograms

V Experiments

1 Data Definition, Table creation, Constraints 15

2 Insert, Select Commands, Updates, Delete Commands 21

3 Nested Queries & Join Queries 27

4 Views 38

5(a) Control structures 46

5(b) Procedures 54

5(c) Functions 58

6 Front End Tools 64

7 Forms 73

8 Triggers 76

9 Menu Design 86

10 Reports 91

11(a) Database design and implementation(Mini Project) 100

11(b) Database design and implementation(Library management) 105


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INTRODUCTION OF THE LANGUAGE

HISTORY OF ORACLE:

Larry Ellison and his friends, former co-workers Bob Miner and Ed Oates, started the

consultancy Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the original

version of the Oracle software.For more than three and a half decades, Oracle has been the leader

in database software. And as it has further developed technologies and acquired best-in-class

companies over the years, that leadership has expanded to the entire technology stack, from

servers and storage, to database and middleware, through applications and into the cloud.

It all began when Larry Ellison saw an opportunity other companies missed: a description

of a working prototype for a relational database. No company had committed to commercializing

the technology, but Ellison and co-founders Bob Miner and Ed Oates realized the tremendous

business potential of the relational database model. None of them realized at the time that the

company they formed would change the face of business computing.

Throughout its history Oracle has proved it can build for the future on the foundation of

its innovations and its knowledge of customer challenges and successes analyzed by the best

technical and business minds in the world.

DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF ORACLE:

The latest Oracle versions that are in use are Oracle 11g, Oracle 10g , Oracle 9i. Some

companies are still using Oracle 8i but Oracle does not support this version any more. Oracle 11g

is the latest version and companies are slowly upgrading their databases to 11g but it takes

another couple of years before all the companies move into 11g.Currently majority of companies

prefer to be on oracle 10g as 10g has lot of features. The g in 10g stands for 'Grid' . This means

the concept where multiple computers can be used together to make the database more powerful.

This is called the grid concept. Oracle 10g with RAC(real application clusters) is viewed by lot

of companies to be very powerful and following the Grid concept.


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database administrator (DBA) is responsible to create users, assign privileges, add

records, delete redundant information, and modify existing data

and process queries. This centrally stored data is shared and accessed by

variousapplications. This eliminates data entry and data storage redundancy.

Standardization

o A major advantage of Oracle SQL is its standardization and consistency among

various different implementations. SQL was first standardized by ANSI

(American Standards Institute) in 1986, and further ratified in 1987 by the

International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which remains its

standardization body.

LIMITATIONS:

Inability to Implement Recursive Processing

o According to "SQL for Dummies," one of the major drawbacks of SQL is its

incapability to execute recursive processing. Recursive processing is a type of

computer function (or program) in which one of the steps of a program (or

procedure) reruns the entire program (or procedure). SQL lacks looping

constructs that are common in other high-level programming languages, such as

for and what loops. It cannot repeat actions and there is no way to define

repetitive looping constructs in SQL.

Incompatibility and Complexity

o One of the major disadvantages of Oracle SQL is inconsistency and data

incompatibility in the areas of time and date syntax, string concatenation and case

sensitivity. The language is complex, with a keyword approach similar in

structure to COBOL (common business-oriented language), with fewer syntax

and grammar rules.


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Limited Functionality

o SQL is a domain specific or special-purpose language, and its use is limited to a

specific program domain. SQL statements are operated on tables and sets of data,

such as personnel databases and accounting spreadsheets. SQL is a declarative

domain specific language that is limited to the tabular representation of data.

APPLICATIONS:

PRODUCT LINES

Oracle offers more than ten comprehensive product lines, including Oracle E-Business Suite,

Siebel, Primavera, PeopleSoft, and ATG. Each product line is designed to meet specific business

needs in areas such as sales, business intelligence, enterprise resource planning, commerce, and

more.

Agile

ATG

AutoVue

Documaker

Endeca

Hyperion

JD Edwards EnterpriseOne

JD Edwards World

Taleo

Knowledge Management

Oracle Crystal Ball

Oracle CRM On Demand

Oracle E-Business Suite

Oracle Fusion Applications


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BUSINESS APPLICATIONS

Oracle offers more than 200 applications that address specific category-based business

requirements such as customer relationship management, financial management,

governance, risk, and compliance, project management, and more.

Business Analytics

Business Process Services

Customer Experience

Commerce Solution

Customer Relationship Management

Customer Self-Service

Enterprise Performance Management

Financial Management

Governance, Risk, and Compliance

Human Capital Management

Master Data Management

Oracle Policy Automation

Oracle Social Relationship Management

Procurement

Project Portfolio Management

Supply Chain Management

Transportation Management

INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS

Oracle's industry solutions are best-in-class products that address complex business processes

relevant to a wide range of industries. Oracle's solutions speed time to market, reduce costs, anddeliver a competitive edge.Engineering and Construction

Professional Services

Public Sector

Retail

Travel and Transportation


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IMPLEMENTATION AND INTEGRATION TOOLS

Oracle has a complete and open set of tools to provide sustainable integration across Oracle

and Non-Oracle Applications, best-practices that streamline new implementation at low risk,

and user-friendly tools to ensure success and accelerate user adoption.

Oracle Application Integration

Oracle Business Accelerators

Oracle User Productivity Kit

USES:

Increase productivity through real time component data.

Design reusability

Security for the users.

Connects as Back End for more number of consumption.

Useful in Report generation


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CHAPTER 2

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Data Definition, Table Creation, Constraints,

2. Insert, Select Commands, Update and Delete Commands.

3. Nested Queries and Join Queries

4. Views

5. High level programming language extensions (Control structures, Procedures and

Functions).6. Front End tools

7. Forms

8. Triggers

9. Menu Design

10. Reports.

11. Database Design and implementation (Mini Project).


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SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Processors - 2.0 GHz or Higher

RAM - 256 MB or Higher

Hard Disk - 20 GB or Higher

Operating System - Windows 2000/XP/NT

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Oracle 9i

Database Connectivity


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ABOUT THE DATABASE MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY

Aim of the Database management systems laboratory:

The main objective of this laboratory upon successful completion of this Lab the student will beable to:

Create database objects

Modify database objects

Manipulate the data

Retrieve the data from the database server

Perform database operations in a procedural manner using pl/sql

Performing database operations (create, update, modify, retrieve,etc.,) using front-end tools like D2K.

Design and Develop applications like banking, reservation system,

OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENTS

EXPERIMENT NO . 1 : (Data Definition, Table Creation, Constraints)

Data Definition, Table Creation, Constraints is used to describe the

concepts of table creation for a database.

Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table. It can

be specified when the table is created(WITH CREATE TABLE statement)

or after the table is created (with the ALTER TABLE statement).

EXPERIMENT NO . 2: (Insert, Select Commands, Update & Delete Commands.)

Insert into statement is used to insert a new row in a table.

The SELECT statement is used to select data from database.

8


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The Result is stored in the result table, called the result set.

EXPERIMENT NO . 3 (Nested Queries & Join Queries)

Join combines records from two or more tables in a database. It creates a

set that can be saved as a table or used as it is. A JOIN is a means forcombining fields from two tables by using values common to each.

Nested query is a query in a query. A subquery is usually added in the

WHERE Clause of the sql statement. Most of the time, a subquery is used

when you know how to search for a value using a SELECT statement, but

do not know the exact value.

EXPERIMENT NO. 4 (Views)

A view is a virtual relation that does not necessarily exist in the database

but can be produced upon request by a particular user at the time of request.

EXPERIMENT NO. 5: (High level programming language extensions (Control

structures, Procedures and Functions).)

A function is a named PL/SQL block which is similar to a procedure. The

major difference between a procedure and a function is, a function mustalways return a value. But a procedure may or may not return a value.

A stored procedure or in a simple a proc is a named PL/SQL block which

performs one or more specific task. A procedure may or may not return a

value.

EXPERIMENT NO . 6: (Front end tools)

Front end tools are used in Designing, Compiling, Running Forms in

Oracle Developer and Executing in SQL.

EXPERIMENT NO . 7: (Forms)

Forms are used to enter data into databases and to extract information from

database via predefined queries.

Eg:- www


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EXPERIMENT NO . 8: (Triggers)

A trigger is a pl/sql block structure which is fired when a DML statements

like insert, delete, update is executed on a database table. A trigger is

triggered automatically

when an associated DML statement is execute.

EXPERIMENT NO . 9: (Menu Design)

List of choices is provided by database developers for the benefit of users.

Menu Editor can create menus and menu items quickly and easily using form

builder.

EXPERIMENT NO. 10: (Reports)

Report generators are used to generate human readable summary

reports from a database.

Eg:- bar or pie graphs or charts.

EXPERIMENT NO. 11: (Database Design and implementation (Mini Project)

Implementation of library system and payroll processing using databaseconnectivity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

To be gather knowledge about database connectivity

Can know about SQL commands


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EX.NO:1

DATE: Data Definition, Table Creation, Constraints

DESCRIPTION:

Data definition language (DDL) statements let you to perform these tasks:

Create, alter, and drop schema objects

Grant and revoke privileges and roles

Analyze information on a table, index, or clusterEstablish auditing options

Add comments to the data dictionary

The CREATE, ALTER, and DROP commands require exclusive access to the specified object. For

example, an ALTER TABLE statement fails if another user has an open transaction on the specified

table.

The GRANT, REVOKE, ANALYZE, AUDI T, and COMMENT commands do not require exclusive access tothe specified object. For example, you can analyze a table while other users are updating the

table.

Oracle Database implicitly commits the current transaction before and after every DDL

statement.Many DDL statements may cause Oracle Database to recompile or reauthorize schema

objects. For information on how Oracle Database recompiles and reauthorizes schema objects

and the circumstances under which a DDL statement would cause this, see Oracle Database

Concepts.DDL statements are supported by PL/SQL with the use of the DBMS_SQLpackage.


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The DDL statements are:

ANALYZE ALTER

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS AUDIT COMMENT CREATE DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS DROP

FLASHBACK TRUNCATE UNDROP

OBJECTIVE:

To practice and implement data definition language commands and constraints.

SYNTAXES & KEYWORDS:

CREATE( ) Used to Create the table SELECT ( ) Used to select the values from the table

UPDATE ( ) Used to update the values from the table DELETE ( ) Used to delete the particular values, data from the table

REQUIREMENTS FOR EXECUTION :

S.No. Facilities

required

Quantity

1 System 1

2 OS windows Xp

3 S/W Name Oracle ip


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ALGORITHM:

1. Create a table.2. DML commands are Insert,Select,Update,Delete.3. The retrieval of information stored in the database.The insertion of

new information into the database4. The deletion of information from the database.The modification of

information stored in the database5. Execute the commands

DML COMMAND

Data Manipulation commands are the most frequently used SQL commands and they areas follow. DML commands are Insert,Select,Update,Delete.

QUERY

SQL> SELECT * FROM STU1;

8 rows selected.

SNAME RNO DEPTTMARKS

----------- ------- ------- ------------

MANO MC345 MCA 450

DIVYA MC321 MCA 445

HARISH IT356 BE 460

BALA CSE123 BE 434

Vinu EEE07 BE 400

Anu ECE01 BE 432

MADHU MC100 MCA 421

SANJU EEE132 BE 412


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INSERT

SQL> INSERT INTO STU1

VALUES('KRISH','MC123','MCA',440); 1 row created.


SNAME RNO DEPT TMARKS

------------ ------ --------- -------------

MANO MC345 MCA 450

DIVYA MC321 MCA 445

HARISH IT356 BE 460

BALA CSE123 BE 434

Vinu EEE07 BE 400

Anu ECE01 BE 432

MADHU MC100 MCA 421

SANJU EEE132 BE 412

KRISH MC123 MCA 440

9 rows selected.

DELETE

SQL> DELETE FROM STU1 WHERE

RNO='ECE01'; 1 row deleted.



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----------- ------- -------- ------------

MANO MC345 MCA 450

DIVYA MC321 MCA 445

HARISH IT356 BE 460

BALA CSE123 BE 434

Vinu EEE07 BE 400

MADHU MC100 MCA 421

SANJU EEE132 BE 412

KRISH MC123 MCA 440

8 rows selected.

UPDATE

SQL> UPDATE STU1 SET TMARKS=TMARKS+20 WHERE RNO='EEE07'; 1 row

updated.

SQL> SELECT * FROM STU1;SNAME RNO DEPT TMARKS---------- ------- -------- ------------MANO MC345 MCA 450DIVYA MC321 MCA 445HARISH IT356 BE 460BALA CSE123 BE 434VINU EEE07 BE 420MADHU MC100 MCA 421

8 rowsselected.


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RESULT:

The program for Data Manipulation language command has been executed and the output

for queries are as displayed .

VIVA QUESTION AND ANSWER:

1. Define the terms DML

DML: A data manipulation language is a language that enables users to access or

manipulate data as organized by the appropriate data model.

2. Define weak and strong entity sets?

Weak entity set: entity set that do not have key attribute of their own are called weakentity sets.

Strong entity set: Entity set that has a primary key is termed a strong entity set.

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS:

1. Create an employee table with required fields and work DML commands

2. Create a student table with required fields and work DML commands

3. Create a student table with required fields

a.alter

b.truncate


a.alter

b.drop


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OBJECTIVE :

To perform insert, update, delete operation using DML commands.

REQUIREMENTS FOR EXECUTION :

S.No. Facilities

required

Quantity

1 System 1

2 OS windows Xp

3 S/W Name Oracle ip

ALGORITHM:

1. Create a table.2. DML commands are Insert,Select,Update,Delete.3. The retrieval of information stored in the database.The insertion of

new information into the database

4. The deletion of information from the database.The modification ofinformation stored in the database5. Execute the commands

DML COMMAND

Data Manipulation commands are the most frequently used SQL commands and they are as

follow. DML commands are Insert,Select,Update,Delete.

QUERY:


MANO MC345 MCA 450

DIVYA MC321 MCA 445

HARISH IT356 BE 460


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BALA CSE123 BE 434

Vinu EEE07 BE 400

anu ECE01 BE 432

MADHU MC100 MCA 421

SANJU EEE132 BE 412

8 rows selected.

INSERT

SQL> INSERT INTO STU1

VALUES('KRISH','MC123','MCA',440); 1 row created.



------------ ------ --------- -------------

MANO MC345 MCA 450

DIVYA MC321 MCA 445

HARISH IT356 BE 460

BALA CSE123 BE 434

Vinu EEE07 BE 400

anu ECE01 BE 432

MADHU MC100 MCA 421

SANJU EEE132 BE 412

KRISH MC123 MCA 440

9 rows selected.


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DELETE

SQL> DELETE FROM STU1 WHERE

RNO='ECE01'; 1 row deleted.



----------- ------- -------- ------------

MANO MC345 MCA 450

DIVYA MC321 MCA 445

HARISH IT356 BE 460

BALA CSE123 BE 434

Vinu EEE07 BE 400

MADHU MC100 MCA 421

SANJU EEE132 BE 412

KRISH MC123 MCA 440

8 rows selected.

UPDATE

SQL> UPDATE STU1 SET TMARKS=TMARKS+20 WHERE

RNO='EEE07'; 1 row updated.



---------- ------- -------- ------------


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MANO MC345 MCA 450

DIVYA MC321 MCA 445

HARISH IT356 BE 460

BALA CSE123 BE 434

Vinu EEE07 BE 420

MADHU MC100 MCA 421

SANJU EEE132 BE 412

KRISH MC123 MCA 440

8 rows selected.

VIVA QUESTION AND ANSWER

1. What is DBMS and whats the goal of it?

DBMS is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access that data. The goal is to provide

the environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in retrieving and storing data base

information.

2. What are the advantages of DBMS?

Centralized Control Data Independence allows dynamic change and growth potential.

Data Duplication is eliminated with control Redundancy. Data Quality is enhanced.

EXTRA QUESTIONS

1. What is DDL?

2. Why TRUNCATE is used?


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POSSIBLE QUESTIONS

1. Create a student table with required fields and work DDL commands


a.alter b.truncate

3. Create a student table with required fieldsa.alter b.drop


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EX.NO:3

DATE:Nested Queries and Join Queries.

DESCRIPTION:

NESTED QUERY OR SUB QUERY

A Subquery or Inner query or Nested query is a query within another SQL query, and embedded

within the WHERE clause.

A subquery is used to return data that will be used in the main query as a condition to further

restrict the data to be retrieved.

Subqueries can be used with the SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements along

with the operators like =, , >=,


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SQL JOIN

The JOIN keyword is used in an SQL statement to query data from two or more tables, based ona relationship between certain columns in these tables.

Tables in a database are often related to each other with keys.

A primary key is a column (or a combination of columns) with a unique value for each row.

Each primary key value must be unique within the table. The purpose is to bind data together,

across tables, without repeating all of the data in every table.

Look at the "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

Note that the "P_Id" column is the primary key in the "Persons" table. This means that no two

rows can have the same P_Id. The P_Id distinguishes two persons even if they have the same

name.

Next, we have the "Orders" table:

O_Id OrderNo P_Id

1 77895 3

2 44678 3

3 22456 1


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4 24562 1

5

34764 15

Note that the "O_Id" column is the primary key in the "Orders" table and that the "P_Id"

column refers to the persons in the "Persons" table without using their names.

Notice that the relationship between the two tables above is the "P_Id" column.

OBJECTIVE:

To perform nested queries and joining queries using DML command Description:

REQUIREMENTS FOR EXECUTION:

ALGORITHM:

1. Create a table

2. JOIN OPERATION: Join is a query in which data is retrieved from two or more table

Different types of join

3. Inner join: Inner join returns the matching rows from the tables that are being joined

4. Outer join: When the tables are joined using inner join, rows which containing matching

values in the join predict are returned

5. Execute the commands

S.No. Facilities

required

Quantity

1 System 1

2 OS Oracle 9i


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QUERY:

SQL> insert into muthu values('&a','&b','&c','&d','pass');

Enter value for a: 101

Enter value for b: john

Enter value for c: 89

Enter value for d: 80

old 1: insert into muthu values('&a','&b','&c','&d','pass')

new 1: insert into muthu values('101','john','89','80','pass')

1 row created.



Enter value for b: Raja




new 1: insert into muthu values('102','Raja','70','80','pass')

1 row created.



Enter value for b: Sharin



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new 1: insert into muthu values('103','Sharin','70','90','pass')

1 row created.



Enter value for b: sam




new 1: insert into muthu values('104','sam','90','95','pass')

1 row created.

SQL> select * from muthu;

REGNO NAME MARK2 MARK3 RESULT

---------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------------------------------------

101 john 89 80 pass

102 Raja 70 80 pass

103 Sharin 70 90 pass

104 sam 90 95 pass

SQL> select * from muthu where name in (select name from kavi where mark2='70');


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103 Sharin 70 90

SQL> insert into muthu values('&a','&b','&c','&d','&e');


Enter value for b: john



Enter value for e: pass

old 1: insert into muthu values('&a','&b','&c','&d','&e')

new

1: insert into muthu

values('101','john','90','90','pass')

1 row created.



Enter value for b: raj





new 1: insert into muthu values('102','raj','96','95','pass')


---------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------------------------------------

102 Raja 70 80 pass


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1 row created.

SQL> insert into muthu values('&a','&b','&c','&d','&e'); Enter value for a: 103

Enter value for b: sam Enter value for c: 98



old1: insert into muthuvalues('&a','&b','&c','&d','&e')

ne

w

1: insert into muthuvalues('103','sam','98','97','pass')

1 rowcreated.

SQL> insert into muthuvalues('&a','&b','&c','&d','&e');


Enter value for b: sharin




old 1:insert into muthuvalues('&a','&b','&c','&d','&e')new

1:

insert

into muthuvalues('104','sharin','95','90','pass')

1 rowcreated.

SQL> select * frommuthu;SQL> descmuthu2

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

NAME VARCHAR2(11)

GRADE VARCHAR2(3)


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SQL> insert into muthu2 values('&a','&b');

Enter value for a: john

Enter value for b: s

old 1: insert into muthu2 values('&a','&b')

new 1: insert into muthu2 values('john','s')

1 row created.


Enter value for a: raj

Enter value for b: s


new 1: insert into muthu2 values('raj','s')

1 row created.


Enter value for a: sam

Enter value for b: a


new 1: insert into muthu2 values('sam','a')

1 row created.


Enter value for a: sharin


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Enter value for b: a

old 1:insert into muthu2 values('&a','&b')

new 1: insert into muthu2 values('sharin','a')

1 row created.

SQL> select * from muthu2;

NAME GRA

----------- ----------

ohn s

raj s

sam a

sharin a

SQL> select muthu.name,muthu2.grade

2 from muthu inner join muthu2 on muthu.name=muthu2.name;

NAME GRA

----------- ---------

john s

raj s

sam a

sharin a



Enter value for b: smith Enter value for c: 90


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new 1: insert into muthu values('105','smith','90','98','pass')

1 row created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM MUTHU;


---------- ----------- ---------- ---------- -----------------------------------------

101 JOHN 90 90 PASS

102 RAJ 96 95 PASS

103 SAM 98 97 PASS

104 SHARIN 95 90 PASS

105 SMITH 90 98 PASS

SQL> select muthu.name,grade

2 from muthu left outer join muthu2 on muthu.name=muthu2.name;

NAME GRA

----------- ----------

ohn s

raj s

sam a

sharin a

smith null


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SQL> select muthu.name,regno,result from muthu right outer join muthu2 on

muthu.name=muthu2.name;

NAME REGNO RESULT

----------- ---------- --------------------------

ohn 101 pass

raj 102 pass

sam 103 pass

sharin 104 pass

RESULT:

The Nested Queries and join Queries using above commands have been executed and the output for

queries are as displayed .


1. Define query language?

A query is a statement requesting the retrieval of information. The portion of DML that involves

information retrieval is called a query language

2. What is the use of sub queries?

A sub query is a select-from-where expression that is nested with in another query. A common use of sub

queries is to perform tests for set membership, make set comparisons, and determine set cardinality

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS

Create a student table with required fields and work nested queries.


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EX.NO:4

DATE: Views

DESCRIPTION

A VIEW is a virtual table, defined by a query, that does not exist until it is invoked by

name in an SQL statement. This may sound simple enough, but some developers have

difficulties with the concept. Because of this, they tend to leave out VIEWs because they do not

appreciate their value. It is easy to write a query and not bother to put it into a VIEW, because

there is no performance boost. 'If I am going to save code,' they reason, 'I want it in a stored

procedure that can take a parameter list instead.'

In fact, a VIEW definition can be copied as in-line text, just like a CTE. But with a good

optimizer, the SQL engine can decide that enough sessions are using the same VIEW and

materialize it as a shared table. The CTE, in contrast, is strictly local to the statement in which it

is declared.

VIEWs are often named incorrectly. A VIEW is a table, so it is named just like any other

table. The name tells us what set of things it represents in the data model. The most commonoffender is the Volkswagen coder who prefixes or suffixes the VIEW name with vw_ or

VIEW_ in violation of ISO-11179 rules. We do not mix data and meta data in a name. This is

as silly as prefixing every noun in a novel with n_ so the reader will know that the word is a

noun in English grammar.

The ANSI Standard SQL syntax for the VIEW definition is

CREATE VIEW [()]

AS

[WITH [] CHECK OPTION]


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::= CASCADED | LOCAL

the WITH CHECK OPTION is a little known and less used feature that has been around since

the SQL-86 Standards. The option in the WITH CHECK OPTION did not existin Standards before SQL-92. It is not implemented in T-SQL dialect, so I will skip it. If you see

it, just remember T-SQL defaults to CASCADED behavior.

A VIEW has no physical existence in the database until it is invoked. You cannot put constraints on a

VIEW for that reason. The name of the VIEW must be unique within the entire database schema, like a

base table name. The VIEW definition cannot reference itself, since it does not exist yet. Nor can the

definition reference only other VIEWs; the nesting of VIEWs must eventually resolve to underlying base

tables.

OBJECTIVE :

To create and manipulate various database objects of the Table using views

REQUIREMENTS AND ITS EXECUTION:

S.No. Facilities

required

Quantity

1 System 1

2 OS Oracle 9i

Algorithm:

1. Create a table.2. DML commands are Insert,Select,Update,Delete.3. The retrieval of information stored in the database.The insertion of new

information into the database4. The deletion of information from the database.The modification of information stored in

the database5. Execute the commands


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QUERY

VIEW

SQL> CREATE VIEW STU1_VIEW1(SNAME,DEPT) AS SELECT SNAME,DEPT FROM

STU1; View created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM STU1_VIEW1;

SNAME DEPT

------------ ---------

MANO MCA

DIVYA MCA

HARISH BE

BALA BE

Vinu BE

NISHA BE

MADHU MCA

SANJU BE

KRISH MCA

9 rows selected.

SQL> UPDATE STU1_VIEW1 SET DEPT='MCA' WHERE SNAME='Vinu';

1 row updated.



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SNAME DEPT

----------- --------

MANO MCA

DIVYA MCA

HARISH BE

BALA BE

Vinu MCA

NISHA BE

MADHU MCA

SANJU BE

KRISH MCA

9 rows selected.

SQL> DELETE FROM STU1_VIEW1 WHERE

SNAME='SANJU'; 1 row deleted.


SNAME DEPT

---------- -------

MANO MCA

DIVYA MCA

HARISH BE

BALA BE

Vinu MCA

NISHA BE


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MADHU MCA

KRISH MCA

8 rows selected.

SQL> DROP VIEW STU1_VIEW1;

View dropped.

SQL> CREATE VIEW STU1_V1 AS SELECT COUNT(RNO)

NOOFSTUDENTS,SUM(TMARKS)TOTAL FROM STU1

View created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM STU1_V1;

NOOFSTUDENTS TOTAL

----------------------- ----------

8 3526

SQL> CREATE TABLE STUDENT10(NAME VARCHAR2(10),REGNO NUMBER(10),MARK

NUMBER(3),PRIMARY KEY(REGNO)

Table created.

SQL> CREATE TABLE STUDENT2(REGNO NUMBER(10) PRIMARY KEY,NAME

VARCHAR(15),ADDRESS VARCHAR(20),FOREIG

N KEY(REGNO) REFERENCES STUDENT10(REGNO));

Table created.

SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT10 VALUES('&NAME',&REGNO,&MARK)

Enter value for name: HARI


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1 row created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM STUDENT10;NAME REGNO MARK

--------- ---------- ----------

HARI 123 89

JANI 456 90

VISHNU 654 87

SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT2 VALUES(&REGNO,'&NAME','&ADDRESS');

Enter value for regno: 123

Enter value for name: HARI

Enter value for address: MAIN RD,SALEM

old1: INSERT INTO STUDENT2VALUES(&REGNO,'&NAME','&ADDRESS')

new

1: INSERT INTO STUDENT2 VALUES(123,'HARI','MAINRD,SALEM')

1 row created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM STUDENT2;

REGNO NAME ADDRESS

---------- --------- --------------

123 HARI MAIN RD,SALEM


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View created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM STUVIEW;

REGNO NAME ADDRESS

---------- -------- -------------


456 JANI FIRST CRS,NKL

654 VISHNU GANDHI ST,NKL

SQL> UPDATE STUVIEW SET ADDRESS='SECOND ST,NKL' WHERE REGNO=456

1 row updated.

SQL> SELECT * FROM STUVIEW;

REGNO NAME ADDRESS

---------- --------- --------------


456 JANI SECOND ST,NKL

654 VISHNU GANDHI ST,NKL

RESULT:

The database objects of the Table using views has been executed


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1. What is view in SQL? How is it defined?

Any relation that is not part of the logical model, but is made visible to a user as a virtual relation is

called a view. We define view in SQL by using the create view command. The form of the create view

command is Create view v as


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EX.NO:5(A)

DATE:

Procedures

DESCRIPTION:

Procedure is similar to functions but it wnt return any

values. Example are as follows.,

SQL> create table store(code varchar(15),name varchar(15),qty number,price

number); Table created.

SQL> desc store;

Name Null? Type

------------------------------- -------- ----

CODE VARCHAR2(15)

NAME VARCHAR2(15)

QTY NUMBER

PRICE NUMBER

INSERT PROCEDURE:

SQL> ed v;

create or replace procedure iiadd(v1 varchar,v2 varchar,v3 number,v4 number) as

pcode varchar(15);

pname varchar(15);

pqty number; pprice

number;


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begin

pcode:=v1;

pname:=v2;

pqty:=v3;

pprice:=v4;

insert into store values(pcode,pname,pqty,pprice);

end;

SQL> @ v;

13 /

Procedure created.

To Execute Procedure:

SQL> exec iiadd('p','book',20,700);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select * from store;

CODE NAME QTY PRICE

--------------- --------------- --------- ---------

p book 20700

SQL> exec iiadd('q','pen',60,800);


SQL> exec iiadd('r','scale',40,100);




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CODE NAME QTY PRICE

--------------- --------------- --------- ---------

p book 20 700

q pen 60 800

r scale 40 100

2.DELETE PROCEDURE:

SQL> ed p;

create or replace procedure iidel(v1 varchar) as

pcode varchar(15);

begin

pcode:=v1;

delete from store where code=pcode;

dbms_output.put_line('record

deleted'); end;

SQL> @ p;

8 /

Procedure created.


SQL> exec iidel('r');

record deleted



CODE NAME QTY PRICE


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--------------- --------------- --------- ---------

p book 20 700

q pen 60 800

3.SELECT AND UPDATE PROCEDURE:

SQL> ed u;

create or replace procedure iiup(v1 varchar,v2 number)

as pcode varchar(15);

price1 number;

prprice number;

begin

pcode:=v1;

price1:=v2;

select price1 into prprice from store where code=pcode;

update store set price=prprice where code=pcode;

dbms_output.put_line('record updated successfully');

end;

SQL> @

u; 12 /

Procedure created.


SQL> exec iiup('p',600);

record updated successfully


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CODE NAME QTY PRICE

--------------- --------------- --------- ---------

p book 20 600

q pen 60 800

OBJECTIVE :

To create a PL/SQL program to find Largest of three number using control structure

S.No. Facilities

required

Quantity

1 System 1

2 OS Oracle 9i

Algorithm:

1. Start the process

2. Declare appropriate variable

3. Using if statement and compare the given value.

4. Display the result.5. Stop the process


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QUERY

SQL>SET SERVER OUTPUT ON;

SQL> 1 DECLARE

2 A NUMBER;

3 B NUMBER;

4 C Numbers;

5 BEGIN

6 A:=&A;

7 B:=&B;

8 C:=&C;

9 IF A>B THEN

10 IF A>C THEN

11 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('BIGGEST IS:'

||TO_CHAR(A)); 12 ELSE

13 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('BIGGEST IS :'

||TO_CHAR(C)); 14 END IF;

15 ELSIF B>C THEN


||TO_CHAR(B)); 17 ELSE


||TO_CHAR(C)); 19 END IF;

20 ENDS; SQL> /


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POSSIBLE QUESTIONS:

1. Create a view to implement employee details.

2. Create a view to implement librarydetails

3. Create a view to implement student details


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EX.NO:5(b)

DATE:

Functions

DESCRIPTION:

Functions are similar to procedures. But will return values.

SINGLE LINE FUNCTIONS:

It returns one row of result for each request.

TYPES OF SINGLE LINE FUNCTIONS:

-----------------------------------------------------

The following are the types of single line functions

Numeric functions

String functions

Date functions

List functions

Conversion functions

OBJECTIVE:

To write a PL/SQL program using functions.


S.No. Facilities

required

Quantity

1 System 1

2 OS Oracle 9i


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Algorithm:

1. Start the program.

2. Declare the variable a,b,c with integer type3. Read the value of a f

4. Call the function f1

5. Print c, will display the result

6. Stop the program

QUERY

SQL>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FAC(N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS

2 F NUMBER:=1;

3 BEGIN

4 FOR I IN 1..N

5 LOOP

6 F:=F*I;

7 END LOOP;

8 RETURN F;

9 END;

Function created.

SQL> DECLARE

2 A NUMBER:=&A;

3 B NUMBER;


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4 BEGIN

5 B:=FAC(A);

6 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('FACTORIAL OF GIVEN NUMBER IS::'||B);

7 END;

8 /


Old 2: A NUMBER: =&A;

New 2: A NUMBER: =5;


SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

SQL> /


Old 2: A NUMBER:=&A;

New 2: A NUMBER:=5;

FACTORIAL OF GIVEN NUMBER IS::120


RESULT:

The PL/SQL program using functions has been executed .


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EX.NO:5(C)

DATE:

Control Structures

Descripition:

The structure of the the PL/SQL IF statement is similar to the structure of IF statements in otherprocedural languages .It allows PL/SQL to perform actions selectively based on conditions.

There are three forms of IF statements:

IF-THEN-END IF

IF-THEN-ELSE-END IF IF-THEN-ELSIF-END IF

Syntax:

IF condition THENStatements;[ELSIF condition THENStatements;][ELSEStatements;]

if then

OBJECTIVE:

To write a PL/SQL program to find the sum of two number using control structures.

REQUIREMENTS FOR EXECUTIONS:

S.No. Facilities

required

Quantity

1 System 1

2 OS Turboc


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Algorithm:

1. Start the program

2. Declare the variable a,b,c with integer data type

3. Read the values of a,b.

4. Pass the values to create the procedure

5. Print c to display the result

6. Stop the program

QUERY

Simple Loop:

SQL> declare

2 a number:=100;

3 begin

4 loop

5 a:=a+25;

6 exit when a=250;

7 dbms_output.put_line(a);

8 end loop;

9 end;

10 /

125

150

175


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200

225


While Loop:

SQL> declare

2 a number:=100;

3 begin

4 while a


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For Loop:

SQL> declare

2 a number:=100;

3 begin

4 for i in 1..5

5 loop

6 a:=a+25;


8 end loop;

9 end;

10 /

125

150

175

200

225



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If then:

SQL> declare

2 a number:=100;

3 begin

4 if a>100 then

5 a:=a-50;

6 else

7 a:=a+50;

8 end if;


10 end;

11 /

150


RESULT:

Thus the PL/SQL program for control structures has been executed


1. Define Partial Functional Dependency. (A.U May/June 2010)

A FD x y is a partial dependency if some attribute A x can be removed from x and the dependency

still holds; i.e., for some A x, ( x { A } ) y


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2. Define transaction-processing systems.

The concept of transaction provides a mechanism for describing logical units or database processing.

Transaction-processing systems are systems with large databases and many concurrent users work with

those systems.

3. Define read only transaction.

The database operations in a transaction do not update the database but only retrieve data and that

transaction is called a read-only transaction.

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS

1. Write a PL/SQL program to find the largest number using control structure

2. Write a PL/SQL program to find the smallest number using control structure

3. Write a PL/SQL program to find the fibonacci number using control structure.


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EX.NO:6

DATE:

Front End Tools

Description:1. Start Programs Developer 2000 R 2.0Form builder Enter.2. The following wizard will open.

3. Click the button OK.

4. The following wizard will open.

5. Click NEXT New wizard openchoose TABLE OR VIEW click NEXT.

6. Following wizard will open.


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59


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7. Click BrowseWizard will open

8. Click Connect Wizard openChoose CURRENT USER & TABLE.9. Click OKWizard open.

10. Choose your tableClick OK.11. Move the available column to Database using the button >>.12. ClickNEXT.

13. New wizard openChoose one optionClick FINISH.14. New wizard openClick NEXT.15. New wizard openClick NEXT.16. Move the available column to Database using the button >>.

17. . Click NEXT

New wizard will open.


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18. Layout Wizard open

Choose FORM

Click NEXT

Give Title of frame.

19. Wizard open

Click FINISH

Now the following Design window will open.

20. Layout Wizard open

Choose FORM

Click NEXT

Give Title of frame.

21. Wizard open

Click FINISH

Now the following Design window will open.


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22. We will now create 4 push buttons and write triggers for each button.

23. We will change the label of the push buttons in the property palette to "View, Insert, Clear andDelete." To do this, right click on the button and go to its Property Palette

22. Create Alerts (a modal window) on a push button that will function as a warning or a message to

the users when they click the button.

23. Create Procedures which are stored blocks of code which can be called from multiple objects

saving the time taken for retyping codes.


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OBJECTIVE :

To create a front end tools using form builder 2000.


S.No. Facilities

required

Quantity

1 System 1

2 OS Oracle 9i

Algorithm:

1. Start Programs Developer 2000 R 2.0Form builder Enter

2. Click the button OK.

3. Click NEXTNew wizard openchoose TABLE OR VIEW click NEXT.

4. Click BrowseWizard will open

5. Click Connect Wizard openChoose CURRENT USER&TABLE. Choose your

tableClick OK.Move the available column to Database using the button >>.ClickNEXT.

6. New wizard openChoose one optionClick FINISH.New wizard openClick NEXT.New

wizard openClick NEXT.Move the available column to Database using the button >>.Click

NEXT New wizard will open.

7. Layout Wizard openChoose FORM Click NEXT Give Title of frame.Wizard openClick

FINISH Now the following Design window will open

8. We will now create 4 push buttons and write triggers for each button

We will change the label of the push buttons in the property palette to

View, Insert, Clear and Delete." To do this, right click on the button

and go to its Property Palette.

9. Create Alerts (a modal window) on a push button that will function as a

warning or a message to the users when they click the button. Create

Procedures which are stored blocks of code which can be called from

multiple objects saving the time taken for retyping codes.


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Creating an Alert

1.Go to Alerts in the Object Navigator and double click on it.

2. Double click on the newly created alert and name it DELETE_ALERT.

3. Now double click on the alert and you will immediately go to its Property Palette. In the

properties:

Change the title of the alert to Delete Alert

Type in the message as "Are you sure you want to Delete?"

Select Stop as the Alert style

You can add a third button to the alert or just keep the OK and Cancel

Make sure that Button1 is selected as the default button

4.To activate the alert, we will create a procedure which we will call from the delete button. To add aprocedure, go to the Object Navigator and double click on Program Units. Immediately the window for thenew Program unit will appear


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5. In the window for the new Program Unit, type in the name as Delete-Alert. Make sure that

procedure is selected as the type of Program Unit and click OK.

6. Once you click OK, you will be automatically taken to the PL/SQL Editor window. In the

PL/SQL Editor, type the code for activating the alert( delete_alert).

7. We will now add a push button to the form and then add the procedure to it, so that whenever the

user clicks on delete, the alert will be shown.

24. Now select the PL/SQL editor by right clicking on the push button & Write appropriate PL/SQL

code in the blank space of the editor and then click Compile.

RESULT:

The front end tools has been executed to give results as above.

Viva Questions :

1.What is Domain-Key Normal Form?A relation is said to be in DKNF if all constraints and dependencies that should hold on the theconstraint can be enforced by simply enforcing the domain constraint and key constraint on therelation.

2. What are partial, alternate,, artificial, compound and natural key?1. Partial Key: It is a set of attributes that can uniquely identify weak entities and that are


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related to same owner entity. It is sometime called as Discriminator.

2. Alternate Key: All Candidate Keys excluding the Primary Key are known as AlternateKeys

3. Artificial Key: If no obvious key, either stand alone or compound is available, then the lastresort is to simply create a key, by assigning a unique number to each record or occurrence.Then this is known as developing an artificial key.4. Compound Key: If no single data element uniquely identifies occurrences within aconstruct,then combining multiple elements to create a unique identifier for the construct is known ascreating a compound key.

5. Natural Key: When one of the data elements stored within a construct is utilized as theprimary key, then it is called the natural key.

3. What is indexing and what are the different kinds of indexing?

Indexing is a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found.Types:1. Binary search style indexing2. B-Tree indexing3. Inverted list indexing4. Memory resident table

Possible Questions:

1. Using the tools create MS.ascess table for employees2. Develop an application to view the details of the customers.


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EX.NO:7

DATE:

FORMS

Description:

FORMS ARE GENERATED BY FOLLOWING STEPS:

1. Creating table using SQL Query.

2. Designing forms in Programs->Oracle Developer 2000 R 2.0 -> Form Builder.

3. Creating, saving forms in Form Object Navigator with the extension of ex1.fmb.

4. In Data Block Wizard, Connecting Oracle Database Table into Forms.

5. In Layout Wizard, Select the Data block field and to set its width and height of fields.

6. Layout Editor displayed the Form design with fields in terms of frames or tables.7. Compiling and Building forms using PL/SQL Compiler.

8. Enter the Query by using F7 and Executing Query by using F8 in Action Menu.

9. In Records Menu -> Insert, Remove Records are used.

10. Updating, select the fields to change and execute the query in Query menu.

11. Inserting, Displaying, Updating, Deleting Records using by Query in Forms and the results are

updated both forms and Oracle Database.

12. Rebuilt the forms and Closing the forms.

Objective:

To design and implement a form using visual basic.

Requirements for Execution:

S.No. Facilities

required

Quantity

1 System 1

2 OS Oracle 9i


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Algorithm:

1. Create a new project in VB

2. Place the control like Label, text box, Option button in form

3. Set the caption properties of labels to the required field name

4. Delete the default values of the text box

5. Double click the buttons and write the code for buttons

Coding:

Private Sub Form_Load( )

Me.WindowState=2

End Sub

Private Sub Option1_Click( )

If Option1.Value=True Then

Text3.Text=Val(Text1.Text]+Val(Text2.Text)

End Sub



Text3.Text=Val(Text1.Text]-Val(Text2.Text)

End Sub



Text3.Text=Val(Text1.Text]*Val(Text2.Text)

End Sub


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Text3.Text=Val(Text1.Text]/Val(Text2.Text)

End Sub

RESULT:

The form using visual basic has been executed to give results as above.


1. Define safety of expression in tuple relational calculus. (A.U Nov/Dec 2010)

Query or expression { t | P(t)} is safe if all values that appear in the result are values from Dom(p), whereDom(p) is domain of P. Else it is unsafe. For example, the tuples selected in the tuple relational calculus

are unsafe.

2. Define domain relational calculus. (A.U Nov/Dec 2008)

Domain relational calculus uses domain variables that take on values from an attributes domain rather

than values for an entire tuple.An expression in the domain relational calculus is of the form{ | (P(x1,xn, xn))}where x1,xn, xn represents domain variables represents a formula composed of

atoms or domain variables.

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS

Create a project in VB for form design

.


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Table created.

SQL>CREATE TABLE CLIENT ( CLI_NO CHAR(7),NAMEVARCHAR2(10),BAL_DUE

NUMBER(10,2),OPER CHAR(8),USERID CHAR(20),ORDATE DATE);

Table created.

SQL> DESC MASTER;

Name Null? Type

-------- -------- -------

CLI_NO NOT NULL CHAR(7)

NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)

ACNO NUMBER(6)

ADDRESS VARCHAR2(30)

CITY VARCHAR2(10)

STATE VARCHAR2(10)

PIN NUMBER(6)

BAL_DUE NUMBER(10,2)

SQL> DESC CLIENT;

Name Null? Type

-------- ------- --------

CLI_NO CHAR(7)

NAME VARCHAR2(10)

BAL_DUE NUMBER(10,2)


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OPER CHAR(8)

USERID CHAR(20)

ORDATE DATE

TRIGGER AFTER UPDATE OR DELETE

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER UPDATE_TRI AFTER UPDATE OR DELETE ON

MASTER

2 FOR EACH ROW

3 DECLARE

4 CLI_NO CHAR(7);

5 OPER CHAR(8);

6 NAME VARCHAR(10);

7 BAL_DUE NUMBER(10,2);

8 BEGIN

9 IF UPDATING THEN

10 OPER:='UPDATE';

11 END IF;

12 IF DELETING THEN

13 OPER:='DELETE';

14 END IF;

15 CLI_NO:=:OLD.CLI_NO;

16 NAME:=:OLD.NAME;

17 BAL_DUE:=:OLD.BAL_DUE;

18 INSERT INTO CLIENT


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19 VALUES(CLI_NO,NAME,BAL_DUE,OPER,USER,SYSDATE);19 END;

20 /

Trigger created.

TRIGGER BEFORE INSERT

SQL>CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER TRI_INSERT BEFORE INSERT ON

MASTER 2 FOR EACH ROW

3 DECLARE

4 NEW_NO CHAR(7);

5 CLI_NO CHAR(7);

6 NAME VARCHAR(10);

7 ADDRESS VARCHAR2(30);

8 CITY VARCHAR2(10);

9 STATE VARCHAR(10);

10 PIN NUMBER(6);

11 BAL_DUE NUMBER(10,2);

12 BEGIN

13 NEW_NO:=:NEW.CLI_NO;

14 IF NEW_NO LIKE 'C%' THEN

15 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RECORD ADDED SUCCESSFULLY');

16 ELSE

17 RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20002,'NAME SHOULD START WITH C');

18 END IF;


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19 END;

20 /

Trigger created.

SQL>INSERT INTO MASTERVALUES('&CLI_NO','&NAME',&ACNO,'&ADDRESS','&CITY','&STATE',&PIN,&BAL_D

UE);

Enter value for cli_no: C01

Enter value for name:

MALAR Enter value for

acno: 100

Enter value for address:

10,MAIN ST Enter value for

city: NKL

Enter value for state: TN

Enter value for pin:

637015 Enter value for

bal_due: 10000

Old 1: INSERT INTO MASTER

VALUES('&CLI_NO','&NAME',&ACNO,'&ADDRESS','&CITY','&STATE',&PIN,&BAL_DU

E

New1: INSERT INTO MASTERVALUES('C01','MALAR',100,'10,MAIN

ST','NKL','TN',637015,10000)

RECORD ADDED

SUCCESSFULLY 1 row created.


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SQL> /

Enter value for cli_no:

C02 Enter value for

name: MANO Enter

value for acno: 101

Enter value for address: 17,GANDHI STEnter value for city: CHENNAI


Enter value for pin: 600001

Enter value for bal_due: 3000


VALUES('&CLI_NO','&NAME',&ACNO,'&ADDRESS','&CITY','&STATE',&PIN,&BAL_DUE

New 1: INSERT INTO MASTERVALUES('C02','MANO',101,'17,GANDHI

ST','CHENNAI','TN',600001,3000)

RECORD ADDED

SUCCESSFULLY 1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for cli_no:

A100 Enter value for

name: JANU Enter value

for acno: 103

Enter value for address: 12,FIRST

CROSS Enter value for city: TRICHY


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Enter value for pin:

635606 Enter value for

bal_due: 3400


VALUES('&CLI_NO','&NAME',&ACNO,'&ADDRESS','&CITY','&STATE',&PIN,&BAL_DU

E

new 1: INSERT INTO MASTER VALUES('A100','JANU',103,'12,FIRST

CROSS','TRICHY','TN',635606,3400)

INSERT INTO MASTER VALUES('A100','JANU',103,'12,FIRST

CROSS','TRICHY','TN',635606,3400)

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-20002: NAME SHOULD START WITH C

ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.TRI_INSERT", line 15

ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'SCOTT.TRI_INSERT'

SQL> SELECT * FROM MASTER;

CLI_NO NAME ACNO ADDRESS CITY STATE PIN BAL_DUE

------- ---------- --------- --------------- ------- ---------- --------------------

C01 MALAR 100 10,MAIN ST NKL TN 637015 10000

C02 MANO 101 17,ANNA ST CHENNAITN 600001 3000

SQL> UPDATE MASTER SET BAL_DUE=BAL_DUE-1000 WHERE

CLI_NO='C01'; 1 row updated.


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SQL> SELECT * FROM MASTER;

CLI_NO NAME ACNO ADDRESS CITY STATE PIN BAL_DUE

------- ---------- -------- ---------------- ------- ---------- ----- --------------

C01 MALAR 100 10,MAIN ST NKL TN 637015 9000

C02 MANO 101 17,GANDHI STCHENNAI TN 600001 3000

RESULT:

The trigger for various operation on master table maintained in a bank has been executed to giveresults as

above.


1.What is the need for triggers?

Triggers are useful mechanisms for alerting humans or for starting certain tasks automatically when

certain conditions are met.

2. List the requirements needed to design a trigger.

The requirements are

Specifying when a trigger is to be executed.

Specify the actions to be taken when the trigger executes.

3. Give the forms of triggers?

The triggering event can be insert or delete.

For updated the trigger can specify columns.

The referencing old row as clause


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The referencing new row as clause

The triggers can be initiated before the event or after the event.

Possible Questions:

1.To write a PL/SQL program for trigger actions.(insert, delete ,update)

2. Write a PL/SQL program to calculate the mark list for each student using trigger

actions.(Insert and Update a record)


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EX.NO:9

DATE:

Menu Design

DESCRIPTION:

Menus are list of choices that are created by users by using form builders with connectivity ofdatabase.

Menus can be created by following procedure.

1. Menu Editor can create menus and menu items quickly and easily.

2. Start Form Builder; create a new menu module in the Object Navigator.

3. Replace the modules default name assigned by the navigator with name.

4. Save the newly created module to an appropriate directory in the file system.

5. In Oracle Menu Hierarchy, Menu modules - Like form modules, a menu

module can contain its own items (menus and menu items), program units and

other objects.

6. Menus - Including main menus, individual menus, and submenus.

7. Menu items

8. Creating a menu module ,Creating menus and menu items ,Assigning

commands to menu items9. Saving and generating (Compiling) the menu module (creates the .mmx file)

10. Attaching a menu module to a form.

OBJECTIVE :

To design and implement a menu design using Visual Basic

Requirements For Execution:

S.No. Facilitiesrequired

Quantity

1 System 1

2 OS Oracle 9i


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Algorithm:


2. Place the controls like Labels , text boxes in form

3. Set the caption property of label to the required field name4. Delete the default values of the text box


Coding:

Dim unsavedchange As Boolean Dim

changed As Boolean

Private Sub mnubold_Click(Index As Integer)

RichTextBox1.SetBold = Not RichTextBox1.SelBold

End Sub

Private Sub mnucaps_Click(Index As Integer)

RichTextBox1.SelText = UCase(RichTextBox1.SelText)

End SubPrivate Sub mnucopy_Click(Index As Integer)

Clipboard.SetText RichTextBox1.SelRTF

End Sub

Private Sub mnucut_Click(Index As Integer)

Clipboard.SetText RichTextBox1.SelRTF

RichTextBox1.SelRTF = ""

End Sub

Private Sub mnudelete_Click(Index As Integer)

RichTextBox1.SelText = ""SEC CSE/IV DBMS LAB MANUAL


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End Sub

Private Sub mnuexit_Click(Index As Integer)

If unsavedchange=True then

If (MsgBox(would u like to save ur changes?,vbYesNo)) then

CommonDialog1.ShowSave

RichTextBox1.SaveFile CommonDialog1.FileName,rtRTF

End If

End If

RichTextBox1.Visible=False

End Sub

Private Sub mnufind_Click(Index As Integer)

Dim search As StringDim position As Integer

search = InputBox("Enter search word", "Find") If search

"" Then

position = RichTextBox1.Find(search, , , rtfWholeWord) If

position -1 Then

RichTextBox1.Span " ", True, True

Else

MsgBox "search string not found", , "find"

End If

End If

End Sub


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Private Sub mnufont_Click(Index As Integer)

CommonDialog1.ShowFont

RichTextBox1.SelFontName = CommonDialog1.FontName

RichTextBox1.SelFontSize = CommonDialog1.FontSize

RichTextBox1.SelColor = CommonDialog1.Color

RichTextBox1.SelBold = CommonDialog1.FontBold

RichTextBox1.SelItalic = CommonDialog1.FontItalic

RichTextBox1.SelUnderline = CommonDialog1.FontUnderline

RichTextBox1.SelStrikeThru = CommonDialog1.FontStrikethru

End SubPrivate Sub mnuitalic_Click(Index As Integer)

RichTextBox1.SelItalic = Not RichTextBox1.SelItalic End Sub

Private Sub mnunew_Click(Index As Integer)

RichTextBox1.Visible = True

RichTextBox1.Text = ""

RichTextBox1.SetFocus

End Sub

Private Sub mnunow_Click(Index As Integer)

RichTextBox1.Text = Now

End Sub

Private Sub mnuopen_Click(Index As Integer)

Dim filename As String


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CommonDialog1.Filter = "Text files (*.txt) | *.txt"

CommonDialog1.ShowOpen

filename = CommonDialog1.filename

RichTextBox1.LoadFile (filename) changed =

False

End Sub

Private Sub mnupaste_Click(Index As Integer)

RichTextBox1.SelRTF = Clipboard.GetText

End Sub

Private Sub mnuprint_Click(Index As Integer)RichTextBox1.SelPrint (Printer.hDC)

End Sub

Private Sub mnusave_Click(Index As Integer)

Dim filename As String

CommonDialog1.DefaultExt = ".txt"

CommonDialog1.Filter = "Text files (*.txt) | *.txt"


filename = CommonDialog1.filename

RichTextBox1.SaveFile (filename), rtfText changed

= False

End Sub

Private Sub mnusaveas_Click(Index As Integer)



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POSSIBLE QUESTIONS

1. Create a project in VB for menu design

2. Create a project in VB for hotel food design

3. Create a project in VB for car showroom design


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EX.NO:10

DATE:

.

Reports

Description:

Reports can be generated by form builder in the way of graphs or charts. It can be created byfollowing

procedure.

1. Creating table using SQL Query.

2. Inserting Records using Queries.

3. Designing reports in Programs->Oracle Developer 2000 R 2.0 -> Report Builder.

4. First Step, Oracle Reports connect to an Oracle Server.

5. Reports having Data Model information about queries used for a report.

6. Define the Layout of the report including the overall orientation of Query Results.

7. Create any triggers or program units that will be executed with the report.

8. Reports having Web Source of web page or web service that returns a data set.

9. In Report Wizard are having choices like tabular, form, matrix, group, mailinglabels.

10. In Query Builder enter the SQL SELECT statement and also connect with import

SQL Query.

11. In addition, aggregate functions can also be applied to the fields on the report.

12. A design template can be applied that include specifications for fonts, colors and

layout of the report.

13. Finally the Reports Live Previewer will appear showing the report.

14. In File menu, saving, generating and running the report.

OBJECTIVE :

To generate salary report for employee department comes college wise.


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Requirements for execution:

S.No. Facilities

required

Quantity

1 System 1

2 OS Oracle 9i

Algorithm:

1. Create a table.

2. DML commands are Insert,Select,Update,Delete3. The retrieval of information stored in the database.The insertion of

new information into the database

4. The deletion of information from the database.The modification of

information stored in the database

5. Execute the commands

SOURCE CODE

TABLE CREATION

SQL>create c110(ccode number(5), cname varchar(15), dept char(10), sal(8,2));

INSERTING VALUES

SQL>insert into c110 values(&ccode,&cname,&dept,&sal);

Enter values for ccode: 10001

Enter values for cname: raj

Enter values for dept: mca

Enter values for sal: 20000


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Old 1:insert into c110 values(&ccode,&cname,&dept,&sal)

New 1:insert into c110 values(100001,raj,mca,20000)

1 row created.

SQL>/


Enter values for cname: sakthi

Enter values for dept: be



New 1:insert into c110 values(100002,sakthi,be,30000).

1 row created.

SQL>/


Enter values for cname: sriram

Enter values for dept: mtech



New 1:insert into c110 values(10003,sriram

,

mtech,40000)

1 row created.


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SQL>/


Enter values for cname: arulbala

Enter values for dept: barch



New 1:insert into c110 values(10004,arulbalaj,barch,30000)

1 row created.

SQL>/


Enter values for cname: raguram

Enter values for dept: mca



New 1:insert into c110 values(10005,raguram,mca,40000)

1 row created. SQL>select

* from c110;


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3. What are the goals of database tuning?

The goals of database tuning are:

To make applications run faster. To lower the response time of queries/transactions.

To improve the overall throughput of transactions.

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS

1 . Create a report to implement employee details.

2. Create a report to implement college details.

3. Create a report to implement population of a place details.


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EX.NO:11(a)

DATE:

Database Design And Implementation(Mini Project)

Description:

To design a project (or) form using virtual basic as a front end tools and micro soft acess as aback.

Objective:

To design and implement a payroll processing using visual Basic


S.No. Facilitiesrequired

Quantity

1 System 1

2 OS Oracle 9i

Algorithm:

1. The table of the given database are identified along with their attributes

and they are created

2. Create database using access and insert some values into them



5. Set the caption property of label to the required field name

6. Delete the default values of the text box



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)SEC CSE/IV DBMS LAB MANUAL

SOURCE CODE

Dim cn as New ADODB.Connection

Dim rs as New ADODB.Recordset

Dim rs1 as New ADODB.Recordset

Private sub Command1_Click()

Cn.Execute insert into payroll values(&Trim(Text1.Text)&, &Trim(Text2.Text)&,

&Trim(Text3.Text)&,&Trim(Text4.Text)&,&Trim(T ext5.Text)&,

&Trim(Text6.Text)&, &Trim(Text7.Text)&,

&Trim(Text8.Text)&,&Trim(Text9.Text)&,&Trim(Text10.Text)&,&Trim(Text1

1.Text)&,&Trim(Text12.Text)&,&Trim(Text13.Text)&,&Trim(Text14.Text)&)

Msgbox Inserted Successfully

End Sub


Cn.Execute update payroll set eno=&Trim(Text1.Text)&, ename=&Trim(Text2.Text)&

,dob=&Trim(Text3.Text)&,doj=&Trim(Text4.Tex t)&,dept=&Trim(Text5.Text)&

,design=&Trim(Text6.Text)&, bp=&Trim(Text7.Text)& ,

hra=&Trim(Text8.Text)&,da=&Trim(Text9.Text)&, allow=&Trim(Text10. Text)&

,loan=&Trim(Text11.Text)&,tax=&Trim(Text12.Text)&,ded=&Trim(Text13.Text

)&,np=&Trim(Text14.Text)& where eno=&Trim(Text1.Text)&

Msgbox Updated Successfully

End Sub


Cn.Execute delete from payroll where eno=&Trim(Text1.Text)&

Msgbox Deleted Successfully

End Sub


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Rs.MoveFirst

Setfields

End Sub


Rs.MovePrevious

Setfields

If rs.BOF then

Rs.MoveFirst

Setfields

End If

End Sub


Rs.MoveNext

Setfields

If rs.EOF then

Rs.MoveLast

Setfields

End If

End SubPrivate sub Command7_Click()

Rs.MoveLast

Setfields


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End SubPrivate sub Command7_Click() End

End Sub

Private sub Command9_Click() Dim f

F=InputBox(Enter employee number to search,search)

Text1.Text=f

Rs1.Open select * from payroll where eno=&Trim(Text1.Text)&

,cn,adOpenDynamic,adLockoptimistic

Setfields

Rs1.Close

End Sub

Private sub Form_Load()

Cn.Open Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=C:\vbpgm\pay.mdb;Persist

Security Info=False

Rs.Open select * from payroll,cn,adOpenKeyset,adLockOptimistic End Sub

Private sub Text11_LostFocus()

If val(Trim(Text11.Text)=) Then

Text11.Text=Val(Text11.Text)End If

End Sub

Private sub Text12_LostFocus()

If val(Trim(Text12.Text)=) Then

Text12.Text=Val(Text12.Text)


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End If

End Sub

Private sub Text13_GotFocus() Text13.Text=Val(Text11.Text)+

Val(Text12.Text) End Sub

Private sub Text13_LostFocus() Text14.Text=Val(Text7.Text)+Val(Text10.Text)-

Val(Text13.Text) End Sub

Private sub Text7_LostFocus() If

Val(Text7.Text) 7000


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1. Define functional dependency.

A functional dependency is a constraint between two sets of attributes from the data base. A

functional dependency , denoted by X Y Between two sets of attributes X and Y that are

subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuples that can form a relation instance r of

R.R={ A1,A2,,An}. The constraint states that, for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r such that

t1[X]=t2[X] , we must also have t1[Y] = t2[Y].We can also say that Y is functionally dependent

on X.

2. Define recoverable schedule.

Recoverable schedule is the one where for each pair of transactions Ti and Tj such that Tj reads a data

item previously written by Ti, the commit operation of Ti appears before the commit operation of Tj.

3. Define Query optimization.

The DBMS must devise an execution strategy for retrieving the result of the query from the database files.

Process of choosing a suitable execution strategy for processing a query is known as Query optimization.

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS

1. Create a project in VB for Payroll processing

2.Create a project in VB for company management.

3. Create a project in VB for industry management


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EX.NO:11(b)

DATE:

Database Design And Implementation(Mini Project)

Library Management System

Description:

To design a project (or) form using virtual basic as a front end tools and micro soft acess as aback.

Objective:

To design and implement a Library management using visual Basic


S.No. Facilities

required

Quantity

1 System 1

2 OS Oracle 9i

Algorithm:

1. The table of the given database are identified along with their attributes and they are

created

2. Create database using access and insert some values into them



5. Set the caption property of label to the required field name

6. Delete the default values of the text box7. Double click the buttons and write the code for buttons

SOURCE CODE

BOOK DETAILS



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Cn.Execute insert into bdetails values(&Trim(Text1.Text)&,&Trim(Text2.Text)&,

&Trim(Text3.Text)&,&Tri m(Text4.Text)&)

MsgBox Inserted Successfully

End Sub


Cn.Execute update bdetails set bno=&Trim(Text1.text)&, bname=

&Trim(Text2. text)&, author=&Trim(Text3.text)&, nop=

&Trim(Text4.text)& where bno=&Trim(Text1.Text)&

MsgBox Updated Successfully

End Sub


Cn.Execute delete from bdetails where bno=&Trim(Text1.Text)&

MsgBox Deleted Successfully

End Sub


Dim f

F=InputBox(Enter the book number to find)

Text1.Text=f

Rs1.Open select * from bdetails where bno=&Trim(Text1.Text)&,

cn,adOpenDynamic,adLockoptimistic


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setfields

Rs1.Close

End Sub


Form1.Show

End Sub


Cn.Open Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data

Source=C:\vbpgm\library.mdb;Persist Security Info=False

Rs.Open select * from bdetails,cn,adOpenKeyset,adLockOptimistic

End SubPrivate sub setfields()

Text1=rs1(0)

Text2=rs1(1)

Text3=rs1(2)

Text4=rs1(3)

End Sub

STUDENT DETAILS





Cn.Execute insert into sdetails values(&Trim(Text1.Text)&,&Trim(Text2.Text)&,


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&Trim(Text3.Text)&,&Tri m(Text4.Text)&)

MsgBox Inserted Successfully

End Sub

Private sub Command2_Click()Cn.Execute update sdetails set stno=&Trim(Text1.text)&, stname=

&Trim(Text2.text)&, branch=&Trim(Text3.text)&,

year=&Trim(Text4.text)& where stno=&Trim(Text1.Text)&


End Sub


Cn.Execute delete from sdetails where bno=&Trim(Text1.Text)&


End Sub


F=InputBox(Enter the student number to find)

Text1.Text=f

Rs1.Open select * from sdetails where stno=&Trim(Text1.Text)&

,cn,adOpenDynamic,adLockoptimistic

setfields

Rs1.Close End

Sub


Form2.Show


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Cn.Execute update issdet set stno=&Trim(Text1.text)&, stname=&Trim(Text2

.text)& , branch= &Trim(Text3.text)& , year=&Trim(Text4.text)& ,bno=&Trim( Text5.text)&,

bname=&Trim(Text6.text)& , idate=&Trim(Text7.text)& ,rdate= &Trim(Text8.text)& , where

stno=&Trim(Text1.Text)&


End SubPrivate sub Command3_Click()

Cn.Execute delete from issdet where stno=&Trim(Text1.Text)&


End Sub


F=InputBox(Enter the student number to find)

Text1.Text=f

Rs1.Open select * from issdet where stno=&Trim(Text1.Text)&,

cn,adOpenDynamic,adLockoptimistic

setfields

Rs1.Close End

Sub


Form3.Show

End Sub


Cn.Open Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data

Documents

Lab Manual3