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Anatomy 403 (MEDADM 403)

The University of Michigan Medical School

Winter 2010

Dr. Ameed Raoof

[email protected]

Lecture One:

An Introduction to The Human Body/

Surface Anatomy

Introduction/Surface anatomy



Date Day Sessions( 10 :0 0 - 12 : Faculty Quizzes Location

6-Jan W Lecture(L1) RAOOF 1-23;413-433 NLH- MSII

8-Jan F L2 HILDEBRANDT 92-115 NLH- MSII

11-Jan M L3 STRIBLEY Quiz1 26-88 NLH- MSII

13-Jan W L4 STRIBLEY 116-134 NLH- MSII

15-Jan F L5 RAOOF Skeletal System: development & organization 140-158 NLH- MSII

18-Jan M MLK, JR. DAY NLH- MSII

20-Jan W L6 RAOOF Quiz2 162-210 NLH- MSII

22-Jan F L7 RAOOF Skeletal System - gross anatomy: Appendicular skele 213-246 NLH- MSII25-Jan M L8 RAOOF 250-283 NLH- MSII

27-Jan W LAB VISIT1 NLH- MSII

29-Jan F Practical Quiz NLH- MSII

1-Feb M L9 STRIBLEY Quiz3 287-305 NLH- MSII

3-Feb W L10 STRIBLEY Skeletal Muscles: regional gross anatomy-Axial 309-409 NLH- MSII

5-Feb F L11 STRIBLEY Skeletal Muscles: regional gross anatomy-Appendicular 309-409 NLH- MSII

8-Feb M L12 HILDEBRAND Quiz4 437-452 NLH- MSII

10-Feb W L13 HILDEBRANDT 453-480 NLH- MSII

12-Feb F L14 HILDEBRANDT 481-540 NLH- MSII

15-Feb M L15 HILDEBRAND Quiz5 Cardiovascular system: Lymphatics 541-566 NLH- MSII

17-Feb W L16 RAOOF Nervous System: general organization; development567-580 NLH- MSII

19-Feb F LAB VISIT2 NLH- MSII

22-Feb M Practical Quiz-2 Review Session with Dr. Fisher NLH- MSII

24-Feb W EXAM1 NLH- WLH-MSII

26-Feb F L17 RAOOF 584-608 NLH- MSII

1-Mar M vacation March 1-5 NLH- MSII

8-Mar M L18 RAOOF Quiz6 The Brain and cranial nerves (1) 612-654 NLH- MSII

10-Mar W L19 RAOOF The Brain and cranial nerves (2) 612-654 NLH- MSII

12-Mar F L20 RAOOF Autonomic Nervous System 659-672 NLH- MSII

15-Mar M L21 RAOOF Quiz7 Somatic senses & Motor Control 678-693 NLH- MSII

17-Mar W L22 RAOOF Special senses 697-726 NLH- MSII

19-Mar F L23 STRIBLEY Endocrine System and hormones-1 730-748 NLH- MSII

22-Mar M L24 STRIBLEY Quiz8 Endocrine System and ho rmones-2 730-748 NLH- MSII24-Mar W LAB VISIT3 NLH- MSII

26-Mar F Practical Quiz-3 NLH- MSII

29-Mar M L25 STRIBLEY Quiz9 Digestive System-1 781-814 NLH- MSII

31-Mar W L26 STRIBLEY Digestive System-2 781-814 NLH- MSII

2-Apr F L27 HILDEBRANDT Respiratory System 752-780 NLH- MSII

5-Apr M L28 HILDEBRAND Quiz10 Urinary System 821-845 NLH- MSII

7-Apr W L29 HILDEBRANDT Reproductive System-1-Male 846-859 NLH- MSII

9-Apr F L30 HILDEBRANDT Reproductive System-2-Female 860-892 NLH- MSII

12-Apr M LAB VISIT4 NLH- MSII

14-Apr W Practical Quiz NLH- MSII

16-Apr F Review Session with Dr. Fisher NLH- MSII

22-Apr Th. FINAL EXAM: 10:30 AM-12:30 PM Alternate f inal: 1:30-3:30 NLH- SLH-MSII

*NLH, WLH: North & west Lecture Halls-Medical Sciences II Building next to Taubman Medical Library

Principles: Cells, tissues and organs

The Integumen tary System

Skeletal System - gross anatomy: axial skeleton

Cardiovascular system: Blood vessels & regional circulation

Spinal cord and spinal nerves

Cardiovascular System: The Blood

Cardiovascular System: The Heart

MEDADM 403- Human Anatomy: Structure and Function. Winter 2010 Schedule

Skeletal System - Joints: Classification & structure

Skeletal Muscle: development, organization, & histology

Topic: Page #: Tortora PHA 11

Orientation; principles in biology and anatomy-Surface anato

Development





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The course quizzes and exams will make up a total of 300

points (100%):

* Quizzes: 100 points

* Lab quizzes (4): 40

* Exam 1(midterm): 80

* Exam 2 (final): 80



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An Introduction to the Human Body

Anatomy

hysiology

Subdi isions of A &



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Anatomy

Student:

Medical;

Dental;

Under-

graduate



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Introduction

You ar beginning a study of the human body

You will lear n how it is or gani ed

You will lear n how it functions You will lear n anatomical vocabular y so that

you can communicate in common ter ms with

other s who study anatomy



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Definitions

Anatomy - the study of str uctur e and the

r elationshi among str uctur es of the body

Dissection - the car eful cutting apar t of body

str uctur es to examine them

Physiology - the study of the function of

body par ts



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Clinical Connection - Noninvasive

Diagnostic Techniques Inspection - obser ving the body for any

obvious changes f r om nor mal

Palpation - touching the body sur faces with

the hands Auscultation - listening to body sounds,

often with the aid of a stethoscope

Percussion - tapping on the sur face of thebody with f inger tips and listening to ther esulting echo



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Levels of Body Organization - 6 levels

Chemical level - includes atoms and

molecules (two or mor e atoms joined

together)

Cellular level - the basic str uctur al and

functional units of an or ganism

Tissue level - gr oups of cells and the

material surr ounding them that per for m aspecif ic function



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Levels of Body Organization

Or gan level - str uctur es that ar e composed

of two or mor e differ ent types of tissues and

have specif ic functions

System level - consists of r elated or gans

with a common function

Or ganismal level - any living individual, all

the par ts of the body functioning together



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1CHEMICAL LEVEL

Atoms (C, H, O, N, P)

Molecule (DNA)

1 1CHEMICAL LEVEL


2CELLULAR LEVEL

Molecule (DNA)

Smooth muscle cell

12

3

1CHEMICAL LEVEL


2CELLULAR LEVEL

Molecule (DNA)

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

TISSUE LEVEL

12

3 3

4

1CHEMICAL LEVEL


2CELLULAR LEVEL

Molecule (DNA)

Smooth muscle cell


Stomach

Epithelialtissue

ORGAN LEVEL

TISSUE LEVEL

Smooth muscle

tissue layers

12

3

4

Ser ous

membr ane

3

4

5

1CHEMICAL LEVEL


2CELLULAR LEVEL

Molecule (DNA)

Smooth muscle cell


SYSTEM LEVEL

Esophagus

Liver Stomach

Small intestine

Lar ge intestine

Digestive system

Stomach

Epithelialtissue

ORGAN LEVEL

TISSUE LEVEL

Smooth muscle

tissue layers

12

3

4

5

Pancreas

Gallbladder

Ser ous

membr ane

3

4

5

1CHEMICAL LEVEL


2CELLULAR LEVEL

Molecule (DNA)

Smooth muscle cell


ORGANISMAL LEVEL

SYSTEM LEVEL

Esophagus

Liver StomachPancreas

Gallbladder

Small intestine

Lar ge intestine

Digestive system

Stomach

Epithelialtissue

Ser ous

membr aneORGAN LEVEL

TISSUE LEVEL

Smooth muscle

tissue layers

12

3

4

5

6



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Basic Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical position - the subject stands

upright, head level, ar ms at the sides with the

palms facing for war d

Pr one - lying face down

Supine - lying face up

Regional names - head, neck, tr unk, upper

limbs, and lower limbs (Fig. 1.2)



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Terminology - Planes and Sections

Planes - imaginar y f lat sur faces that pass

thr ough the body

Sagittal plane - a ver tical plane that divides

the body or or gan into left and right par ts

Midsagittal (median) plane - divides the

body or or gan into equal left and right par ts

Fr ontal (cor onal) plane - divides the body or or gan into f r ont and back por tions



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Planes and Sections

Tr ansverse plane - divides the body or

or gan into upper and lower por tions, also

called cr oss-sectional or hori ontal plane

Oblique plane - passes thr ough the body or

or gan at an angle

Section - one f lat sur face of a thr ee-

dimensional str uctur e or a cut along a plane



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Planes and Sections



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Directional Terms - examples

Superior - towar ds the head; e.g., the noseis superior to the mouth

Inf erior - away f r om the head; e.g., the

stomach is inferior to the hear t Medial - closer to the midline; e.g., the little

f inger is medial to the thumb

Later al - far ther f r om the midline; e.g., thethumb is later al to the index f inger

tc.



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Major Directional Terms



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Superior or Inferior

Dorsal or Ventral

Medial or LateralProximal or Distal



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Body Cavities

Spaces within the body that help pr otect,separ ate, and suppor t inter nal or gans

Bones, muscles and ligaments separ ate body

cavities f r om each other



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Body Cavities

Two major cavities, housing the br ain and spinal

cor d, ar e the cr anial cavity and the ver tebr al

(spinal) canal

The two major cavities in the tr unk ar e the thor acic cavity (superior) and the abdominopelvic cavity

(inferior), separ ated by the diaphr agm

Viscer a - the or gans located inside the thor acic and

abdominopelvic cavities The thor acic cavity has thr ee smaller cavities - the

pericar dial cavity and two pleur al cavities



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Body Cavities

Mediastinum - centr al par t of the thor acic

cavity, located between the lungs

Abdominal cavity - contains the stomach,

spleen, liver , gallbladder , small intestine, and

most of the lar ge intestine

Pelvic cavity - contains the urinar y bladder ,

par ts of the lar ge intestine, and inter nal or gans of r epr oduction



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Dorsal Body Cavity

2 subdivisions

cr anial cavity

ver tebr al or spinal canal

eninges



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Ventral Body Cavity

2 subdivisions

thor acic cavity above

diaphr agm

abdominopelvic cavity

below diaphr agm

Diaphr agm

Or gans called viscer a

Or gans cover ed with

ser ous membr ane



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Body Cavities



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Body Cavities



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Body Cavities



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Body Cavities



31

Body Cavities



32

Body Cavities



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Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity

Membranes Ser ous membr ane - a thin, slipper y

membr ane that cover s the viscer a and also

lines the walls of each cavity

P arietal layer - lines the walls of the cavities

V isceral layer - cover s and adher es to the

viscer a within the cavities



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Cavity Membranes

Pleur a - the ser ous membr ane of the pleur al cavities,has a v isceral and a parietal pleura, between thelayer s is the pleur al cavity containing ser ous f luid

Pericar dium - the ser ous membr ane of thepericar dial cavity, between the v isceral pericardiumand parietal pericardium lies the pericar dial cavity

Peritoneum - the ser ous membr ane of theabdominal cavity, has a v isceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum, with the peritoneal cavitybetween them



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Abdominopel vic Regions and

Quadrants Ther e ar e 9 abdominopelvic r egions

Ther e ar e two hori ontal lines - the top one,

subcostal line, dr awn inferior to the rib cage

Bottom hori ontal line (transtubercular line) dr awn

just inferior to the tops of the hip bones

The two ver tical lines ar e called the left and right

midclav icular lines, dr awn thr ough the midpoints of the clavicles



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Abdominopel vic Quadrants

The four quadr ants ar e for med by dr awing

two lines, one ver tically and one hori ontally

thr ough the umbilicus

-Right upper quadr ant (RUQ)

-Left upper quadr ant (LUQ)

-Right lower quadr ant (RLQ)

-Left lower quadr ant (LLQ)



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Abdominopel vic Quadrants



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The Human Body and Disease

Disor der - any abnor mality of str uctur e

and/or function

Disease - a mor e specif ic ter m for an illness

wher e signs and symptoms ar e r ecogni ed

Symptoms - ar e subjective, what the patient

r epor ts

Signs - ar e objective, what an examiner obser ves and measur es



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The Human Body and Disease

Epidemiology - the science that deals with

the investigation of diseases and how they

ar e tr ansmitted

Phar macology - the science that deals with

the use of dr ugs in the tr eatment of disease

Diagnosis - the science and skill of

distinguishing one disor der or disease f r omanother



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Plastination



41

Which word describes the location of the lungsin relation to the liver?

A. Anterior

B. InferiorC. Superior

D. Lateral

E. Medial



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Introduction- Surface Anatomy

Sur face anatomy is the study of the anatomical landmar ks on theexterior of the body.

Visualization involves looking in a ver y selective and pur poseful

manner at a specif ic par t of the body.

Palpation means using the sense of touch to deter mine the location

of an inter nal par t of the body thr ough the skin.

The var ying depth of differ ent str uctur es f r om the sur face of thebody and due to gender differ ences in the thickness of the der mis

and subcutaneous layer over differ ent par ts of the body, palpations

may r ange f r om light, to moder ate, to deep.



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Bony Landmarks of the Head

Sagittal suture, Cor onal and lambdoid sutures. Exter nal occipital pr otuber ance ± pr ominent bony landmar k on

the occipital r egion of the skull

Or bit

The supr aor bital mar gin of the f r ontal bone.

Nasal bones Mandible. The r amus (ver tical por tion), body (hori ontal por tion),

and angle (ar ea wher e the r amus meets the body) of

Zygomatic arch and zygomatic bones.

Mastoid pr ocess - the pr ominent bony landmar k situated posterior

to the ear



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Muscles of Facial Expression



45

Surface Anatomy of the Head



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Surface Features of the Eyes

Iris - Cir cular pigmented muscular str uctur e behind the cor nea

Pupil - Opening in the center of the iris thr ough which light tr avels.

Scler a - Fibr ous tissue that cover s the entir e eyeball except the cor nea.

Conjunctiva - Membr ane that cover s the exposed sur face of the eyeball

and lines the eyelids.

Eyelids (palpebr ae) - Folds of skin and muscle.

Palpebr al f issure - Space between the eyelids.

Medial commissure - site of the union of the upper and lower eyelids.

Later al commissure -site of the union of the upper and lower eyelids.

Lacrimal car uncle - Fleshy, yellowish pr ojection of the medial commissur e

contains modif ied sudorifer ous and sebaceous glands.

Eyelashes - Hair s on the mar gin of the eyelids.

Eyebr ows - Sever al r ows of hair s superior to the upper eyelids.



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Surface Anatomy of the Eye



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Surface Features of the Ears

Auricle - The exter nal ear ; also called the pinna. It funnels sound wavesinto the exter nal auditor y canal

Tr agus - Car tilaginous pr ojection anterior to the exter nal auditor y canal.

Just anterior to the tr agus and posterior to the neck of

Antitr agus - Car tilaginous pr ojection opposite the tr agus.

Concha -H

ollow of the auricle. Helix - Superior and posterior f r ee mar gin of the auricle.

Antihelix - Semicir cular ridge superior and posterior to the tr agus.

Triangular fossa - Depr ession in the superior por tion of the antihelix.

Lobule - Inferior por tion of the auricle; it does not contain car tilage

Exter nal auditor y canal (meatus) - Canal about 3 cm (1 in.) long

extending f r om the exter nal ear to the ear dr um (tympanic membr ane). It

contains cer uminous glands that secr ete cer umen (ear wax).



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Surface Features of the Ears



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Surface Features of the Nose and Mouth Root - Superior attachment of the nose at

the for ehead, between the eyes. Apex - Tip of the nose.

Dorsum nasi- Rounded anterior bor der

connecting the r oot and apex

Exter nal naris - xter nal opening into the

nose.

Ala - Convex f lar ed por tion of the inferior

later al sur faces of the nose. Bridge - Superior por tion of the dor sum

nasi.

Philtr um - The ver tical gr oove on the upper

lip that extends along the midline to the

inferior por tion of the nose.

Lips (labia) - Superior and inferior f leshy

bor der s of the or al cavity.



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Surface Anatomy of the Neck

Thyr oid car tilage - The lar gest of the car tilages that compose the

lar ynx (voice box).

Hyoid bone - Located just superior to the thyr oid car tilage.

Cricoid car tilage - A lar yngeal car tilage, located just inferior to thethyr oid car tilage

Thyr oid gland - Two-lobed gland just inferior to the lar ynx

Ster nocleidomastoid muscle- For ms later al aspect of neck.

Ar teries and Veins - Common car otid ar ter y, Inter nal jugular vein,

Subclavian ar ter y, Exter nal car otid ar ter y, Exter nal jugular vein.



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Tr apezius muscle - Extends inferiorly and later ally f r om the base

of the skull and occupies a por tion of the later al cer vical r egion.

Ver tebr al spines -The spinous pr ocesses of the cer vical ver tebr ae

may be felt along the midline of the posterior r egion of the neck.

Ver tebr a pr ominens - Pr ominent at the base of the neck, the

spinous pr ocess of the seventh cer vical ver tebr a.



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Surface Features of the Back

Ver tebr al spines - The spinous pr ocesses of ver tebr ae, ar e quitepr ominent when the ver tebr al column is f lexed.

Scapulae - These easily identif iable sur face landmar ks on the back

lie between ribs 2±7. Various par ts of the scapula, such as the

ver tebr al bor der , axillar y bor der , inferior angle, spine, and acr omion.

Latissimus dorsi muscle - A br oad, f lat, triangular muscle of thelumbar r egion that extends superiorly to the axilla and, when well

developed, gives a V-shape to the tr unk of the body.

Erector spinae (sacr ospinalis) muscle - Located on either side of

the ver tebr al column between the skull and iliac cr ests.

Inf r aspinatus muscle - Located inferior to the spine of the scapula. Rapezius muscle - Extends f r om the cer vical and thor acic

ver tebr ae to the spine and acr omion of the scapula and the later al

end of the clavicle.



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Teres major muscle - Located inferior to the inf r aspinatus muscle;

together with the latissimus dor si muscle it for ms the inferior bor der

of the posterior axillar y fold.

Posterior axillar y fold - For med by the latissimus dor si and ter esmajor muscles, the posterior axillar y fold.

Triangle of auscultation - A triangular r egion of the back just

medial to the inferior par t of the scapula, wher e the rib cage is not

cover ed by super f icial muscles.It is bounded by the latissimus dor si and tr apezius muscles and ver tebr al bor der of the scapula.



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Surface Features of the Chest

Clavicle - ar ticulates with the manubrium (superior por tion) of the

ster num.

Ster noclavicular joint - For med wher e the medial end of the

clavicle ar ticulates with the manubrium of the ster num.

Supr aster nal ( jugular ) notch of ster num - A depr ession on the

superior bor der of the manubrium of the ster num between the

medial ends of the clavicles

Manubrium of ster num - Superior por tion of the ster num at the

same levels as the bodies of the thir d and four th thor acic ver tebr ae

and anterior to the ar ch of the aor ta.

Ster nal angle of ster num - For med at the junction between

the manubrium and body of the ster num,



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Body of ster num - Midpor tion of the ster num anterior to the hear t

and the ver tebr al bodies of T5 ±T8.

Xiphoid pr ocess of ster num - Inferior por tion of the ster num,

medial to the seventh costal car tilages.

Costal mar gin - Inferior edges of the costal car tilages of ribs 7thr ough 10.

Serr atus anterior muscle- Inferior and later al to the pector alis

major muscle.

Ribs - Twelve pair s of ribs help to for m the bony cage of the

thor acic cavity. Mammar y glands - Accessor y or gans of the female r epr oductive

system located inside the br easts.



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Surface Features of the Shoulder

Acr omioclavicular joint

Acr omion

Humer us

Deltoid muscle



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Surface Features of the Armpit

Apex -T

he apex of the axilla is surr ounded by the clavicle, scapula,and f ir st rib.

Base - The base of the axilla is for med by the concave skin and

fascia that extends f r om the ar m to the chest wall

Anterior wall -The anterior wall of the axilla is composed mainly of

the pector alis major muscle

Posterior wall - The posterior wall of the axilla is for med mainly by

the ter es major and latissimus dor si muscles

Medial wall - The medial wall of the axilla is for med by ribs 1±4 and

their corr esponding inter costal muscles, plus the overlying serr atus

anterior muscle.

Later al wall - Finally, the later al wall of the axilla is for med by the

cor acobr achialis and biceps br achii muscles and the superior

por tion of the shaft of the humer us.



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Surface Features of the Arm and

Elbow

Humer us - This ar m bone may be palpated along its entir e length,

especially near the elbow.

Biceps br achii muscle - For ms the bulk of the anterior sur face of

the ar m. On the medial side of the muscle is a gr oove that containsthe br achial ar ter y.

Triceps br achii muscle - For ms the bulk of the posterior sur face of

the ar m.

Medial epicondyle - Medial pr ojection of the humer us near the

elbow. Later al epicondyle - Later al pr ojection of the humer us near the

elbow.



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Surface Features of the Arm and Elbow

Olecr anon - Pr ojection of the pr oximal end of the ulna between andslightly superior to the epicondyles when the for ear m is extended; it

for ms the elbow.

Ulnar nerve - The ³funny bone´ is the r egion wher e the ulnar ner ve

r ests against the medial epicondyle.

Cubital fossa - Triangular space in the anterior r egion of the elbow

Median cubital vein - Cr osses the cubital fossa obliquely and

connects the later al cephalic with the medial basilic veins of the ar m.

Br achial ar ter y - Continuation of the axillar y ar ter y that passes

posterior to the cor acobr achialis muscle and then medial to the

biceps br achii muscle.

Bicipital aponeur osis - An aponeur osis that inser ts the biceps

br achii muscle into the deep fascia in the medial aspect of the

for ear m.



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Surface Features of the Arm and

Elbow



65

Surface Features of Forearm and Wrist Ulna - The medial bone of the for ear m

Radius ± The later al bone of the for ear m Br achior adialis muscle - the superior and later al aspect of the

for ear m.

Flexor carpi r adialis muscle. - is on the later al side of the for ear m

Palmaris longus muscle - is medial to the f lexor car pi r adialis

tendon Flexor digitor um super f icialis muscle - is medial to the palmaris

longus tendon.

Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle - is on the medial aspect of the

for ear m.

Radial ar ter y- Located on the later al aspect of the wrist Pisifor m bone. Medial bone of the pr oximal r ow of car pals

Wrist creases - Thr ee mor e or less constant lines on the anterior

aspect of the wrist



66

Surface Features of the Forearm and

Wrist



67

Surface Features of the Hand

Knuckles - Commonly r efer s to the dor sal aspect of the heads of

metacar pals II ±V, but also includes the dor sal aspects of the

metacar pophalangeal and inter phalangeal joints.

Dorsal venous network of the hand (dorsal venous arch).

Super f icial veins on the dorsum of the hand that dr ain blood into

the cephalic vein.

Tendon of extensor digiti minimi muscle - the dor sum of the hand

in line with the phalanx of the little f inger .

Tendons of extensor digitor um muscle - the dor sum of the hand

in line with the phalanges of the ring, middle, and index f inger s.



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Surface Features of the Hand



69

Surface Features of the Abdomen and

Pel

vis The abdominal aor ta, which br anches into the right and left

common iliac ar teries anterior to the body of ver tebr a L4

The inf erior vena cava lies to the right of the abdominal aor ta and

is wider ; it arises anterior to the body of ver tebr a L5.

Exter nal oblique muscle - Located inferior to the serr atus anterior

muscle.

Rectus abdominis muscles - Located later al to the midline of the

abdomen.

Linea alba - Flat, tendinous r aphe (inter section of muscle tendons)

Linea semilunaris -The later al edge of the r ectus abdominisMuscle

Iliac crest - Superior mar gin of the ilium of the hip bone



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Surface Features of the Buttock Gluteus maximus muscle - For ms the major por tion of the

pr ominence of the buttocks. Gluteus medius muscle - Superior and later al to the gluteus

maximus muscle.

Gluteal (natal) cleft - Depr ession along the midline that separ ates

the left and right buttocks.

Gluteal fold - Inferior limit of the buttock that r oughly corr esponds

to the inferior mar gin of the gluteus maximus muscle.

Ischial tuber osity - Just superior to the medial side of the gluteal

fold, the tuber osity bear s the weight of the body when seated.

Greater tr ochanter - A pr ojection of the pr oximal end of the femur on the later al side of the thigh.



71

Surface Anatomy of the Buttock



72

Surface Features of the Thigh and

Knee Sar torius muscle - Super f icial anterior muscle that can be tr aced

f r om the later al aspect of the thigh to the medial aspect of the knee.

Quadriceps f emoris muscle - Thr ee of the four components of the

muscle can be seen: r ectus femoris, vastus medialis and vastus

later alis and the vastus inter medius, is deep to the r ectus femoris Adductor longus muscle. Located at the superior aspect of the

medial thigh. It is the most anterior of the thr ee adductor muscles

(adductor magnus, adductor br evis, and adductor longus.

Femor al triangle - A space at the pr oximal end of the thigh

for med by the inguinal ligament superiorly, the sar torius muscle



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Surface Features of the Thigh and Knee

Hamstring muscles. Super f icial, posterior thigh muscles the biceps

femoris, Tendinosus and semimembr anosus,

Patella - the kneecap, a sesamoid bone.

Patellar ligament - Continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon

inferior to the patella. Inf r apatellar fat pads cushion it on both sides.

Medial condyle of f emur - Medial pr ojection on the distal end of the

femur .

Medial condyle of tibia - Medial pr ojection on the pr oximal end of

the tibia.

Later al condyle of f emur - Later al pr ojection on the distal end of

the femur .

Later al condyle of tibia - Later al pr ojection on the pr oximal end of

the tibia.

Popliteal fossa - A diamond-shaped ar ea on the posterior aspect

of the knee



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Surface Features of Knee and Thigh



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Surface Features of the Leg, Ank le and Foot

Tibial tuber osity - Bonypr ominence on the superior ,anterior sur face of the tibia intowhich the patellar ligament inser ts.

Tibialis anterior muscle - Liesagainst the later al sur face of thetibia.

Tibia - The medial sur face andanterior bor der (shin) of the tibia

Fibularis (per oneus) longus muscle - A super f icial later al muscle that overlies the f ibula.

Gastr ocnemius muscle - For ms

the bulk of the midpor tion andsuperior por tion of the posterior aspect of the leg.

Soleus muscle - Located deep tothe gastr ocnemius muscle.



Surface Features of the Leg, ank le and Foot

Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon - Pr ominent

tendon of the gastr ocnemius and soleusmuscles on the posterior aspect of the ankle

Later al malleolus of f ibula - Pr ojection of the distal end of the f ibula that for ms thelater al pr ominence of the ankle.

Medial malleolus of tibia - Pr ojection of thedistal end of the tibia that for ms the medial pr ominence of the ankle.

Dorsal venous arch - Super f icial veins onthe dor sum of the foot that unite to for m thesmall and gr eat saphenous veins.

Tendons of extensor digitor um longus muscle ± Visible in line with phalanges II ±V(2±5).

Tendon of extensor hallucis longus muscle - Visible in line with phalanx I (gr eattoe).

Documents

L01 Orientation Web (2)