Lab Accidents

8/8/2019 Lab Accidents

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1Lab. Safety - Dr. A. A. P. Keerthi 08/09/2009


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SAFETY REGULATIONS IN A

LABORATORY

LAB-SAFETY



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The Importance of Safety

Safety and health considerations are as important as any other materialstaught in Medical curricula.

Occupational injury data from industry studies indicate that the injuryrate is highest during the initial period of employment and decreaseswith experience.

Similarly, in a laboratory setting where students experience new

activities, the likelihood of incidents, injury, and damage is high.Therefore, it is essential that the students are taught what can gowrong, how to prevent such events from occurring, and what to do incase of an emergency.



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Teachers / Instructors Viewpoint

Teachers have an obligation to instruct their students

1. Basic safety practices required in science laboratories

2. Instruct them in the basic principles of health hazards that are found

in laboratories.3. Provide safety information and training to the students for every

stage of experiment planning and be there to observe, supervise,instruct, and correct during the experimentation.

4. Safe and healthful learning environment for the students.

5. Wear personal protective equipment6. Follow and enforce safety rules

7. Demonstrate safety behavior and promote a culture of safety.



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We should be proactive in

every aspect of laboratory

safety, making safety a

priority.



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Students Viewpoint

Do you have previous hands on training in handling chemicals or

equipment? Students develop attitudes towards safety and acquire habits of

assessing hazards and risks

As a doctor..

through implications - risks of experiments

Emphasizing the importance of safety and health

considerations - industrial safety toxicology - interesting, informative, beneficial.



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Safety and Emergency Procedures Educate students on the location and use of all safety and emergency equipment

prior to laboratory activity.

Identify safety procedures to follow in the event of an emergency/accident.

Know the location of and how to use the cut-off switches and valves for the water,

gas, and electricity in the laboratory.

Should know how to use all safety and emergency equipment (i.e., safety shower,

eyewash, first-aid kit, fire blanket, fire extinguishers and mercury spill kits).

Keep a list of emergency phone numbers near the phone.

Conduct appropriate safety and evacuation drills on a regular basis.

Explain in detail to students the consequences of violating safety rules and

procedures. 11Lab. Safety - Dr. A. A. P. Keerthi 08/09/2009


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Conduct

Do not engage in practical jokes or boisterousconduct in the laboratory.

Never run in the laboratory.

The use of mobile phones, audio or video equipment

is prohibited in the laboratory.

The performance of unauthorized experiments is

strictly forbidden.

Do not sit on laboratory benches. Coats, bags, and other personal items must be stored

in designated areas, not on the bench tops.

Share the resources and minimize the waste.12Lab. Safety - Dr. A. A. P. Keerthi 08/09/2009


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GeneralWork Procedure Know emergency procedures.

Never work in the laboratory without the supervision of ateacher. Always perform the experiments or work preciselyas directed by the teacher.

Immediately report any spills, accidents, or injuries to a

teacher. Never leave experiments while in progress.

Never attempt to catch a falling object.

Be careful when handling hot glassware and apparatus in

the laboratory. (Hot glassware looks just like coldglassware).

Never point the open end of a test tube containing asubstance at yourself or others.

Avoid reagent contamination.13Lab. Safety - Dr. A. A. P. Keerthi 08/09/2009


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Never fill a pipette using mouth suction. Always use apipetting device.

Do not try to light the Bunsen burners using a piece ofpaper.

Make sure no flammable solvents are in thesurrounding area when lighting a flame.

Do not leave lit Bunsen burners unattended.

Turn off all heating apparatus, gas valves, and waterfaucets when not in use.

Do not remove any equipment or chemicals from thelaboratory.

Notify your teacher of any sensitivities that you mayhave to particular chemicals if known.



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House keeping Keep work area neat and free of any unnecessary objects.

Never block access to exits or emergency equipment.

Inspect all equipment for damage (cracks, defects, etc.) prior to use;do not use damaged equipment.

Thoroughly clean your laboratory work space at the end of the

laboratory session. Return excess chemicals to the stores.

Leave all the reagents where they belong.

Do not block the sink drains with debris.

Place chemical waste in appropriately labeled waste containers. Properly dispose of broken glassware and other sharp objects (e.g.,

syringe needles) immediately in designated containers.

Properly dispose of weigh boats, gloves, filter paper, and papertowels in the laboratory.



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Apparel in the Laboratory

Always wear appropriate eye protection (i.e., chemicalsplash goggles) in the laboratory.

Wear disposable gloves, as provided in the laboratory,when handling hazardous materials. Remove the glovesbefore exiting the laboratory.

Wear a full-length, long-sleeved laboratory coat orchemical-resistant apron.

Wear shoes that adequately cover the whole foot; low-heeled shoes with non-slip soles are preferable. Do not

wear sandals, open-toed shoes, open-backed shoes, orhigh-heeled shoes in the laboratory.

Avoid wearing shirts exposing the torso, shorts, or shortskirts; long pants that completely cover the legs arepreferable.



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Secure long hair and loose clothing (especially loose long

sleeves, neck ties, or scarves). Remove jewellery (especially dangling jewellery).

Synthetic finger nails are not recommended in

the laboratory; they are made of extremely

flammable polymers which can burn to

completion and are not easily extinguished.



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Hygiene Practices Keep your hands away from your face, eyes, mouth, and body

while using chemicals.

Food and drink, open or closed, should never be brought into thelaboratory or chemical storage area. (Oral contact with anythingwhile working in the laboratory is forbidden)

Never use laboratory glassware for eating or drinking purposes. Do not smell or taste any chemical in the laboratory.

Do not apply cosmetics while in the laboratory or storage area.

Wash hands after removing gloves, and before leaving thelaboratory.

Remove any protective equipment (i.e., gloves, lab coat or apron,chemical splash goggles) before leaving the laboratory.



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Emergency Procedure

Know the location of all the exits in the laboratory andbuilding.

Know the location of the emergency phone numbers.

Know the location of and know how to operate thefollowing:

Fire extinguishers

Alarm systems with pull stations

Fire blanketsEye washes

First-aid kits

Deluge safety showers19Lab. Safety - Dr. A. A. P. Keerthi 08/09/2009


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The severity of an injury may be difficult to determine

initially, therefore all injuries, fires, and explosionsmust be reported to the staff at once.

Any injury that cannot be handled with a simplebandage must be handled by a physician, either at

Emergency Room/Hospital

If you cannot help during an emergency, get out of theway of people who can



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Fire

Report all fires immediately to the instructor,

and leave the laboratory at once.

Do not attempt to extinguish a fire unless an

instructor is not nearby or unless someone is

in immediate danger of serious injury.



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Chemicals in the eye(s)

If any chemical has splashed into the eyes, immediatelycall for help and rush to the eyewash fountain.

- allow water to flow spontaneously without furthereffort

- hold the lid(s) of the affected eye(s) open

Flush eyes for a minimum of 15 minutes!

Staff will notify doctors, and arrange for transportation tohospital.



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Many common organic solvents - under suspicion as

potential carcinogenic agents. Among these are

Dichloromethane, Carbon Tetrachloride, and Chloroform.

Treat all organic solvents with respect and minimize contact

with both the liquid and the vapors.

Methanol is very toxic and can cause blindness if ingested.

It can be absorbed through the skin and contact should be

avoided. If accidental contact occurs, wash thoroughly withsoap and water



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Addition of strong oxidizing agents to organic matter may lead tofire/explosion.

Common oxidizing agents - nitric acid, nitrates, nitrites, chlorates,and compounds with per in their name (example: potassiumpermanganate).

Due to their extremely hazardous nature, the following chemicals

and equipments may notbe handled by students except under thedirect supervision of an instructor:

CHEMICALS EQUIPMENT

Elemental Bromine Gas Cylinders

All Cyanides UV Lamps Hydrofluoric Acid Vacuum Equipment

Perchloric Acid (>6M) Lasers

Nicotine



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Compounds of heavy metals, especially lead,

arsenic, antimony, bismuth and mercury - very

toxic.

Chromates / di-chromates capable of

producing ulcerous sores, and are

carcinogenic

Minimize contact



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All compounds labeled stench, malodorous compounds(examples: mercaptans, low molecular weight organic

acids, amines), and compounds that evolve toxic vaporsmust be used in the hood.

Drying ovens are not approved for flammable substances.

Drying ovens are used only for drying non-flammablesolids that are wet with/have absorbed water.

Sodium and Potassium metal react violently with water.

Magnesium metal is very flammable.



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Ethers have a tendency to form dangerously explosive

peroxides over time.

Never store ether in a glass container.

Considerable heat is often evolved when concentrated liquids

are diluted with water. The concentrate in always added to

water; never the reverse.(Example: pour concentratedacid into water)

Cryogenic substances such as dry ice, liquid nitrogen, and

liquid ammonia - only after special training

Consider electrical hazards carefully - Certain instruments

have high voltage components



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Any apparatus with moving pulleys or shafts (pumps,

power tools) presents special safety concerns - Loose

clothing poses a particular hazard when working with

this type of equipment

Radiation Safety

Special training / radiolabel tags/ special cloths



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Chemical Label



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EXAMPLE

Blue = Health hazard Red = Fire hazard

Yellow = Reactivity hazard

White = Special hazard

0 = minimal hazard

1 = slight hazard

2 = moderate hazard 3 = serious hazard

4 = severe hazard



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The Blue Section - Health Risks

4 - The substance is a severe health risk if thesubstance is not handled safely. (Substances

carrying a four in the blue section could cause death

or irreversible injury.) 3 -The substance could cause serious temporary or

irreversible injury.

2 - The substance could cause temporary

incapacitation. 1 - The substance could cause irritation.

0 - There is no health hazard.



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The Red Section - Fire Risks

4 - A flammable vapor or gas which burnsreadily.

3 - A flammable liquid or solid which can be

readily ignited.

2 - The substance must be heated for ignition.

1 - The substance must be preheated before

ignition can occur. 0 - There is no fire hazard.



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The Yellow Section - Reactivity Hazards

4 - The substance is readily capable ofdetonation or explosive reaction.

3 - The substance may detonate when

exposed to heat or an ignition source.

2 - The substance is readily capable of non-explosive reaction.

1 - The substance may become unstable athigh temperatures.

0 - The substance is stable.



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TheWhite Section - Special Hazards

OX - Oxidizer

ACID - Acid

ALK - Alkali

COR - Corrosive

- Use no water

- Radioactive



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Regardless of the numbers on the label be

cautious.

(even if they carry ones or zeros)

All chemicals should be treated with the

utmost of care.



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Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

The MSDS contain detail information on:

Name & trade name of the substance

Hazardous ingredient(s) it contains

Physical characteristics of the chemical

Protective equipment to be used

What to do in event of a leak or spill

Any other precautions to be followed



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Material Safety Data Sheet (not to memorize)

Toluene MSDS No. XXXX

1. Product and Company Identification

Product Name: TOLUENE

Synonyms: Methylbenzene, Methylbenzol, Phenylmethane,

ToluolCAS No.: 108883

Chemical Formula: C6H5CH

3

Catalog Number: Tol 12

Supplier: Company X XXXXXXXXX Anywhere, XX XXXXX

Emergency Information: XXXXXXXXXX

2. Composition/Information on Ingredients

Ingredient CAS No Percent Hazardous

Toluene 108883 100% Yes



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3. Hazards Identification

Emergency Overview

DANGER!

Harmful or fatal if swallowed.

Vapor harmful.

POISON!

May be absorbed through intact skin.

Flammable liquid and vapor. May cause liver and kidney damage.

May affect blood system or central nervous sys-tem.

Causes irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory tract.

Potential Acute Health Effects Eye Contact: Causes severe eye irritation with redness and pain.

Skin Contact: Causes irritation. May be absorbed through skin.



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Inhalation may cause irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms of

overexposure may include fatigue, confusion, headache, dizziness and

drowsiness. Very high concentrations may cause unconsciousness anddeath.

Ingestion: Swallowing may cause abdominal spasms and other symp-toms

that parallel over-exposure from inhalation.

Aspiration of material into the lungs may cause chemical pneumonitis,

which may be fatal.

Chronic Exposure: Chronic exposure may result in anemia, decreased blood

cell count and bone marrow hypoplasia. Liver and kidney damage mayoccur. Repeated or prolonged contact may cause dermatitis



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4. First Aid Measures

Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes,

lifting the upper and lower eye lids occasionally. Get medical attentionimmediately.

Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and

water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes.

Wash clothing before reuse. Call a physician immediately.

Inhalation: Evacuate victim to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial

respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Seek medi-cal aid immediately.

Ingestion: Aspiration hazard. If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMIT-ING. Give 24

cups of milk or water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get

medical attention immediately.



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5. Fire Fighting Measures

Fire: Flash point: 4oC (40 oF) Auto-ignition temperature: 480 oC (896oF)Flammable

limits in air % by volume: lower: 1.3%; upper: 7.1%Flammable liquid and vapor!

Extremely flammable when exposed to flame or sparks. Vapors are heavier than

air and can flow along surfaces to distant ignition source and flash back.

Explosion: Vapor-air concentrations above flammable limits are explo-sive. Contact

with strong oxidizers may cause fire or explosion. Sensitive to static discharge.

Fire Extinguishing Media: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide or foam. Material is lighter

than water and a fire may be spread by use of water. Water may be used to cool

fire surface and protect personnel. Water may also be used to flush spills away

from exposures and to dilute spills to non-flam-mable mixtures. Avoid flushing

hydrocarbon into sewers.

Special Information: In the event of a fire, wear full protective clothing and

NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing apparatus operated in the pressure

demand or other positive pressure mode.



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6. Accidental Release Measures Avoid contact.

Ventilate area of leak or spill. Remove all ignition sources.

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment as specified in Section 8.

Isolate hazard area.

Contain and recover liquid when possible.

Collect liquid in an appropriate container or absorb with an inert material such as earth, sand

or vermiculite.

Do not use combustible materials, such as saw dust.

Do not flush to sewer.

7. Handling and Storage Handling: Wash thoroughly after handling. Use with adequate ventila-tion. Avoid contact

with skin, eyes or clothes. Electrically ground and bond containers when transferring material

to avoid static accumulation.

Storage: Store in a cool, dry well-ventilated location, away from any area where the firehazard. Separate from incompatibles. Storage and use ar-eas should be No Smoking areas.

Use non-sparking type tools and equip-ment, including explosion proof ventilation.

Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues

(vapors, liquid). Observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product. Pro-tect

container against physical damage. Keep container tightly closed.



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8. Exposure Controls/Personal ProtectionVentilation System: A system of local and/or general exhaust is recom-mended to keep exposures

below the Airborne Exposure Limits.

Exposure Limits: Toluene:

OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): 200 ppm TWA; 300 ppm (acceptable ceiling conc.);

500 ppm (acceptable maximum conc.).

NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 100 ppm TWA (375 mg/m3); STEL 150 ppm (560

mg/m3)

ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 50 ppm TWA skin potential for cutaneous absorption

Personal Respirators (NIOSH/EN 149 Approved): If the exposure limit is exceeded a half-face

organic vapor respirator may be worn for up to ten times the exposure limit. A full-face

organic vapor respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus may be worn up to 50 times

the exposure limit.

For emergencies or instances where the exposure levels are not known, use a full-face piece

positive-pressure, air-supplied respirator.

Skin Protection: Wear impervious protective clothing, including boots, gloves, lab coat, apron

or coveralls, as appropriate, to prevent skin contact.

Eye Protection: Use chemical splash goggles and/or a full face shield. Maintain eyewash

fountain facilities in work area. 47Lab. Safety - Dr. A. A. P. Keerthi 08/09/2009


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9. Physical and Chemical PropertiesPhysical State and appearance: Clear, colorless liquid.

Odor: Aromatic benzene-like.

Solubility: Very slight Specific Gravity (Water = 1): 0.9

Viscosity: 20cP @ 20 oC

Boiling Point: 110 oC (232 oF)

Melting Point: 95oC (139 oF)

Vapor Density (Air=1): 3.1

Vapor Pressure (mm Hg):53

.3

@ 20

o

C (6

8 oF)Evaporation Rate (Butyl acetate=1): 2.4

Molecular formula: C6H5CH

3Molecular weight: 92.06

10. Stability and Reactivity Stability: Stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage. Contain-ers may burst when

heated.

Hazardous Decomposition Products: Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may form when

heated to decomposition.

Hazardous Polymerization: Has not been reported.

Incompatibilities: Heat, flame, strong oxidizers, nitric and sulfuric acids; will attack some

forms of plastics, rubber, coatings.

Conditions to Avoid: Heat, flames, ignition sources and incompatibles.



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11. Toxicological Information

Toxicological Data: Oral rat LD50: 636 mg/kg Skin rabbit LD50: 14100 uL/kg

Inhalation rat LC50: 49 gm/m3/4H Inhalation mouse LC50:

400 ppm/24H

Irritation data: skin rabbit, 500 mg, Eye rabbit, 2 mg/24H,

Severe. Moderate

Investigated as a tumorigen, mutagen, reproductive effector.

Reproductive Toxicity: Has shown some evidence of

reproductive effects in laboratory animals.



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12. Ecological Information

Environmental Fate:

When released into the soil, this material may evaporate and is

microbiologically biodegradable. When released into the soil, this material is

expected to leach into groundwater. When re-leased into water, this material

may evaporate and biodegrade to a mod-erate extent. When released into theair, this material may be moderately degraded by reaction with photochemically

produced hydroxyl radicals.

Environmental Toxicity: No data available, however this material is expected to

be toxic to aquatic life.



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14. Transport Information Domestic (Land, U.S. D.O.T.)

Proper Shipping Name: TOLUENE Hazard Class: 3 UN/NA: UN1294 Packing Group: II

Canada TDG

Proper Shipping Name: TOLUENE Hazard Class: 3 (9.2)UN/NA: UN1294 Packing Group: II

Additional Information: Flashpoint 4oC

15. Regulatory Information

CALIFORNIA PROPOSITION65

: WARNING This product contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause birth defects or

other reproductive harm. Reportable Quantity: 1000 Pounds (454 Kilograms) (138.50 Gals)

NFPA Rating: Health 2; Fire 3; Reactivity 00=Insignificant 1=Slight 2=Moderate 3=High

4=Extreme

Carcinogenicity Lists: No NTP: No IARC Monograph: No OSHA Regulated: No

Section 313 Supplier Notification: This product contains the following toxic chemical(s)

subject to the reporting requirements of SARA TITLE III Section 313 of the Emergency

Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986 and of40 CFR 372:

CAS No. Chemical Name % By Weight

108883 Toluene 100



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16. Other Information Label Hazard Warning

POISON! DANGER! HARMFUL ORFATAL IF SWALLOWED. HARM-FUL IF INHALED OR

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BED THR

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SKIN

. VA

POR

HAR

M-F

UL.F

LA

MMA

BLE LIQUIDAN

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POR

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YAFFECT LIVER, KIDNEYS, BLOOD SYSTEM, ORCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CAUSES

IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT.

Label Precautions

Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. Keep container closed. Use only with adequate

ventilation. Wash thoroughly after handling. Avoid breathing vapor. Avoid contact with eyes,

skin and clothing.

Label First Aid

Aspiration hazard. If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water.

Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If vomiting occurs, keep head below

hips to prevent aspiration into lungs. If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give

artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. In case of contact, im-mediatelyflush eyes or skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing

and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. In all cases call a physician immediately.



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THANK YOUTHANK YOU

53Lab Safety - Dr A A P Keerthi 08/09/2009

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