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4

SfUQ Notes on Rare Books and Manuscripts A pr.

,

A Medieval Pilot-Book

MEDIEVAL cosmology, astrology, and geography are char-

acteristically combined in La Sfera by Gregorio Dati (1363-

1436). TliJs Italian treatise in verse is of special interest to historians

of science because of the nautical instruments mentioned in it and

the maps that illustrate it. The Library has recently acquired a

tnanuscript copy of the work. It is a folio of twenty leaves, in a fair

:lear script, ornamented only by the elongation of the consonants in the

iirst lines of the stanzas. The colophon gives the name of the scribe

md the date of bis writing. ""Written at Pesaro by Gaspar de

Fidelis, son of Antonio Fidelis," it states, "and completed on Au-just 7, 1484, after the twenty-third hour had struck."

E. G. R. Taylor (in an appendix to a work published by the

Hakluyt Society') complains that the copies of La Sfera that bave

ìurvived are elaborately illustrated, prepared for presentation

jurposes, with the result that the maps and charts bave lost in accuracy.

rhose in the Library's manuscript are drawn in ink on the mar-

jins of the text. They are indeed the mcst distinctive and valuable

eature of the volume.

Gregorio Dati was a Fiorentine merchant and public officiai, a

listorian of bis native city, who' had also the reputation of a mathe-

natician and astrologer. Among bis writings was // Libro Segreto, a

'secret journal" which has been printed. Here he recorded mainly the

inancial concerns of bis business and bis domestic affairs — his

our successive marriages and the births of his twenty or more

:hildren. In a matter of fact way, he enumerated also his election

:o many public offices: he was made Console dell' Arte for the

ileventh time, he was a member of a municipal council of Pisa, he

,vas Gonfaloniere (standard-bearer) of justice, and held various

Dther positions of trust. More significant in relation to the Li-

jrary's manuscript were his voyages, in the interest of his business,

co Spain.

It should be noted that La Sfera has also been attributed to

Gregorio's brother Leonardo, a Dominican who became the Gen-

eral of his Order in 1414. G. C. Galleti, editor of the text printed in

1863, leaves the question unsettled.^

1. A hrief Smnme of Geographie by Roger Barlow. Edited with an intro-

duction and notes by E. G. R. Taylor. London, 1932, p. 184.

2. The Library of Congress enters La sfera under Leonardo Dati as sup-

posed author, with the added entry of Gregorio Dati.

/gK)wei- of thought that seems to inspire bis etching needle.

Sp^iding some time with these prints, one seems to look past

and\eyond the possibilities which have not been brojaght to

light inSLogan's creative talent. His work assuredly, ]5uts forth

a distinctSmd personal style, wbich augurs weU for continuai

accompIishiTÌ^t in the future. yOne may look forward to a series of plates bringing greater

stature to his wOKk, which, besides tifose represented in the

permanent coUectioivs of England and France, may also be

found in the MetropoK^n Mjuseum in New York, the NewYork Public Library, th^N^lbrary of Congress, the National

Gallery, the Smithsonia.n'iEnHitution, the Avery Memorial Art

Museum, Hartford, Bòston Mu^um of Fine Arts, Boston Pub-

lic Library, Brooklyn Museum,\^yman AUyn Art Museum,

New London, and the Yale University /Vrt Gallery.

The possibilities of Logan's future remain outside the scope

of this article. However, this exhibition will attest to the fact

that he is an etcher of unusual ability with inexhaustible ideas,

wLtli qualities that have not been fuUy tried. N^

finds bere the sun's radiation of both heat and liglit explained byanalog_v of the T^init]^^ Those human beings who are boru under

the influence of the sun are of great wisdom and goodness. Theauthor characterizes Venus, Mercury, and the moon, and explains

both solar and lunar eclipses. Beneath the sphere of the moon is

that of fire, next come the air and water, and the earth, "a solid and

heavy body," is in the middle of the whole system. This Ptolemaic

Bummary has a medieval climax: "There is nothing beneath it ex-

:ept the inferno, the place of the damned." The diameter of this

ilace is given as seven thousand, and the circumference as twenty-

.wo thousand miles.

Numerous stanzas treat of physical geography — climate, the

;ffect of marshy valleys and of mountains on health; of rain,

now, hail-storms, and the tides drawn by the moon. If the earth

vere like the water, the air, and the fire — that is, made of sub-

lile non-resistant stufi — there would be no night in any part of the

globe, "but the sun cannot pass through its hard bones." Follow-

'ng a charming descriptìon of the seasons is an explanation of the

our elements, "which render the body ili or well' according as they

larmonize," and the four humors that mark human types.

There are eight winds "for navigating," which the author names.

Then he calls attention to the map on which the winds, the ports,

md ali the sea are drawn. With this chart merchants and pirates

ravel by sea, the ones for gain, the others for rapine, and in a

noment they may be rich or ruined. At this point occurs the mention

•jf nautical Instruments : "With the compass tempered by the star,

the magnet toward the north," the mariner steers his course and,

when he has deviated from it, rights the ship with the rudder. Helowers or raises the lateen-yard according to the wind, and whenthe wind changes, he has to be very alert, for suddenly there maybe danger of death. An hour-glass^ shows how many hours the ship

has gone with the wind. Great skill is required in entering a port,

and inexperienced mariners may wreck their vessels.

The author explains the famous T chart, which appears as an il-

lustration. "A T within an O shows how the world is divided into

three parts." Asia occupies the upper half of the circle, and Europe

and Africa the two sections of the lower half, with the Mediter-

ranean between them. This circle. Dati writes, represents muchless than half of the sphere, and ali the rest is sea. Asia is the first

5. G. Libri, Histolrc dcs Sciences mathématiques, II, 221, quotes the stanza

bere referred to with some variation from the Library's manuscript. Thelatter reads: "Bisogna lucido (?) per mirare"; Libri quotes (also from manu-scripts) : "Bisogna l'orlogio . .." Galletti's edition of 1863 reads "l'oriolo . .

."

The poem La Sfera is in part a "rutter" or pilot-book, of the kind

which developed from the simple charts used by seamen in the

thirteenth century and perhaps earlier. N. A. E. Nordenskiuld, the

Swedish explorer and authority on the history of navigation, thinks

that the portolan atlases from the fourteenth through the sixteenth

centuries represent only variations of the "normal" portolano. Theforerunners of the latter, he writes, "consisted of rude drawingsof certain often used fair-ways along the coasts and of the sailing-

directions for skippers trading between the more important places

on the coasts. No such works are now extant, but I believe that I

bave found some slightly altered copies of them among the mar-ginai ornaments in some manuscripts of Leonardo [ !] Dati's cele-

brated cosmographic poem La sfera."^

The poem takes its name from the first, the properly cosmo-graphic part, which gives the mariner a general background of

knowledge. It is written in ottava rima, which closes with a couplet.

The first five stanzas are a dedication "to the Father, the Son, andthe Holy Spirit," and one cannot help remarking that they excel

the others in lyric grace. Dati, the Fiorentine merchant, was a true

Renaissance man for whom faith and poetry, science and sea-faring

were not separate categories.

The exposition of the place of the terrestrial sphere in the cos-

mos begins with a mention of the pole-star, which navigators look

for "when daylight fails." The author points out the north and the

south poles, the equator, and the inhabited places "between this

hot and the two cold zones." Of stars there is an infinite number,

and each exerts its influence on human bodies. The signs of the

zodiac are explained, then the "seven planets in seven spheres."

The first of these is Saturn, the planet of the contemplatives who are

chaste and astute of intellect. The second planet is Jove, "which moves

in the sphere like clear crystal," and its influence imparts powerand magnificence. Next is Mars whose followers naturally are

ferocious —"but if one wants to take the better part —in virtue and in strength they bave great art."*

Now follow seven stanzas of apotheosis to the sun, "more noble

than anj' other star." While in modem times philosophical princi-

ples are sometimes explained by analogies from the physical world,

in the fourteenth century the procedure was in reverse; thus one

3. N. A. E. Nordenskiòld, Periplus, Stockholm, 1897, P- 45 ff-

4. "Et se voglio pigliar la miglior parte

De virtù e de forzie hanno grande arte."

part of the earth. Next Dati describes the courses of the Tigris

and Euphrates and other rivers ; he mentions the spices imported

from India and Ethiopia to the West, the shipments of merchan-

dise brought by caravans to Alexandria and Damascus, the latter

being of a greater antiquity than any other city on earth. In somefifty stanzas he gives geographical information about the regions

bordering on the Mediterranean and the cities of Asia Minor and

Western Asia.