l r C- BAR.C/1W1/P/005 - IPEN · Investi gators ; N.B. Nair, CD. Eapen and C. Rangarajan Summary : The programme of surveying underground non-uranium mines for assessing their radon

/ l\l ri / r C- '> ', 3

BAR.C/1W1/P/005

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REPORT ON R & D ACTIVITIESOF

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT DIVISION(Formerly Pollution Monitoring Section)

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT GROUP1985 - 1990

Compiled by

T. S. Muraleedharan, C Rangarajan and K. S. V. Nambi

1991

BARC/1991/P/005

GOVERNMENT OF INDIAATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

OO

ua:

m

REPORT ON R & D ACTIVITIES OF

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT DIVISION

1985 - 1990

Compiled by

T.S. Muraleedharan, C. Rangarajan and K.S.V. Nambi

BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTREBOMBAY, INDIA

1991

BARC/1991/P/B05

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION SHEET FOR TECHNICAL REPORT

(as per IS : 9400 - 1980)

31

02

03

«4

05

06

(87

0B

Security classification :

Distribution :

Report status t

Series :

Report type :

Report No. i

Part No. or Volume No. :

Contract No. :

Unclassified

External

New

BARC External

Progress Report

BARC/1991/P/005

10 Title and subtitle : Report on R and D activities ofEnvironmental Assessment Division1985-1990

11 Collation :

13 Project No, i

20 Personal author(s) i

77 p.

T.S. Muraleedharan; C. RangarajaniK.S.V. Nambi (comps.)

21 Affiliation of author(s) : Environmental Assessment Division,Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,Bombay

22 Corporate author(s) t Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,Bombay - 400 085

23 Originating unit : Environmental Assessment Division,BARC, Bombay

24 Sponsor(s) Name :

Type :

30 Date of submission :

31 Publication/Issue date t

Department of Atomic Energy

Government

November 1991

December 1991

Contd...

40

42

38

SI

52

S3

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No. of references t

Gives data on :

Head, Library andDivision, BhabhaCentre, Bombay

Hard Copy

English

English

In-f or mat i onAtomic Research

60 Abstract : The research and development (R and D) activities ofthe Environmental Assessment Division during the six yearsperiod 19H5 - 1990 are reported in the form of individualsummaries arranged under the headings : Atmospheric andBiospheric Radioactivity; Radioactivity Monitoring Systems;Environmental Monitoring for Trace Constituents; PollutionMonitoring Systems; Aerosol Studies; Epidemiological Studies}Luminescence Studies; Environmental Monitoring for NonionizingRadiations; IAEA Supported Projects. List of publicationsincluding journal articles, papers published in proceedings ofsymposia, conferences etc, technical reports, theses and paperspresented at seminars, symposia etc, is given.

70 Keywords/Descriptors : ENVIRONMENT; CONTAMINATION.; FALLOUT;RADIOACTIVITY; RADIATION MONITORING; AEROSALS; LUMINESCENCE;RESEARCH PROGRAMS; PROGRESS REPORT; POLLUTION; FOOD; BARC;ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS; AIR; BIOSPHERE; RADIATION MONITORS

71 Class No. : INIS Subject Category > C5500; B330B

99 Supplementary elements : The previous progress report waspublished as BARC-12S7 covering theperiod 1979-1984. The Division was th»nknown as Air Monitoring Section

P R E F A C E

This report attempts to provide a consolidated summary of thescientific programmes of the Environmental Assessment Divisionfor the six year period, 1985 - 1990. It is recalled here thatthe earlier report (BARC - 1257) covered the period 1979 - 1984under the banner of Air Monitoring Section. Subsequently, theSection was called as Pollution Monitoring Section until March1990 when it became Environmental Assessment Section. It acquireda Divisional status in January 1991 under the Health. Salety andEnvironment Group.

The ramifications of the Chernobyl reactor accident which oc-curred on April 26, 1986 were felt in every nation of the worldand Ip India too some new decisions were taken concerning thesafety of the public from any possible ladioactive contaminationof the environment and food stuffs. Thus new statutory provisionshave been promulgated regarding the clearance of food items beingimported from and exported to other countries vis-a-vis theirradioactivity contamination. Naturally it became the respon-sibility ot this Division to provide such clearance as it had thenecessary expertise and infrastructuraI facilities required tocertify a large volume of import/export food Items. Durr.ng theperiod from 1966 to 1990, clearance certificates were issued for5200 imported food items and about 140u exported food items andthe Department has been able to earn an amount of Rs. 22.5 lakhs(see BR-6, p. 10>. It may also be mentioned that this Division isoften called upon to provide radiological safety cover duringVVIP visits which was initiated in the wake of the ChernobvIaccident. So tar eleven scientists have been deputed for -.his as-signment and they have been using for their surveys the portableequipments designed and fabricated in the Division isee RI1-9, p.15). The Division has also joined an international programmecalled the Global Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring Network(GERMON) and has formulated a plan of establishing 25 networkstations in the country to collect routine data on the environ-mental radioactivity levels (see AR-7, p- a; RM-8, p. 15).

Scientists from the Division have taken part in the last three ofthe ten scientific expeditions to Antarctica organised by theDepartment of Ocean Development. Their participation has helpedmany groups of the Division to obtain data on various radioactiveand nonradioactive trace constituents from the unpolluted landmass of Antarctica. In addition it has also provided some valu-able d;«ta from trie marine environment (see MS-1, p.50).

The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nationssponsored an Asian Regional Workshop on Methods ot Analysis ofRadiontic I i tie Contaminants in Foods at BARC during May, 15 - 26,1989. Participants from 17 countries took part in the Workshopwhich was wholly organised by the Division. The Proceedings ofthis Workshop has already become a useful reference manual. Subsequently two scientists of the Division were also invited to theFaculty of a similar Workshop conducted later at Kuwait.

K.S.V. NAMSHead, Environmental Assessment Division

C O N T E N T S

Sect ion Page

1. Atmospheric radioactivity 1

2. Biospheric radioactivity 7

3. Radioactivity monitoring systems 11

4. Environmental monitoring for trace constituents 18

5. Pollution monitoring systems 29

6. Aerosol studies 35

7. EpidemiologicaI studies 40

8. Luminescence studies 42

9. Environmental monitoring for nonionizing radiations 46

10. Miscellaneous studies 50

11. IAEA supported projects 54

12. Transfer of knowhow and supply of instruments 56

13. List of publications

AJ Papers in journals 57

B3 Papers in symposium proceedings 64

C] Reports and theses 67

Dl Presentations at seminars and symposia 69

14. Staff members who were awarded degrees

by the University of Bombay 7 3

SECTION : 1. ATMOSPHERIC RADIOACTIVITY

AR - 1

ULLLe. : Krypton-85 nonitoring in the air at Bonbay

Investigators : V.K. Shukla and B.Y. Lalit

Summary : Krypton-85 is one of the important gaseouscontaminants produced in nuclear fission. The main source ofproduction is nuclear power generation. Its level in air is con-tinuously increasing with increasing number of power reactors andreprocessing plants. Its level in Bombay air is estimated bypassing air through activated charcoal trap at liquid nitrogentemperature. The trap is then sealed airtight and »9Kr iscounted using low level gamma ray spectrometer. The observed con-centration level during 1980 to mid-1983 was varying between 5and 7 Bq nr J . whereas during the period from mid-1983 to 1969, itranged between 25 and 28 Bq nr3.

Programme status : Continuing since 1980.

AR - 2

Title : Aircraft swipe sampling programme to detect uncontrollednuclear releases

Invest i gators : S. Sadasivan, V.K. Shukla, T.N. Mahadevan,M.R. Menon, R.K. Varna, U.C. Mishra andK.S.V. Nanbi

Summary : Aircraft swipe sampling and measurement programme iscairied out regularly. In the month of May. 1986, significantquantities of radioactive fallout from the damaged reactor atChernobyl were detected in swipe samples. The flights sampleswere Bombay-Moscow, Bombay-London, Bombay-New York and Bombay-Tokyo. In all, 20 fission products end activation products werpdetected in the swipe samples and their activity ratios werestudied. From the ratios of »3«Cs/137Cs and •0JRu/1°*Ru it wasestimated that the reactor fuel was exposed for 400 days. Swipesample analyses of September, 1990 concluded that after thereported accident in a Soviet beryllium metal plant at Ust,Kamenogorsk, no fresh radioactivity and stable beryllium was in-troduced in the upper atmosphere.


Publ lc-ations : A-55, A-56, D-39.

AR - 3

Title ! Studies on the movement of radioactive debris on a globalscale

Investigators : U.C. Mishra, S. Gopalakrishnan and B.S. Negi

Summary : Radioactivity released by the Chinese atmosphericnuclear tests has been used as a tracer to estimate travel timeson a glohal scale using air craft swipe samples of internationalflights. It is found that the travel time estimated by us forJapan from the Chinese testing site of Lop Nor (40#N, 90"E>, onthe basis of Tokyo-Bombay flights are in good agreement with theground level Japanese data. The travel times of the debris todistant locations and the pattern of radioactivity distributionsat ground level stations in Japan are both found to be dependenton the path of the radioactive cloud in the initial stages.

Programme status : Completed in 1985.

PubllcatIons : A-24.

AR - A

Title Assessaent of airborne radioactivity due to natural radondaughter products in non-uranium nines in India

Investi gators ; N.B. Nair, C D . Eapen and C. Rangarajan

Summary : The programme of surveying underground non-uraniummines for assessing their radon activity levels is continued.Out of 35 underground mines surveyed so far, four metal mineshave shown ambient radon levels above 100 mWL. In one of thesemines the radon levels have been as high as 900 mWL. In all thesecases where the radon activity levels were considerable, variousmethods for reducing these levels were suggested to the concernedmine authorities. Additionally some mines were resurveyed to findout the effects of the modifications in their ventilation systemsand also to confirm the levels in their extended working areas.Efforts are being made in association with Atomic EnergyRegulatory Board to impress upon the authorities of metal minesin general about the significance o* radon levels in undergroundmines. Also, wherever the radon levels are high, the concernedni?,encies will be persuaded to take necessary staps for bringingdown these levels. This will involve occasional resurveys aswell as rendering help to the mine authorities in setting uptheir own radon monitoring unit* and training their personnel.


Publicatlons : A-30, D-19, D-20.

AR - 5

lilie : Measursment of dry deposition velocity and scavengingratios in Bombay

Investigators : Smt. S. Gopalakrishnan, C D . Eapen andC. Rangarajan

Summary. : The dry deposition velocity Vg of radioactive aerosolshas been measured in Bombay using the data on airborne and sur-face fallout radioactivity since 1956. In all about 900 valueshave been obtained for Vg (0.06 cm/sec) from gross beta radioac-tivity measurements carried out during the dry months from 1957-1963. In addition, Vg has also been measured for the naturalradioactivity due to ='*Pb(Th-B) (0.033 cm/sec) and cosmic rayproduced 'Be (0.023 cm/sec). In general, it is observed that thedry deposition velocities in Bombay are lower than the valuesreported from other countries. The rain scavenging ratios arealso being measured for 'Be and < w C s . The significant contribu-tion of resuspension to the atmospheric radioactivity is evidentfrom these measurements.

Programme status : Continuing since 1S84.

Publicat ions : A-51.

AR - 6

Title : Size evaluation of radioactive aerosols using high volumecascade impactors

1nvest t gators : C. Rangarajan, Smt. S. Gopalakrishnan andC D . Eapen

Summary : A six stage high volume cascade impactor was put inoperation in BARC, Bombay, at Modular Lab. sub-terrace at 5 mheight, in Nov. 1988 to sample the atmospheric aerosols. Thedust particles collected at each stage after about 15 days sam-pling was analysed using a HPGe detector, multi-channel analysersystem. The isotopes identified were the cosmic ray produced TBeand the long-lived fission product I J 7Cs. The Activity MedianAerodynamic Diameter (AMAD) of TBe carrier aerosols was in therange of 0.4 - 0.5 microns, while lJ'Cs was on aerosol* in thehigher size range, namely, 0.8 - 0.9 microns. The "'ts aerosolswere of higher size range as they were of soil origin existing inthe atmosphere due to resuspension. Further studies are inprogress to include :ihort- lived radon and thoron daughters.


AR - 7

LLUe. : Countrywide radioactivity aonitoring prograwe

JH : S. Gopalakrishnan, N.B. Nair and CD. Eapen

: A national radiation monitoring network is being set upin the country to continuously monitor the radiation levels inthe environment. The proposed network will have 25 stations withinstruments to measure the external gamma radiation dose and air-borne particulate gross beta activity on a continuous basis andreport the levels to a control laboratory located in B.A.R.C.The concentration of long lived gamma emitting radionuc1 ides inthe atmospheric particulates will be measured by collectingsamples using high volume air sampling systems. Surface deposi-tion measurements (both wet and dry) will also be carried out atthe above stations on a quarterly basis. The above national net-work will form part of the global network known as GERMON <GlobalEnvironmental Radioactivity Monitoring Network).

A network of ten monitoring stations is in operation since 1968from where the particulate samples are being collected. Environ-mental gamma dose monitors using large volume energy compensatedG.M. counters have been installed at some of the stationsrecently. In addition, gamma dose monitors using high pressureionisation chambers and plastic scintillator detector and as-sociated electronics for environmental gamma dose monitoring areunder various stages of development. It is envisaged to equip atleasit 12 stations by the middle of 1992 with all the necessaryinstruments required for a complete GERMON station.

Programme status : Started in 1987 and is being continued.Recently the upgradation of the countrywide radiation monitoringprogramme has been approved as a separate project in the VIIIp l a n .

AR - e

Title : He.asureaent of fission product radioactivity in theground level air in India

Investigators : Sat. S. Gopalakrishnan, C D . Eapen andC. Rangarajan

Summary : The fission product radioactivity levels continued tobe very low in the ground level air at Bombay from January 86 toApril 86. However during the second week of May 86, fresh fis-sion products were detected at Bombay, due to the spread ofradioactivity from the Chernobyl reactor accident of 16 April198G. The radionuclides identified at ground level air werel l 3 T e , 1 3 1 1 , ' 1 4 C s , I J * C s , l l ' C s , " » B a , M 0 L a and I O J R u . Thelevels of fission products activity reached a maximum by the 3rd

week of May and then started d e c r e a s i n g rapidly. By the end ofJune only long lived fission products were present in thea t m o s p h e r e . Fresh f i s s i o n product radioactivity was also detectedin ground level air at Jodhpur and Ca l c u t t a during the 2nd wef-kof May and the levels o b s e r v e d w e r e of the same order as inB o m b a y . S u r f a c e d e p o s i t i o n samples at Bombay also showed thtpr e s e n c e of the same r a d i o n u c 1 i d e s . The levels of air activityd e t e c t e d in India are much lower as compared to the observed activity levels at some of the Eu r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s .

t'X-Qfir am;ne s t a t u s : C o n t i n u i n g since 1956.

Pu b l i c a t ions : A - 5 .

AR - 9

Title : Dry deposition measurements using lead-210 and poloniua-210 as atmospheric tracers

Inves 11#3 tors : S.J.S. Anand and C. Rangarajan

S u m m a r y : The m o d e l s p r e d i c t i n g fallout of materials fromthe a t m o s p h e r e require a k n o w l e d g e of the dry deposi t i o n velocityof the c o n c e r n e d s u b s t a n c e . Such data is scarce for long-livednatural a c t i v i t y , p a r t i c u l a r l y P o - 2 l O and P b - 2 1 0 . P o - 2 1 0 couldhave an a n t h r o p o g e n i c s o u r c e or a source other than parent Pb-2 1 0 . D e t e r m i n a t i o n and c o m p a r i s o n of dry deposi t i o n velocities(Vg> of P b - 2 1 0 and P o - 2 1 0 will help in identifying other sourcesof P o - 2 1 0 , if any, sine*? Vg is dependent on particle size whiciin turn d e p e n d s to some extent on its source. Weekly p r e c i p i ' 3 -tiun samplt-s w e r e c o l l e c t e d by exposing two aluminium trays en-.-hof the size of one square m' area with 5 cm high sides. The airp a r t i c u i a t e s a m p l o s w e r e also col leered for the correspondingpi--r i or! •- . The samples were K.ach'd and analysed for Po-210 andPb-:.tO. The results for the samples collected during 1905 to1987 show that a v e r a g e P o - 2 1 0 dry d e p o s i t i o n velocity of 0.7bcm/sec is higher compared to 0.14 cm/sec for Pb- 2 1 0 . This dif-fei e n c e c a n be a t t r i b u t e d to d i f f e r e n c e s in the particle sizes ofP o - 2 1 0 and P b - 2 1 0 due to pre s e n c e of different sources of Po-210in the a t m o s p h e r e . T h e Vg for P b - 2 1 0 is com p a r a b l e to the valueof 0.15 cm / s e c reported in literature for fission products >Cs-1 3 7 ) . T he d e t e r m i n a t i o n of dry d e p o s i t i o n velocity of P b - 2 1 0 willbe e x t e n d e d to another s t a t i o n .

P r o g r a m m e s t a t u s : Started in 1985 and completed. Furtherm e a s u r e m e n t s for P b - 2 1 0 to be extended to another station.

P u b l i c a t i o n s : A - l , D - 2 .

AR - 10

lllle. : Measurement of natural radioactivity of the atmospheredue to lead-210 and poloniuB-210

.investigators : S.J.S. Anand, C D . Eapen and C. Rangarajan

Summary : In order to assess the radiological impact of thenatural radioactivity, particularly due to Po-210 and Pb-210,measurements have been carried out on these isotopes in surfaceair at Bombay. Also, a study of the variations of Po-210/Pb-210activity ratio is useful in detecting unusual releases of Po-210in the atmosphere from other sources (volcanic eruptions, etc.).Weekly air samples of volume 18000 ms were collected on glassfibre filter paper. These were leached with 6 M HN03 and 6 M HCl.Po-210 separation was carried out on a silver foil in 0.5 M HClmedium and subsequently Pb-210 separation was done on an anionexchange resin in 2 M HCl medium. The levels and the variationsof the atmospheric concentrations of these isotopes have beenstudied during 1965 to 1987. The Po-210/Pb-210 activity ratiovaried between 0.01 to 0.31 with an average of 0.12. This valueagrees with most of the reported values for other locations.

Programme status s Completed.

AR - 11

Title : Determination of aerosol residence time in the boundarylayer atmosphere at Bombay using * ' •Bi/*»°Pb activityratios

1nves t1 gators : S.J.S. Anand and C. Rangarajan

Summary : The boundary layer residence time of radioactiveaerosols has been determined by measuring "°Bi and 2'°Pb ac-tivities of high volume air filter samples. The samples were col-lected once a week and ""Bi and 2ll>Pb leached by sh&king repea-tedly with 2 M HCl and then separated on an ion-exchange column'Dowex 1x3, 50-100 mesh size). The counting of samples was doneon a low backgiound beta counter. About forty samples were col-lected during 1967-1988. The ratio of *'°Bi/i"cPb was 0.52 andthe calculated mean residence time about 8 days. The programme isbeing extended to rainfall samples in order to examine any dif-ference of atmospheric residence time for particles in precipita-tion scavenging and for particles in the lower atmosphere. Thecollected rainwater (10-15.1) will be concentrated and analysedfor I l'Pb and JI«Bi concentrations and residence time studied.


Pub I icat tons : B-2.

SECTION ; 2. BIOSPHERIC RADIOACTIVITY

BR - 1

Title ' Measurement of indoor levels of radon and its daughtersin Indian dwellings

Invest, i gators : M.C. Subba Ranu, T.V. Ramachandran,T.S. Muraleedharan and A.N. Shaikh

Summary : In view of the world wide recognition of the importanceof studies on the indoor radon and its daughters in relation tothe total radiation dose received by man, a project of nationwide survey of indoor radon levels in Indian dwellings wasinitiated. Initially both grab sampling as well as SSNTD methodsof radon measurement were employed. The programme has beencarried out. in different stages as given below.

To begin with, measurements were made in BARC Labs. A room in thebasement of Mod. Labs. was surveyed for one year for radon anddaughters using both grab sampling and SSNTD techniques. Themeasured values showed a seasonal trend of variation with a peakin the winter. A set of measurements was made to assess the radonlevels in a few such rooms at the Tata Thermal Power Station,Trombay, at their request, by using both active and passivemethods. The values were found to be about 3 times higher thanthe normally encountered values. Fly ash can, however, be usedfor house construction, if very good ventilation is providedround the year. Houses in and around the city of Bombay were thensurveyed for indoor radon and daughters using both grab samplingand SSNTD techniques. Measurements were made in about 100 housesof different types over a period of one year. Seasonal variationof radon in two houses was also studied. A survey was made in 266houses located In 15 stations in high background areas as iden-tified by AMD. The average indoor PAEC level in these areas wasfound to be 9.4 mWL. A country wide survey was then initiated toassess the indoor PAEC levels. SSNTD technique was employed toassess the indoor radon daughter levels in different parts of thecountry. About 1210 houses were surveyed. These measurements havegiven an average of 4.2 mUL. They were made in one time measure-ments in each house over a period of two years. The country widesurvey is being continued to understand the seasonal variationoccurring in the indoor radon values by making four quarterlymeasurements in the same houses selected from different parts ofthe country.

Programme status : Will be completed in 1992.

Publicatlons : A-25, A-26, A-40, A-48, A-62, A-69, A-71, A-74,C-14, C-16.

BR - 2

ILLLe : Radiological hazard of phosphatic rocks, fertilizers andbuilding materials

rs. : V.K. Shukla. M.R. Menon, R.K. Var.a andK.S.V. Nanbi

Recognising the need to assess the possible radiologi-es) hazards; arising out of phosphate rocks, fertilizers andbuilding materials, measurements were initiated on natural radio-activity in these materials by gamma spectrometry; in addition,measurements of radiation levels were also done in differentareas of the fertilizer manufacturing plants, eg., rock crushingplant, store houses of phosphate rocks and phosphate fertilizers,ptinsphoric acid plants, etc. The aim of the project was to studythe overall radiological hazard associated with the productionand use of phosphatic fertilizers. Phospho-gypsum, the wasteproduct of phosphate fertilizer industry is sometimes used inmaking building materials. Hence cement and some other buildingmaterials were also analysed for their radioactivity content.

Programme status : Started in 1980. completed in 1966.

Pub I icat ions : A-23, C-15, D-24.

BR - 3

Title : Radiation exposure due to coal-fired power plants

1nvest igators : U.C. Mishra, B.Y. Lalit, T.V. Ranachandran andV.K. Shukla

Summary : Coal contains trace quantities of naturally-occurringprimordial radionucI ides. The combustion of coal results in therelease of some natural radioactivity to the environment. Thisgets redistributed in the surrounding environment mainly throughfly-ash control and disposal methods adopted for the powerplants. Samples of coal, fly-ash, bottom ash, slag and soils arecollected from thermal power plants and counted for their naturalradioactivity content using low-level gamma ray spectrometer.The radiation doses as a results of human exposure to fly-ash arecalculated using methods outlined in various reports. Some food-stuff samples produced in the near by area of TPS are also ana-lysed iror their radioactivity content. Characterization ofradlonucI ides in relation to particle size of ash and assessmentof overall hazard of coal fuel cycle are being taken up now.

Programme status : Continuing.

Publications : A-18, A-42. A-43, C-10, D-27.

8

BR -

Title Fallout and natural radioactivity in food stuffs, soilswater and other environmental materials

Invest1 gators R.K. Varna, S.B. Hingorani, V.K. Shukla,M.R. Menon, M.V.R. Murthy and A.P. Sathe

Summary : Assessment of the radioactivity of natural and falloutorigin is being carried out on a routine basis. The studycovered the assay of the samples for *°Sr and 1 3 7 C s of falloutorigin and isotopes of «°K, " ° P b , * **Ra and »»•Th of naturalorigin. Leafy and other vegetables, cereals, pulses and com-posite meal samples were collected from local market. Milksamples were collected from two dairies supplying milk to thecity of Bombay. After Chernobyl reactor accident on April 26,1986, some food samples were also counted to assess the radioac-tivity content status of the food-stuffs which are being exportedto or imported from other countries. These samples and soils fromBombay and nearby area were analysed either by radiochemica1separation and low level beta counting techniques or by lowgamma ray spectrometiy. The data on radioactivity levels instuffs has been used to evaluate radiation doses to the popula-tion consuming these loodstuffs.

status : Continuing.

levelfood-

Pub 1ications : A-19, A-64, B-21, B-22.

BR - 5

Title : Measurementsamp)es

of Sr-90 activity in milk and other dietary

1nvest igators : S.B. Hingorani and A.P. Sathe

Summary : The objective of this programme Is to determine the*°Sr contamination in food samples from fallout and othersources. Samples of milk, vegetables, pulses, cereals, compositediet, etc are regularly collected from local markets. Thisprogramme was started in 1957 as part of an internationalagreement. Data have been collected over a 30 year period on *°Srand ''r Cs levels in milk and other food samples from all over thecountry. Based on this data, a total dose equivalent has alsobeen estimated from these radionuc1ides. A rapid and quantitativemethod using solvent extraction technique for the separation ofSr has been developed and has been used in the laboratory.


Publicatlons : B-7, C-l, D-9.

BR - 6

L L L U : Assessment of fallout radionucI ides in export and importfood % terns

Investigators : S. Sadasivan, B.Y. La Iit. S.B. Hingorani.P.K. Chugh, V.K. Shukla, M.R. Menon,M.V.R. Murthy, A.P. Sathe, O.C. Mishra andK.S.V. Nambi

Summa_r_y_ : Presence of Chernobyl-accident-related radionucI ides infood items produced in some countries has initiated the routinemonitoring of foods as a part of international impoa-exporttrade practices. Imported items of diary and farm products. meatand others and exported food item* to some of the countries areroutinely analysed for ' " C s and " S r . Indian food items arefound to be free from Chernobyl released activity. The data isuseful in identifying areas of movement of imported food items indifferent parts of our country. A total of 5200 import and U 0 0export food samples have been analysed during the period 1966-90and the Department has earned an amount of Rs. 22.5 lakhs fromt he cer t i f i cat i on.

status : Continuing.

Pub 1 i cat i ons : E»- 18.

BR - 7

Title : Measurement of piutonium-239+240 in soils

Investigator : S.J.S. Anand

Summary : The objective of this study is to assess the spread andmovement of Pu isotopes in soils around fuel reprocessing plantat Trombay and in soils at far off locations. The samples aftercollection at suitable sites are dried and sieved. These are thenleached repeatedly by shaking with 8 molar HNOj and radio-chemical ly separated on an anion exchange (Dowex 1x8, 50-100 meshsize) column. The Pu isotopes are counted on a surface barrierdetector after electroplating on a stainless steel planchet. Theresults indicate high concentrations of Pu-239+240 of 48000Bq/kg on the bed of PP canal (Nallah) as compared to 400 Bq/kg atone metre away. At far off locations the levels are in the normalrange. Further survey of soils at various other locations iscont inued.

Programme status : Started in 1989 and continuing.

Pub 1lcalions : 8-1.

io

SECTION : 3. RADIOACTIVITY MONITORING BVSTFMc;

RM - 1

Title. : A sensitive portable triiiua-in-air monitor

Investigators : M. Rathnakaran and A.N. Singh

Summary : A sensitive portable tri11 urn-in-air monitor based onionization chamber technique has been developed for measuringtritium-in-air in the presence of low levels of interferinggaseous radionuc1 ides like A-41, fission gases and gammabackground. The monivor is intended to be employed in nuclearpower reactors of NAPP type. High sensitivity and stability areachieved by employing a varactor diode bridge at the input stageof the ionization current measurement. The varactor diode bridgeoffers extremely tow drift (2 x 10"'* A/h) and enables measure-ment of current nearly two orders of magnitude lower than achiev-able by conventional MOSFET devices. Because of this, it is pos-sible to use only 1 litre volume chamber to attain a sensitivityusually attained with a 50 litre chamber Gamma compensation ex-ceed i rig "ri% is achieved by u1 ing two identical chambers connectedin the subtraction mode. Gaseous radionuc1ides compensation isachieved by additionally using the two chambers in a flow-throughmoae with a silica gel column at the air inlet of one of thechambers. One such monitor is supplied to BRIT for monitoring thelab during the preparation of self luminescent materials. DRP andHPD have often used this monitor for surveying different in-dustries and laboratories. Sensitivity achievable is 0.05 DAC.

Programme status : Started in 1982 and will be continued.

RM - 2

Title : Portable battery operated alpha counting system

Invest i gators : P.K. Chugh and R.K. Varna

Summary : A portable battery operated alpha counting system wasdesigned and fabricated to meet the long-felt requirement tomeasure the radon daughters activity levels in dwellings as wellas during Antarctica expedition. The radon daughter samples arecollected on filter paper. The counting system comprises of fil-ter holder and drawer assembly. ZnS phosphor, 58i9 photomui-tiplier tube, amplifier, high voltage card and countingelectronics. A special IC namely, integral counter TIL 306 whichcomprises decade counter, decoder and seven segment LED displayin a single chip has been used making the system very compact.The efficiency of the counter is 38% and background is 0.5 cpm.


11

RH - 3

Continuous background compensated radio iodine-in-airmoni tor

A.N. Singh and M.V. Ramana Murthy

Summary : A radio iodine monitor has been developed for con-tinuous monitoring of 1-131 in nuclear power realtors. Themonitor samples air at 100 Ipm through a two stage filter, thefirst stage being a glass fibre pre-filter for particulates andthe second stage being a charcoal impregnated filter paper fortrapping elemental radio iodine. The second filter faces aNal(Ti> crystal and the measurement is carried out by gammaspectrometry technique. Background compensation circuitry hasbeen provided to automatically subtract the compton backgroundfrom the 1-131 channel. The functioning of the compensation cir-cuitry was evaluated in the laboratory under simulatedconditions. In place of 1-131 source <E = 364 KeV), Ba-133source (E = 360 KeV, 78%) was employed. To create a backgroundeffect, a Cs-137 source in 5 mm thick perspex planchet with astrength of 18000 Bq and a similar Co-60 source of 11000 Bq wereemployed. The Cs-137 source produced a background of 410 cps inthe iodine channel when placed on the crystal. About 97% of thiscould be compensated. The Co-60 source produced 175 cps in theiodine channel and it could be compensated fully. When both Cs-137 and Co-60 were placed together, the compensation was nearly100%. The monitor had been in use at TAPS.

Programme status : Work started in 1986 and completed in 1987.

Publ icat ions : A-E.O.

RM - 4

TJ_tj_e Installation and commissioning of PC based gaamaspectrometers

1nves ti ga tors : R.K. Varma and H.R. Menon

Summaryrequiredsamples.detector,1/2 V PCpurpose

High perfor the

A 30%an 3

jrislyserand commi

low values such asto cope up with a

formance computer-based gamma spectrometers aremeasurement of gamma emitters in environmentalrelative efficiency high purity germanium

k PC analyser and a PC/XT computer as well as aand an Apple computf-r were procured for thisssioned. The spectrometers are able to measure5 mBq/l of I I ? C s in milk samples and are ableload of 20 analyses per day.

Programme status : Commissioned in 1989.

12

RM - 5

li_U_e : A new technique for continuous sampling of tritiun-in-air

Investigators : A.N. Singh. M. Rathnakaran and B.C. Veraa

Summary : A new technique for continuous sampling of tritium-in-air has been developed. The sampler is suitable for on-line moni-toring of 8 - 1 0 areas per hr sequentially as a centrally in-stalled monitor, or for monitoring the amount of tritium dis-charged through the stack of nuclear power reactors. The sen-sitivity of measurement in a reactor environment is 0.1 DAC(8x10* Bq/m1 of a i r ) . The measurement at a location is accompli-shed in 5 to 8 min. depending upon the retting of the system. Adry rotary pump continuously draws the sample air from the areaof interest at 100 lpm. Clean and inactive water from a tap iscontinuously injected in the sample air stream at a rate of 30 to80 ml/min (adjustable). The air-water mixture is circulatedthrough a copper tubing spiral in which air and water remain incontact for about 1 sec. 78% of the tritium in the sample airgets transferred into the water by exchange. The water isseparated from the air and passed through the plastic scintil-lator sponge detector, developed in the group. Experiments wereconducted at various water injection rates to study the tritiumtrapping efficiency. The trapping efficiency Gradually increasedfrom 65% at 20 ml/min to ?5X at 50 ml/min, reached a peak of 78%at 60 ml/min, gradually dropped to 75% at 70 ml/min, droppingfurther down to 6 8 % at 120 ml/min. The rise and fall are smooth,the peak occurring between 50 and 75 ml/min. The present spiralvolume is about. 1.5 litre and permits a contact period of about 1second between air and water. One such monitor had been in opera-tion at RAPS for sometime.


Pub 1 ieatIons : A-65.

Rtt - 6

Title : Tritium-in-air detection : further developments

Investigators : A.N. Singh and M. Rathnakaran

Summar y : Tho application oi b urn thick perforated plastic scin-tillator films, developed by the authors earlier, fur thedevelopment of yet anothti version of tritium detector is•Inscribed. In the earlier version of the detector, the filmswere converted in the form of a spongy disc that was basically atritiated water detector. For tritium-in-air, exchange basedsampler had been employed to trap the tritium from air intowater. In the new version, the films are not converted into aspongy disc. About 1 gm of the film is stuffed into a 65 ml flow

13

cell and the detector is ready for direct tritium-in-airdetection. The response is very fast. A small micropump ofhardly 1 l/min is adequate for this detector to get the responsein a few seconds. In the earlier version, a large pump of 100l/min had to be used for response in 4-5 minutes. In the coin-cidence mode of counting, the detector shows 15% efficiency at0.5 cps background. Gamma response is very low and over 60% ofbeta interference is cancelled electronically. Thp remaining in-terference is eliminated by background compensation technique.This detector has a great potential for universal adoption as asensitive tritium-in-air detector.

Programme status : Started in 1988 and will be continued.

Pubt icattons : A-66, B-24.

Rli - 7

Title : Microprocessor-based continuous radioactivity monitoringinstruments

Investigators : C.K.G. Nair and A.N. Singh

Summary : In respect of various typ>es of continuous air monitor-ing instruments, microprocessors could be employed for con-tinuously receiving i<nd analysing the data from a number ofmonitors installed in a particular plant. if a number of areasare being sequentially monitored by means of a slrgle centrallyInstalled monil of, the microprocessor could be suitablyprogrammed to reach various areas, analyse the data and pass onthe information to the control loom. A display unit could be in-corporated to present the data in b*s graph display for instan-taneous qualitative inform.it ion and a numeric display for quan-titative informations.

One tiitiurn-in-air monitor is already developed with built-inpanel printer and key board. Parameters are entered for back-ground compensation in DAC values. Another system is underdevelopment which, in addition to the above, also providessolenoid control circuit for sequential sampling from differentareas (20 sampling points are provided at present). The systemalso checks alarm level by comparing instantaneous or averagedata with present values and alarm is issued. Two types of alarmare provided; internal and external. External alarm is controlledby a switch. When internal alarm is issued, the operator maycheck the conditions and energise the external alarm if required.The system also could be used to compute loss of heavy water froman area around a sampling line in a power reactor and such infor-mations with time may be sent to control room for display.


14

RM - 6

TJ_tJ_e_ : D e v e l o p m e n t of s y s t e m s f o r G E R M O N p r o j e c t

I n v e s t i g a t o r s : C . K . G . N a i r . M . R a t h n a k a r a n a n d A . N . S i n g h

S u m m a r y : D e v e l o p m e n t of i n s t r u m e n t s for p a r t i c u l a t e b e t s - g a m m aa i r m o n i t o r a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l g a m m a b a c k g r o u n d m o n i t o r is b e i n gc a r r i e d o u t foi t h e G l o b a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l R a d i o a c t i v i t y M o n i t o r i n gN e t w o r k ( G E R M O N ) P r o j e c t . T h e p a r t i c u l a t e b e t a - g a m m a m o n i t o r c o n -s i s t s of a s t e p m o v e m e n t t y p e f i l t e r p a p e r a d v a n c e m e c h a n i s m , t w os h i e l d e d G . M . C o u n t e r s a n d a s s o c i a t e d c o n t r o l a n d p r o c e s s i n ge l e c t r o n i c s . A i r s a m p l i n g t i m e is p r o g r a m m a b l e ( 1 - 3 2 h r ) a n d isp r e s e n t l y s e t to 8 h r . At t h e e n d of s a m p l i n g t i m e , t h e p u m p isp u t o f f , p a p e r is m o v e d s o t h a t t i e s a m p l i n g spot, is b r o u g h t u n -d e r t h e f i r s t G M a n d t h e p u m p is s w i t c h e d o n to s t a r t n e ws a m p l i n g . G M p u l s e s a r e c o u n t e d a n d s t o r e d f or e v e r y 5 m i n . T h es a m p l i n g s p o t r e a c h e s t h e s e c o n d G M c o u n t e r a f t e r 4 0 hr (5 t i m e st h e p r e s e t s a m p l i n g t i m e * . T h i s c o u n t e r is u:;en for l o n g l i v e da c t i v i t y m o n i t o r i n g . F r o m t h e c o u n t 1 ; of b o t h G M c n - j n t e r s . r a d o n ,t h o i o n a n d l o n g l i v e d a c t i v i t y a r e c o m p u t e d a n i p r i n t e d o u t .

T h e E n v i r o n m e n t . ' ! (jam m a B a •;: k g I >". u n d M o n i t o r is b a s e d o n t w o d e t e c -t o r s - p r e s s u r i z e d i o n i s a t i u n c h a m b e r a n d p l a s t i c si- i n t i 1 1 a torb l o c k (1(1 cm x 1 O c m ) c o u p l e d to a p h u t o m u I t i p ! i e r t u b e . T w od e t e c 11 • r ? a i •:> ui»-H ti- g i v e r e d u n d a n c y i r. me;i t ur e m e n t . It is a l s op r o p o s e d ti' u s e e n e r c y c o m p e n s a t e d G M c o u n t e r a s a t h i r dd e t e c ' o r . M i cr <.•:: r o c o r s o r bssf'd c o u n t i n g :-isicl p r o c e s s i n g s y s t e m sw i l l e v a l u a 1 ' ? t h e p e r l o r m a n c e of t h e s e d e t e c t o r s a n d w i l l p r o v i d eh o u r l y p r i n t o u t ot m a x i m u m , m i n i m u m a n d a v e r a g e d o s e r a t e inr e q u i r e d u n i t s . T h e r e s u l t s a r e s t o r e d in n o n - v o l a t i l e m e m o r y forc o m p u t a t i o n ol d a i l y a v e r a g e s , m o n t h l y a v e r a g e s , e t c .

F u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t s f o r t h i s p r o j e c t w i l l b e t i ; c o m m u n i c a t i o nn e t w o r k for t r a n s m i t t i n g t h e d a t a f r o m v a r i o u s s t a t i o n s to t h ec e n t r a l s t a t i o n at T r o m b a y v i a t e l e p h o n e l i n e s a n d ( i i ) m u l t i -c h a n n e l a n a l y z e r w i t h N a l ( T l ) d e t e c t o r a s p a r t o f t h e d a t ap r o c e s s i n g s y s t e m s o t h a t , in a d d i t i o n to g r o s s a c t i v i t y , i d e n -t i f i c a t i o n oi r a d i o n u c l i d e s is a l s o p o s s i b l e .

Pr u g t a m m e s t a t u s : S t a r t e d in 1 9 9 0 ; o n e s y s t e m is in o p e r a t i o n .Molt' s y s t e m s a r e u n d e r d e v e l o p m e n t .

T i t l e • A p o r t a b l e m u l t i c h a n n e l analyser for field use

1 n'.'*•£ t i i>=»' uUL '• R-K. V a r n a and C.K.G. Nair

•;>i';n..ry : A p o r t a b l e 1024 channel p u l s e - h e i g h t analyser was;i..--:.Tnped using a W i l k i n s o n type 1 K ADC (10 M H z ) and a microcjmpute-r based data a c q u i s i t i o n and p r o c e s s i n g system. The micro

15

computer used is 68701 used in extended multiplexed mode. Theprogrammable peripheral interface chip 8255 is used both as a ADCport and DAC port. There are two external memory chips used s 6K byte RAM for data storage and 8 K byte ROM for programs. Thesystem can be connected to an external oscilloscope for display.The built-in printer is used to printout the data. The programsdeveloped are multiple R01, integration of R0I channels, spectrumstripping, plotting on the printer, etc in addition to the simpledata acquisition function. Enough space memory is available toincorporate any program for the analysis of the data. The instru-ment is being used for the radiological safety coverage to VVIPs.


RM - 10

TJ_t_l_e : Calibration of Solid State Nuclear Tr^ck Detectors forthe measurement of indoor radon, thoron and theirdaughter products

Investi gators : M.C. Subba Ramu, T.S. Muraleedharan,T.V. Ranachandran and A.N. Shaikh

Summa r y : Different types of SSNTDs are widely used for the timeintegrated measurement of indoor radon and progeny concentration.Five sets of calibration experiments have been done to standard-ise the use of SSNTD for indoor radon, thoron and progeny measu-rement. The experimental system consists of an exposure chamber,radon and thoron sources, an aerosol generator, radon, thoron anddaughter measuring systems, an aerosol counter and systems foretching and track counting. Initially LR-115 Type II detector wascalibrated for measuring both indoor radon (Bq nr J) and daughter<WL> concentrations by exposing the detector in two differentmodes. LR-115 Type I! detector was also calibrated for themeasurement of indoor thoron and progeny concentration in the ab-sence of radon. Subsequently CR-39 detector film was calibratedfor the measurement of indoor radon and progeny levels. It wasalso calibrated for measuring radon, thoron and their daughterconcentrations when they are in a mixture. The track densitiesobtained in different modes of exposure were used to developinter- re 1 ationships to estimate individual concentrations. Cur-rently work is in progress to calibrate the pelllculable type ofLR-115 films for measuring radon daughters in different modes ofdosimetric exposure. Ue took part in a International Intercom-par iron of calibration procedures conducted by the AustralianRadiation Laboratory and our values were found to be within 10*of the standard.

Piogramme status : Started in 1985 and continuing.

Publica'ions : A-44, A-45, A-47, A-72, C-17.

16

RM - 11

T* 11.P, : Data processor for Multichannel analysers

Investlgators : R.K. Varna

Summary : A 2048 channel analyser was fabricated using a Canberra8070 ADC and was in use for some time with the Energy DispersiveX-ray Fluorescence system. A data processor for the above systemwas designed and fabricated based on a number oriented processorchip MM 57109. This chip has scientific calculator functions,test and branch capabilities, internal number storage andinput/output functions. This chip is used with external programmemory and program counter. Programming is done through ahexadecimal key board. The processed data is stored in externalmemory. The program memory used is Electrically Erasable ROM(E*ROM) which is user programmable. The memory is divided into 8groups of 256 instruction each. The external storage memory nas acapacity of 64 registers. Programs are developed for processingstandard XRF spectra and printing out their results on a parallelprinter. This processor can also be used for gamma ray spectra.One such processor is in continuous use.

Programme status ; Completed in 1985.

17

SECTION : 4. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING FOR TRACE CONSTITUENTS

EM - 1

Title. : Characterization and source reconciliation of atmospherichydrocarbons In Bonbay

Investigators : Sat. Gauri G. Pandit and A.M. Mohan Rao

Summary : Major sources of atmospheric hydrocarbons in Bombay arepetroleum refining, solvent evaporation, chemical Industries andauto exhaust emission. Contribution of each of these sourcesneeds evaluation for proper control technology to be developed.Atmospheric C» - C9 hydrocarbons were determined at Deonar. Theseasonal pattern of monthly geometric mean concentrations areused to show that refinery emissions in addition to auto exhaust»re major sources of hydrocarbons. The contribution of auto ex-haust and refining operations in the Deonar region, for atmos-pheric level of the hydrocarbons has been evaluated by a com-parison of the ratios of selected hydrocarbon concentrations.Factor analysis has been applied to a set of 8 hydrocarbons in 86samples collected in 1985 and 109 samples collected in 1986 fromDeonar region of Bombay. From the factor loadings we are able toassociate the factor with 4 sources : Autoexhaust, liquidpetroleum gas, petrol vapour and industrial emission. The rela-tive contribution from each sources will be evaluated by applyingtarget transformation factor analysis.


Pub!icatlons : A-27, A-39. C-19.

EM - 2

Jl tle : Measurement of greenhouse gas aethane in Boabay andevaluation of sources by 1 3C/ 1 2C ratio for atmospheric•ethane

Investigators * A.M. Mohan Rao, G.G. Pandit and K.S.V. Nanbi

Summary : The concentrations ot greenhouse gases such as carbondioxide, methane. nitrous oxide and chluorofluorocarbons are in-creasing in the troposphere and this increase is expected to leadto far reaching consequences by changes in climate. Releases fromrice paddies in India are one of the largest sources of atmosphelric methane. A project to measure atmospheric methane is underta-ken. It Is also proposed to evaluate the contribution of biogenic•nd fossil fuel combustion to atmospheric methane by a study ofu c / " C for preconcentrated samples of atmospheric methane.

Programme status i Started in 1990. Proposed for an IAEA-CRP.

18

EM - a

l i H e : Studies on C2 -C, „ hydrocarbons in atmospheric air bygaschrooatograhy

Investigators : A.M. Mohan Rao and S«t. Gauri G. Pandit

Summary : Methods have been developed for characterization andestimation of C,-C,„ hydrocarbons in atmospheric air by pre-concentration in short U-column at cryogenic temperature. Ear-lier we have used silica ge! columns at dry ice temp (-78-C) forquantitative estimation of Cs -C, hydrocarbons. Pre-concer.trat Iontechnique is modified to compare it with USEPA method. USEPAmethod pre-concentration is done at liquid oxygen or liquid ar-gon temperature. Liquid argon Is costlier and in the case of liq-uid oxygen safety precautions have to be taken. Hence we havedeveloped a method for preconcentratIon of atmospheric hydrocar-bons using short U-column filled with glass beads and partiallyimmersed in liquid nitrogen. So far ethane • ethylene.acetylene, propane propylene, isobutane, nbutane, isopentane, n-pentane, n-heptane, n-nonane, n-deeane, benzene, toluene andxylenes could be estimation by this method.

Programme status : Completed In 1990.

Publications : A-27, A-28. A-38.

EM - 4

Title : Assessment of carbon monoxide levels in the exhaust ofpetrol driven cars of BARC

Invest1aators : P.K. Chugh

Summary : The petrol engine vehicles make a major contribution ofthe following pollutants : Carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbonsanci oxides of nitrogen. Of these pollutants referred to, CO iscertainly the most undesirable component, which is a colourless,odourless gas which can be fatal in high concentrations for along period of time. Measurements were made to assess the COlevels In the exhaust of petrol driven cars of BARC by using theCO monitor developed in the Division. 95% of the BARC petroldriven cars were covered during this study. The results showedthat 65% of the cars have in their exhaust CO in excess of 4.5%during idling and 10% showed more than 10%. Diesel vehiclesshowed CO content as low as 0.05%.


19

EM -

iLLLe International intercomparison of fly ash samples

Investigators : S. Sadasivan, B.S. Negi and K.S.V. Nambi

Summary :(As. Ba.Rb, Sb, Sc, SiEDXRF togetherstitute ofCzechosIovaki a.close to the

Three fly ash samples were analyzed for 28 elementsCa, Ce, Co, Or, Cs, Cu, Eu. Fe. Hf, K, La, Lu, Na, Eb

Sm, Sr, Tb, Th, Ti, Yb. Zn and Zr) by 1NAA andas part of an intercomparison run organised by In-Radioecology and Applied Nuclear Techniques,

Our results for most of the elements were verycertified values which were obtained as an overall

mean of the various laboratory mean values and included d a t a f r o mat least two different methods. In all 34 laboratories from allover the world participated in this intercomparison run. Whileno systematic errors we,e found in our measurements by EDXRF,such errors were observed in the INAA determinations of fiveelements. A reanalysis of the data showed that the errors weredue to instrument problem, incorrect interference corrections anduse of wrong standard values. The deviation of our values fromthe mean value of different laboratories was found within 5 to2 0 % for 15 elements (As. Ca, Ce, Cr, Cu, Hf, K, Na, Pb, Rb, Si,Sr, Ti, Zn and Zr;, less than 5% for 10 elements (Ba. Co, Eu, Fe,La, Lu, Sc. Sm, Th and Yb> and more about 50% for Cs, Sb, Tb.


Pub 1 i cat ions D - 34.

EM - 6

Title : Studies of atmospheric lead levels in India

Invest i gators : S. Sadasivan, B.S. Negi and U.C. flishra

Summa ry : Thf* atmosphericareas are assessed in thisof one year for five citiesThe Pb m^asurements wereFluorescence. The lead leveto the levels encountered iexhaust, another importantthe fuel and ret use burningma 1 distribution at most ofof lead varies from 80 ng/mAt Bombay (Trombsy) the val

lead concentrations in seven urbanwork. The measurements cover a periodand three months for the other two.done by Energy Dispersive X - Ray

s in India are generally low comparedn western countries. Apart from autosource of lead in Indian atmosphere is

The concentrations follow a lognor-the places. The average concentration

1 at Bangalore to 310 ng/ms at Kanpur.ue was 210 ng/m5.


Pub Ilcat ions : A-56.

20

EM - 7

Title Composition offuel burning

suspended particulate natter froa domestic

investlsators : S. Sadasivan, B.S. Negi and U-C. Hishra

Summary : A significant portion of the total energy needs of In-dia is met by the use of non-commercial sources like wood anddomestic coal burning. Such fuel consumption will influence theenvironmental aerosol composition. To assess this a programmewas initiated to measure the elemental composition of suspendedparticulate matter from domestic fuel burning. An oven wasdesigned and fabricated for this study. Preliminary results offly ash composition from domestic coal burning are given in thefollowing Table, normalised to Ti = 100 ppm.

E1ement

ClKCaTiFe

Concentrat ion

2.0 %2. 3 X0.8 X100 ppm0.2 %

Programme status : Completed in

EM - 8

Title :

1nves t i i

Summary

Aerosol composition and

gators : S. Sadasivan. B.

: A study of particulate

E1ement

NiCuZnBrPb

1986.

sources in

S. Negi and

air polIut

Concentrat

1300. 1540

no260

urban areas

U.C. Mishra

ion was carr

ppm

ppmppmppm

in

ied

ion

India

out at8 Indian urban centres viz., Bombay (Trombay), Bangalore,Chandigarh, Coimbatore, Gulmarg, Jaipur, Kanpur and Nagpur during1980. A large number of samples from these cities covering oneyear period were an&1ysed using energy dispersive x-ray fluores-cence (EDXRF) method for 16 elements originating from natural andanthropogenic sources, viz. Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Rb, S, Cl, V,Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb. The total suspended particulate matter(TSPM) was also assessed for the samples by gravimetric method.Aerosol source identification at these centres was carried out byFactor Analysis. The geometric mean values of TSPM at variouscentres vary from 35 ug/m1 to 491 ug/ms and the concentrations ofvarious elements were found to vary from 50 ng/m* for Pb to 16ug/m' for Si. The elements like S, Cu, Zn, Cl, Br and Pb »re en-riched by a factor of 200 to 500 as compared to soil and theweight percentage of all the elements measured is found to varyfrom 6.85 (at Kanpur) to 32.06 <at Jaipur).

21

in the second phase of the project, during 1988, aerosol samplescollected on a daily basis at Bombay (Trombay) were analysed bytwo instrumental methods - EDXRF and INAA. A total of 26 elements(12 more than earlier; Na, Sc, Cr, Co, As, Sb, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Kgand Th> were determined. The measured elements accounted fornearly 24 % of the total suspended matter with associated C, 0,and N in particulates comprising the residual mass.

The identification of various aerosol sources contributing to theiJust load was carried out by common factor analysis on TSPM andelement concentrations. The varimax rotated factor loadings cor-tosponding to the common factors were examined. The aerosolsources t ound were - wind blown soil dust, combustion, oilrefinery emissions at Bombay, rock salt mining at Jaipur, aluminosilicates mining at Nagpur. fuel oil burning at Kanpur and com-pounds of S nicl Cl at Chandigarh.

Fi'jgi amme status : Completed in 1990.

Pub 1 i cat i ons : A-37, A-57, A-59, C-8.

EM.. -_.?.

XiA-L?. : Frequency distribution of TSPM and trace elements inaerosol samples

1 nwat i gators : S. Sadasivan and B.S. Negi

Summary : It is necessary to know the frequency distributions ofthe total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) and the trace con-stituents in aerosols tor reliable estimates of the mean. It willalso help help in evaluating the effects of sources and in aproper health hazard assessment. Thus a study of the frequencydistribution of TSPM and trace elements in air in some pollutedand unpolluted areas in India was carried out. It was found thatthe TSPM and most of the trace elements approximated to lognormaldistribution, though depending on the <_ity and the total dustlusds. 1 tie fiequency distribution curves for anthropogenic ele-ments <S, Cl, V. Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb> show more than two slopesindicating more than two sources while crustal elements (Al, Si,r a, Ji, K, Sr and Rb) show only one source except at Bangalorewhere Al shows two sources. The standard geometric deviation(SGI') was found to be smaller for anthropogenic elements as com-pared to soil origin elements for all the cities.


Publications : A-60.

22

EM - 10

T H !_e : Assessment of environmental contaainaiion by heavy Beta Is

Investigators : R.M. Tripathi and R.N. Khandekar

Summary. : Monitoring of air, water, soil and food stuffs forheavy metals is being continued. Air participates of 24 hoursduration were collected at Deonar, Matunga and Vashi. Thefrequency of sampling is 1-2 samples per week. Also, soil samplesat these locations are analysed once in a month. In addition, aset of food samples is analysed once in a year. Measurement ofPb, Cd, Zn and Cu in size separated atmospheric particulatesamples is also carried out using impactors.


Publications : A-14, A-15, A-16, A-77, A-78, A-79, B-28, C-18,D-13, D-U, D-44.

EM - 11

Title : Studies on the deposition of heavy metals

1nvestigators : R.M. Tripathi, S.C. Ashawa and R.N. Khandekar

Summar y : During the rainy season rain water samples have beencollected and analysed for heavy metals to assess the depositionof heavy metals. During dry spell (Oct.-Jun.) dry depositionsamples have been analysed for Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu. Both dry andwet deposition gave the total deposition of heavy metals. Thedeposition velocities have been estimated for different collec-tion surfaces.


Pub 1i cat ions : B-3.

EM - 12

Title : Assessment of heavy metal exposure of population throughbiological monitoring

Investigators : R.N. Khandekar and Radha Raghunath

Summary : Heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu have been measuredin blood and teeth of urban population. Monitoring of children'sblood samples Is being continued. Teeth samples from Central Bom-bay will be collected and analysed for these metals. A schoolbased pilot screening programme has been completed to study thelead toxicity In primary school children living in slums of west-

23

be

ern suburban parts of Greater Bombay. The data indicate thatchildren in Vakola-Kurla area have higher blood lead. A factorymanufacturing lead storage batteries and a secondary lead smelterare the sources of lead in this area. Further work willcarried out in these zones.


Publications : A-12, A-13, A-63, B-9, C-2, C-9, D-15.

EM - 13

Determination of uranium in sea water

I nvest t u t o r s : R.N. Khandekar and Radha Raghunalh

Summary : A vo1tammetric technique has been used for the deter-mination of uranium in sea water. Cathodic stripping voltam-metric procedure has been standardised for the direct estimationof uranium in sea water using 8-hydroxy quinoline (oxineJ as achelating agent. A detection limit of 1.2 nM of uranium (0.28ug/l) was obtained. Uranium has been measured in sea watersamples collected from different places.

Programme status Started in 1988.

Publications A-17, D-12.

EM -

Studies on aerosol mass, their size distribution andchemical composition in the ambient environment

Titlechemica1

Invest! gz»tors : T.N. Mahadevan. V. Meenakshy and U.C. MiBhra

Summary : a) Chembur-Trombay Region : Aerosols or suspended par-ticulate matter (SPM) constitute one of the major parameters ini-ny air quality management programme. In inhalation assessments,however. both the size and the chemical composition become veryimportant. Keeping this in view a study was carried out at 3sites extending ov-r a 2 y*ar peri.-d in the Chembur-Trombayregion. The mass median aerodynamic diameter of aerosols wa<*around 3.3 urn at all sites. During winter period this value was2.2 urn indicating a larger contribution of small particles to to-tal aerosol. The concentration levels offive ionic parameters have been determined,ASVM, methods were used for trace elementMMAD for crustal elements Si, Al, Fe, Co, ,,,.•«„„the range of 4.5-6.0 urn indicating their large size distributionin aerosols. Man made elements Se, As, Hg, Sb, Cu, Cr, Cd, fo,Zn. etc showed values between 0.8-2.2 ua. A« was present in both

24

nearly 24 elements andMostly 1NAA, AAS and

determination. TheLa, Sin, Sc, etc was in

fine and coarse modes indicating their contribution from bothnatural and man made sources. Nearly 10-30* of the matter waspresent as total carbon. Elemental carbon could not be ascer-tained due to non availability of suitable instrumentation. Amongthe ionic constituents, S0«-»,NH,' , N 0 5 - , CI" and F", S0»- * , NH 4•and Cl" in many cases were found in the fine particle size withMMAD around 0.8-1.2 urn. Source apportionment of aerosol indicatesnearly 45-55% of the aerosol mass is contributed by crustalsources and rest by man-made sources.

b) Matungaj A residential area close to an arterial vehiculartraffic sourcp : Automobile sources form a major contributor toair pollution emissions in Bombay. Being a ground level sourceits impact in the nearby residential area is always significant.While gaseous pollutant status has been well established, aerosolchemical composition studies from major freeways are limited. Astudy was undertaken over a 13 month period on the main arterialroad site at Matunga. The TSPM concentration was varying between110-450 ug/m 5. Unburnt fine carboneous matter and elementalcarbon accounted for nearly 18-40% of the total aerosol matter.Concentration levels of elements (anthropogenic sources) like Hg,Cd, Pb, Zn, Or, Cu, Sb and As were significant, althoughautomobile sources formed the major contributor to lead levels.Attempts to use bromine as an indicator for estimating theautomobile lead contribution had severe limitations as the Br/Pbratios were very much lower than the ethyl ratio of Br/Pb ingasoline due to the reentrainment of Pb from road dust and thelosses of bromine in chemical reactions over the longer samplingperiod used. For source identification factor analysis was used.

c) Ms 1 I ikadevi hill; a remote background site : For evolvingsuitable control strategies and to assess the long rangetransport of pollutants, data on various pollutant parametersfrom remote background areas has become very essential. Very fewmeasurements are available from the Indian subcontinent. In or-der to partly fill this gap a survey was undertaken at a remotesite, 200 km from Nainital on the Mallikadevi hill in the Kumaonhill if>ng< #̂ where an optical telescope was to be installedjointly by BARC and the Observatotry at Nainital. The primary ob-jective was to assess the probable impact of chemical dust from amagneslte factory located 5 km flight distance from the site.The proposed site was practically free from human inhabitationand major industrial emissions excepting domestic wood fires.Both aerosol and precipitation samples have been collected fromthe site. Aerosol chemical composition indicated at least two or-ders of magnitude lower levels for anthropogenic elements.

Programme status, : Completed in 1988.

Publicat tons : A-20, C-3, C-5.

25

EM - IE.

liUe •• Emission .onitoring studies at the thorium nitrate plantof Indian Rare Rarths Ltd., at BARC, Trombay

L'^-^stX&alors. : T.N. Mahadevan. V. Meenakshy and U.C. Mishra

Sjjmm-LLiL : The major emission parameters identified from thevarious process stacks at the IRE's thorium plant at BARC arechlorine. HC 1 , HNO,. NO,. NH, and F. The plant being old andstau-ks not very wide the procedures as laid down by the CPCBregulations had to be modified to suit the requirements. Themeasurements were made sequentially at preset averaging timescovering the entire process operations and then averaged sincethe emission rate varied with time. Since the stack releasepoints were at roof level downwash of emissions were observed onmany occasions in the vicinity particularly during winter andmonsoon seasons aggravated by the Trombay hill effect. Althoughthe observed levels were lower than that stipulated for acidmanufacturing stacks, recommendations have been made to the IREmanagement like increasing the stack height, dropping of ammoniadeep into the reaction tank, avoiding simultaneous working of HCIattack and NH3 reaction processes, etc for implementation.

Programme status : Completed.

Publications : C-4.

EM - 16

Title : Chemistry of precipitation in BARC area - a comparativestudy from 1974 to 1980 and 1987 to 1989

Inves 11 gators : V. Meenakshy, T.N. Mahadevan, K.S.V. Naabi andU.C. Mishra

S'jmma r y : Precipitation has long been accepted as the naturalscavenging process for the removal of pollutants from theatmosphere. However the environmental impact of acid rainsmanifested by precipitation scavenging has been causing concernthe world over. Keeping in view the major industrial activitiesin the Chembur-Trombay area, studies were initiated on precipita-tion chemistry at BARC from 1974. While the 1974 - 1980 measure-ments have shown acidic trends the period 1987 onwards have showna reversal basically due to the reported switchover to cleanerfuels in the area. The results have been used in understandingthe scavenging processes and its chemistry.

Programme status : To be completed in 1991.

26

EM - 17

T l t l g : Sulphur dioxide and fluoride air quality in the a.bientenvironment

: T.N. tiahadevan. V. Heenakshy and U.C. Mishra

Sy_ML*£.y_ : EIectrodeposited passive samplers developed in theDivision weie exposed at monthly intervals around 12 sites in theAuibernath industrial area. While the air quality with referenceto SOi was within the standards except during favourablemeteorological conditions and winds, fluoride tevels were foundto be exceptionally high in residential areas close to theplants. Being ubiquitous the synergistic effects of both S0» andF cannot be ruled out and may perhaps be the cause for the upperrespiratory disorders reported from the areas.

A similar survey was conducted at Jaduguda at the request of theHP Unit, UC1L. While S0» levels were comparable to backgroundvalues. fluoride levels were higher than background levels,presumably due to the contribution of particulates of local soilorigin which may be containing higher fluorides.


EM - 16

Title : Studies on wet and dry deposition of aerosols andionic composition in the BARC area

Invesli gators : V. Meenakshy, T.N. Mahadevan and K.S.V. Nanbi

Summary : Measurements on deposition velocities of chemical con-stituents in the atmosphere are very important to understand theremoval processes and also the- residence time. Since not muchdatn is available for ionic parameters like S04 and NO* (S0s andNOM are precursors), an attempt has been made to understand theseprocesses using measurements made at BARC during 1988-1989.

Programme status : To be completed in 1991.

EH - 19

Title : Preliminary survey of pollutant levelB in the kitchensdue to different fuel burning

Investigators : P.K. Chugh and G. Swarup

Sunimax y. : To assess the exposure of cooks and housewives In kit-chen* to carbon monoxide due to burning of different fuels, apreliminary survey of kitchens of major canteens of BARC w»s

27

carried out using an instrument based on electrochemicalprinciple. Canteen cooks, on an average, are exposed to about 40ppm during their peak cooking activity, which is less than themaximum allowable limit but substantially high. The CO levelsreduce to negligible levels once the cooking activity isfinished. For simulating domestic kitchens, a room approximatelyof the size of a kitchen was selected and measurements were madein a fumehood by burning LPG in a gas stove, wood, charcoal andhard coal in a sigri, and kerosene in a cooking stove. Initial COlevels due to charcoal, hard coal and wood were found to be morethan 500 ppm. Kerosene and LPG gave much less CO.


EM - 20

Title : Studies on concenirationE of carbon aonoxide in air at afew locations in Bonbay city

Invest igators : G. Swarup

Summary : To assess the contribution of automobile exhaust to theoverall concentration of CO in Bombay city, a programme tomeasure CO levels in ambient air at a few locations in the citywas undertaken. Instruments developed in the group were used forthese measurements. Measurements were carried out at three loca-tions namely, Old Yacht Club, Richardson Cruddas Building.Byculla and Matunga dispensary Matunga and an attempt made tocorrelate observed concentrations with traffic density and windpattern. Measurements over a six months period at OYC have shownan average maximum level of 13 ppm and an average minimum levelof 3 ppm. The traffic density at OYC is approximately 25cars/min. The CO concentrations show a diurnal pattern, with themorning peak occurring at about 0900 hrs and a smaller eveningpeak at about 1930 hrs. Measurements at Byculla have shown anaverage maximum and minimum levels of 30 and 4 ppm respectively,where ths traffic density is approximately 15-200 vehic1es/min-Since the CO emission from diesel driven vehicles is very smallas compared to petrol driven vehicles, their contribution hasbeen ignored. At Byculla also a diurnal pattern has beenobserved. The morning peak occurs between 1030-1100 hrs and the-evening peak between 1930-2000 hrs. Measurements at Matunga haveshown svt-j.-ge maximum and minimum levels of 38.6 and 2.6 ppmrespectively where the traffic density is 40-60 vehicles /min.The- morning peak is observed at about 0900 hrs and the eveningpeak at 2000-20 30 ir.cs.

Programmi status : Completed in May 1987.

publications : A-76.

28

SECTION : 5. POLLUTION HONtTORING SYSTEMS

PM - 1

Title : Air quality data processor

Investigators : C.K.G. Nair and R.K. Varaa

§y!?""ary : The development of a system around 6800 microprocessorwas completed in 1985 and the technology was transferred to REIL,Jaipur. A single chip microcomputer (68701) based system was thendeveloped mainly for controlling the operation of a pump and forkeeping a record of duration of operation at an air samplingstation. The built-in printer provides print-out giving the fol-lowing information : time and date of print-out, pump start time,pump stop time, time of power failure if any, duration of pumpoperation, etc. There is provision for adding more functions tothe system.


PM - 2

Title : Development of a system for Measuring berylliumconcentrations inside plant atmosphere

Inves t igators : B.S. Negi and U.C. Mishra

Summary : An attempt was made to fabricate a system to measureberyllium concentration in Beryllium plant dust collected on fil-ter paper. A system comprising of a fast neutron detector (Hornykbutton), photomultipiier tube, voltage pulse amplifier and asealer was used. The filter paper containing beryllium dust wasexposed to alpha particles from a 100 uCi 2 1 0Po alpha particlesource. The neutrons produced by the reaction was estimated bythe sysitem. Beryllium foils were used for calibrating the system.The sensitivity of measurement was A ug/cm1 of beryllium on thefilter paper. The sensitivity was increased by usingborontrifluoride counters with paraffin wax as fast neutronmoderator. Taking Into account the loss of neutrons by absorptionand scattering during thermalisation in paraffin wax, the overallefficiency of wax moderated detector system is higher.


29

PM - 3

Title : Work relating to technology transfer of ppa level Infra-red CO monitor

investigators : R.N. Sachdev, G. Swarup, J.P. Gupta andK.K. Rajan

Summary : After successful completion of fieid trials of partsper million level carbon monoxide monitor designed and fabricatedIn the- group, detailed documentation for transfer of technologythrough Technology Transfer Group. BARC, was taken up and thetechnology for mass production of this type of instruments wasmade available on non-exclusive basis to the industry. RajasthanElectronics and Instruments Ltd (Jaipur; after buying the tech-nology are in the process of batch producing the units.


PM -

Title : Design, development and fabrication of non dispersiveinfra red (NDIR) gas analysers

Invest i gators : R.N. Sachdev, G. Swarup, J.P.Gupta and K.K. Rajan

Summa ry : Infrared analysers of our design have been incorporatedwith a zeroing gas racility and a microprocessor in the latestmove in the direction of increasing sensitivity, long term stabi-lity and good reproducibi1itv. The zeroing and sample gases arepassed through the same channel in the analyser in quick succe-ssion. This method of alternate passage of zeroing and samplegases in turn, constitutes a rejection of unwanted effects sincethey are present in both the oases and hence annul each other.The flow of 2eroing and sample gases through the same tube isachieved with the use of a set of synchronous timer controlledvalves located in an auxiliary sample changing unit. Duration offlow of each species through the sample cell is chose chosen suchthat at the end of it the asymptotic value of the concentrationof species in the sample cell is reached. The difference ofasymptotic outputs reached during the passage of the two speciesis then printed out as a single observation representing onecycle. In this unit a microprocessor is incorporated which apartfrom locating maxima and minima gives a print out of average rep-resenting a predetermined number of above mentioned cycles. Suchmonitors have been installed at BHEL, BARC Transport MaintenanceSection and Dhruwa reactor (for methane).


Publications : A-52, D-30.

30

PM - 5

LLLU : Design, development and utilization of infrared COanalyzer for environmental pollution •onitoring and forautomobile exhaust monitoring

Investigators : J.p. Gupta

Summary : Carbon monoxide is released in large quantities fromautomobile exhaust and coal and oil furnaces. CO is harmful tohuman beings. An infrared gas analyzer has been designed andfabricated lor the measurement of CO in the environment. It com-prises an 1R source. multiretlection sample cell, pneumaticdetector and required electronics. All the parts were developedin the Division. The instrument has been calibrated in 0-100 ppmrange and w.i»s used to measure CO concentration at traffic Junc-tions in Bombay city.

The optical assembly comprising muitirefIection sample cell andIR source have also been designed and fabricated tor the COanalyzer installed at BHEL Tiruchirapa11i. In the city air. maxi-mum CO is released from automobile exhaust, CO level inautomobile exhaust varies between 1 and 10 X. To measure the COin automobile exhaust a percentage level CO analyzer was designedand fabricated. The mechanical and optical systems of theanalyzer were prepared by the investigator. The analyzer has beeninstalled in BARC automobile workshop.


Publi oat ions : A-7G.

PM - 6

Title : Remote sensing for air pollution using laser

tiHtftois : Smt. J.S. Chazhoor and J.P.S. Chatha

Suminar y : Literature survey was carried out for the feasibilitystudy of a convenient and economic system to b* developed in thelaboratory to study aerosol and other gaseous pollutants in theatmosphere. The selected system consists of He-Ne laser as thetransmitter, a Newtonian telescope for collection of back scat-tered light which is fed to a photomuItipiier tube and the outputis measured by Iock-in-amp 1ifier and photon counter. The variouscomponents for assembling the complete system are being procured.


31

PM - 7

T* *•) e : A passive sampler for ambient monitoring ofnitrogen dioxide

Investigators : V. Meenakshy. T.N. Mahadevan and U.C. Mishra

Summary, : An inexpensive and reliable passive monitor has beendeveloped for monitoring nitrogen dioxide (NO,), the major pol-lutant responsible for triggering a number of photochemical reac-tions and also having a role in acid rain formation. The methodemploys filter paper discs coated with triethanolamine (TEA) andmounted on slide mounts as suspension devices. The results fromfie>d field experiments carried out during a two year period gavethe calibration factor between NO, measured by absolute methodand NGj as given by the sensors. The relative standard devia-tion wa>" ^18%. The sensors show increased sensitivity withhigher humidity and wind velocity.


Publication : A-22.

PM - 8

Title : Nitric oxide monitor for source level monitoring

Investi gators : J.P.S. Chatha, R.K. Varna, P.B. Kulkarni andS-B. Nadgir

Summary : Nitric oxide is an important atmospheric pollutant. Itis produced in significant quantities in stationary as well asmobile combustion sources. NO released to the atmosphere getsslowly oxidised to N0 s. NO monitor based on its chemi1uminescentreaction with Ch was developed in the laboratory. A catalyticconverter for converting NO* and NHj to NO was also developed.NO monitor-converter combine can measure NO, oxides of nitrogen(NOx> anc NHj. One such unit was installed at the Heavy WaterPlants at Baroda and Tuticorin for monitoring N0x/N0x+NH3 in flugases from cracker unit. After extensive field trials withprototype models at Baroda and Tuticorin, fabrication of sixunits of improved design was undertaken. Two units each are to beinstalled at Heavy Water Plants at Baroda, Tuticorin and Thai.This work is nearing completion. The know-how for mass productionof NOx monitor together with necessary documentation was trans-ferred to Rajasthan Electronic and Instrumentation Ltd., Jaipur,a public sector undertaking, who have already started marketingNO. monitors based on BARC know-how.


32

PM - 9

Title : Dynamic gas calibration unit for air pollution Monitors

Investigators : J.P.S. Chatha. P.B. Kulkarni and S.B. Nadgir

Summaryas we I 1ca1ibrat i onmoni tors.caIibrat ion

With extensive use of air pollution monitors for sourceas ambient monitoring, it has become necessary to have

facilities for quick and easy calibration of theWith this aim, development work on dynamic gasunit for NOx monitors was undertaken. A thermostated

chamber whosefabricated and testedteflon as permeatinghave a smaII gI assfiI led. The vial isconstant permeationfIow of NO. f ree a i r

temperature can be controlled to • O . f C has beenPermeation vials with locally available

membrane have been fabricated. These vialsbulb as reservoir in which liquid N,0. is

kept in the thermostated chamber to haverate over long periods, of time. A mc-tered

(100 cc/min) is passed overmixing this flow with varying amounts of NO.suitable concentrations of NOx are obtained. Anof calibration unit is also being fabricated.


the vial and bvf ree diIuent ai rimproved version

PM - 10

T i t l e An integratedAssessment

system for environmental pollution

1nv&s t i g? tors J.P.S. Chatha, P.B. Kulkarni, C.K.G. Nair andS.B. Nadgir

Summaiy : This system monitors common air pollutants like CO.S0 3 , NOx and 0 s . It consists of a microprocessor based data ac-quisition system to which analogue input from monitors for CO.S0» , NOx and 0s are connected. CO monitor is based on catalyticoxidation of CO and measurement of rise in temperature in the ex-otheriric reaction. SO* monitor is based on coulometry. NOx and 0,monitors utilise chemiluminescent reactions and measure lightoutput from these reactions. Data acquisition system computeshourly averages of data from the different monitors and provides

of maximum, minimum and average values with time, date andFacilities are provided for user interaction with the

out putmont h.syst em.

Program status : One system is ready for installation at the TTCarea for use by Inter Agency Project on Assessment and Managementof Environmental and Health Risks from Industries in Trans Than*?Creek Area.

33

PM - 11

Title : Development of ozone monitor/calibrator

Investigators : J.P.S. Chatha. Smt. J.S. Chazhoor and S.B. Nadgir

Summary : An ozone monitor/calibrator is being developed whichcan be used either for calibrating ozone generators or forroutine monitoring of 03 in the environment. It is based on ab-sorption of UV light at 254 nm by 0, and has the distinct advan-tage of making absolute measurements. The 03 concentration isdetermined by measuring the amount of light absorbed by an airsample flowing through the absorption cell. Since the 03 crosssection at this wavelength is accurately known, the need for anycalibration gas is avoided. It also dispenses with the use ofauxiliary gases which are required in chemiluminescent technique.The unit consists of a mercury vapour (Pen-Ray Lamp of UltraViolet Products inc.) which gives 90% of its intensity at 254 nm.The absorption cell is made of pyrex glass with quartz windows of45 mm diameter on both ends. The path length is 91.4 mm. A nar-row band interference filter with 14% transmittance at peakwavelength of 252 nm and H.B.W. of 6 nm was used to select 254 nmline. A photomultip)ier tube (EMI 9635 QB) is used for measuringthe intensity of the attenuated as well as unattenuated beam oflight. The output of the PM tube is amplified and recorded. 0s

generators fabricated in this laboratory have been calibratedusing this set up. Further work is in progress to improve thesensitivity of the instrument by providing dual chambers for at-tenuated and unattenuated beams and improved electronic in-strumentation for signal processing.


SECTION t 6. AEROSOL STUDIES

AS - 1

Title '• Studios on binary nucleation in the ataosphere

Investigator : P.V.N. Nair

Summary : Theoretical studies on the thermodynamlc aspects of bi-nary gas-phase nucleation were continued in the context of forma-tion of aqueous solution droplets of trace species such as sul-furic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and ammonium salts,with water vapour, which are important in the gas-to-particleconversion processes that govern the atmospheric chemistry ofseveral trace species in the lower atmosphere. A set of modifiedKelvin equations were developed and applied to a mixed composi-tion of some solutes in combination with water vapour and ex-tended to nucleation and growth of droplets with insolublecores. The solutes considerd were, Ha S04 and <NH,)aS0« alone andmixed in different ratios. Radii of insoluble cores were 10 nmand 1000 nm. It is found that an insoluble core increases growthand facilitates activation at a lower supersaturation compared toa pure solution droplet with the same quantity of solute present.

Work was initiated on the thermodynamic consistency of the newKelvin equations in view of the varying coefficient of compres-sibility of some components in a solution droplet. Study on theapplication of the concepts to mu1ticomponent nucleation is in

progress.


Pub Iioat Ions : A-32, D-22.

AS

Title : Studies on fractal aerosol aggregates

1nvest1 gatpr : Y.S. Mayya

Summary : Introduction of fractal ideas to describe the morphol-ogy of aggregates has added a new dimension to the study ofaerosols. The aspects, such as the kinetics of aggregationprocesses, the dynamics of clusters and their interaction withthe environment, require re-examination in the light of theirfractal nature. Specifically, we have examined the chargingtheory of fractal aggregates, in the continuum and the free-molecular regimes. Fractal objects are shown to be energeticallyunstable against the acquisition of high charge: large clustersof fractal dimension Jess than 2 can undergo electrically inducedbreak-up. Besides. it is shown that diffusion charging followed

35

by thermal compact ification can lead to enhanced electricalmobilities, which increase with the cluster mass. This is aunique possibility for fractals, not achievable for compactclusters.


Publications : A-21, D-16.

AS - 3

Title :Role of collective effects on the electrical chargingrates in dense aerosol systems

Investigators : Y.S. Mayya and A.R. Nayak

Summary : Studies in high density aerosol systems are importantfrom the point of view of aerosol releases in reactor accidents.One such study relates to the electrical charging of dense aero-sols in the presence of ionization fields. Contrary to the tradi-tional single particle theories of charging rates, in densesystems, the collective effects due to the long-range Coulombfields would tend to dominate. The neutralization of a spatiallyhomogeneous, initially charged, aerosol cloud exposed to bipolarions, is examined. The equations include a fluctuation term desc-ribing the stochastic charge pick-up and a drift t^rm describingthe collective effects via Poisson's equation. The solution tothe resulting nonlinear equation suggests that the average chargedecays exponentially only at large times, unlike that predictedfrom the single particle theory. Interestingly, the long timedecay constant is significantly enhanced, even when the initialcharge on the particle is small.

Programme Status : Continuing since 1990.

Publication : D-17.

AS - A

Title : Measurement of atmospheric aerosols and small ions

Investigators : P.V.N. Nair, J.P. Gupta and V.D. Sawant

Summary : Measurements of atmospheric concentration of condensa-tion nuclei are being carried out with an automatic condensationnucleus counter or a manually operated counter at selectedlocations. Initially the measurements were for continuous periodsof six to seven hours during day-time, on working days »t BARCHospital, Deonar. Subsequently the measurements were extended toother locations at Trombay, BARC. The data collected from theyears 1985 and 1986 have been analyzed for the variation of con-

36

centration of condensation nuclei, and used for calculatingaverage values of concentration, their daily and monthly maximaand minima. The concentration of condensation nuclei is found tovary with the time of day within a range of 101 to 10s cm"3.

Some measurements of small ions (mobility > 0.04 cm2/sec/volt)have been carried out with the Atmospheric Ion Analyzer at BARC.The concentration varies within a range of 10* to 103 cm"3. In-door measurements of concentrations of small ions of bothpolarity have been continued in different locations. Values atDhruva and Cirus show an excess of positive small ions duringreactor operations, and 10-15% of aerosols acquire charge. It isproposed to carry out aerosol and small ion measurements at BARCregular1y.


Publications : B-12, C-13.

AS - 5

Title : Role of aerosols in releases from severe accidents atnuclear power plants

Investi gators : P.V.N. Nair, J.P. Gupta and P.V. Joshi

Summary : The role of aerosols in a likely release of radioac-tivity to the environment in accidents at nuclear facilities wasstudied. The radioactive species of interest mainly are I, Cs andTe besides Ru, Ba, Zc, Sb, Mn and Mo. Based on published work andin the context of nuclear power programme in India, estimates offormation and release of aerosols containing I, Cs and Te in caseof accidents in PHWRs were initiated. It was found that it Isnecessary to develop analytical or numerical models and to carryout an extensive experimental programme, to be able to calculaterates of aerosol formation and release with the needed accuracy.Computer models are also to be developed for evaluating en-gineered safety features employed in PHWRs in India. Based onavailable data, a preliminary estimate of release of 1, Cs and Tein case of a design based accident was presented in a draftreport submitted to subcommittee No. 2, constituted by the 'Taskforce reviewing safety measures at nuclear power plants inIndia', under the directive of Safety Review Committee, DAE. Fur-ther theoretical and experimental studies are in progress.

Programme status : Started in June 1986; to be continued.

PublIcations : C-7, D-21.

37

AS - 6

IXtJj? : 5tudit>b on condensation nucleus counters : a) Size chara-cterization of condensation nuclei using an expansioncounter; b> Development of portable CN counters

' rwest i gator r. : P.V.N. Nair, A.G. Marker, P.V. Josh! andV.D. Sawant

Summary : Condensation nucleus counter is widely used formeasurement of concentration of aerosols in the submicron sizerange. The threshold size for detection and use of the counterfor aerosol size analysis a c <=- areas currently underinvestigation. The- present studies are on the effect of sizedistribution of condensation nuclei on pressure variations in anexpansion counter.

Pressure measurements in a pressure defined expansion typenucleus counter are carried out using a sensitive pressuretransducer and a microprocessor based electronic recorder.Samples of room and filtered air, tobacco smoke, NaCl, H5SO4,NH4CI and HC1 aerosols have been studied. It is shown that themaxima in the second derivative of pressure are characteristic ofeach sample and correspond to the modes in the size distributionof the condensation nuclei present. Results of measurement ofoptical attenuation and its derivative as a function of timeyield similar maxima. Based on these results a method is beingdeveloped for rapid estimation or size distribution of submicronaerosols.

A portable condensation nucleus counter is being developed foroutdoor measurements. A system for calibration and testing of CNcounters is also being setup.


Pubi ications : A-31, B-.1O, B-ll, B-13.

AS - 7

Title : Atmospheric aerosol size distribution

1nvesti gator : P. V. Joshi

Summary : By comparing the projected diameter and aerodynamicdiampter of atmospheric aerosol particles, density of the par-ticles was determined. The method consists of sampling of atmos-pheric aerosol particles on a 4 stage cascade impactor and find-ing their size distribution on stages 2, 3 and 4, which are foundto be 1og-normaMy distributed. The distribution parameters oneach stage are related to the average density of the particles.Applying this technique, average density of Trombay aerosol par-

38

tidestidesdetermi

wasin

ned.

foundsome

to be 1.industr

55 (ial

; cm*and

The densities of aerosol par-remote places have also been

From the aerosol size distribution studies in Trorobay and invarious locations in the world, it was found that the concentra-tion belonging to age dominated size group has more uniform tem-poral as well as spatial distribution and would be a better in-dicator of air pollution in a particular region. Surface areaconcentration is found to be more associated with age dominatedpar tides.

Extensive survey of literature during two decades (1970-1990), onthe size distribution of aerosol particles in different parts ofthe world has been done. The data have been divided in 3categories namely, oceanic, remote continental and urban. An at-tempt has been made to draw the spatial generalization of thephysical characteristics like number, surface area, volume con-centration of aerosol particles and their distribution parameterson the basis of categories formed.


Publications : A-7, A-10, B-5.

39

SECTION : 7. EP1DEHIOLOGICAL STUDIES

ES - 1

Title : Analysis of cancer aortality risks in DAE populations

Investigators : K.S.V. Naabi, Y.S. Mayya, D.D. Rao and S.D. Soaan

Summary : Analysis of data on cancer mortality and morbidity inthe populations working in or living near nuclear installationsforms an important component of the overall risk assessment dueto nuclear operations. Thus far, studies on the cancer mortalityrisks expressed in terms of the Standardised Mortality Ratios(SMRs) with respect to the reference population of Bombay city,have been carried out for Bombay and Tarapur DAE populations. Apreliminary assessment of the radiogenic cancer mortality risksin these populations has also been performed. In the case ofemployees, in spite of their being the oldest cohorts among theIndian nuclear reactor communities, the inadequ£«c-y of the presentdatabases do not permit statistically significant conclusions.When all the data (of employees and their families in both theplaces) are combined to create an adequate database, the age-specific cancer drath rates match those for the Bombay citygeneral population. However, considering that the cancer deathsin the general populations are always under-registered, it islikely that the cancer risks in DAE populations are lower thanthat actually present in the Bombay city population.


Publications : A-34, A-35, A-36.

40

ES - 2

I l t l e : EpideBioIogical studies in high natural radiation areas

investigator s K.S.V. Naabi

Summary : Apart from the Japanese A-Bomb survivors, personsliving in high natural radiation areas form an important popula-tion group for obtaining the radiation risk estimates. In orderto obtain statistically meaningful risk estimates, it is impor-tant to have an adequate database. The recently revised ICRP can-cer risk factor suggesting a five-fold higher value thr.n what wasassumed in ICRP26, would also correspondingly reduce the minimumdatabase size required for achieving statistical significance inthe risk estimates. As compared to the earlier prediction ofnearly 10T person-yearsCPY) of observations, the minimum databaseat le level of statistical significance has come down to about10s PY in high natural radiation areas. A further reduction seemspossible if one adopts the methodology of monitoring the ag« ad-justed cancer death rates and carry out studies in regions withlower cancer rates.

Programme status : Started in 1990 and continuing; a DAE projecton establishing a cancer registry in Karunagappa1!y monazite areaof Kerala has been initiated in 1990 with the Regional CancerCentre, Trivandrum.

Publication : D-23.

S E C T I O N : 6. L U M I N E S C E N C E S T U D I E S

L S - 1

T i t l e : D a t i n g of a n a l p h a c o n t a m i n a t e d T L D b a d g e

I n v e s t i g a t o r s : K . S . V . N a m b i . M.R. Iyer, B.C. B h a t t ,J.K. S r i v a s t a v a and A . S . PatiI

S u m m a r y : A p e r p l e x i n g c a s e ot r a d i o a c t i v e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of TLP e r s o n n e l M o n i t o r i n g D o s i m e t e r . w h e r e i n the central TL discr e c e i v e d 7 6 8 cGy w h i l e a d j a c e n t d i s c s r e g i s t e r e d only 0.162 and0 . 2 5 9 c G y , w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d by a s i m p l e TL d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e . T h i sl o c a l i s e d c o n t a m i n a t i o n by 2 J * Pu a l p h a . as c o n f i r m e d by a s e r i e sof i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , led to a c c u m u l a t e d high dose by its self-I r r a d i a t i o n . T h e d a t i n g e x p e r i m e n t , after a p p l y i n g TL s u p e r -l i n e a r i t y and f a d i n g c o r r e c t i o n s , i n d i c a t e d that the event oc-c u r r e d 111 tA d a y s b e f o r e readout of T L D card.

P r o g r a m m e s t a t u s : C o m p l e t e d .

P u b l i c a t i o n : A - 3 3 .

L S - 2

T i t l e : A P C - b a s e d t e c h n i q u e for c r e a t i n g 3D p l o t s fromm o n o c h r o m a t i c T L glow c u r v e s

I n v e s t i g a t o r s : A . S . B a s u . A. D u t t a , D.T K h a t r i and K.S.V. Naabi

S u m m a r y : R e c o r d i n g of ther mo 1 u m i n e s c e n c e e m i s s i o n s p e c t r a ofm a n y m i n e r a l s is beset with the problem of d e t e c t i n g low TL e m i s -s i o n i n t e n s i t i e s at high t e m p e r a t u r e s b e c a u s e of i n t e r f e r e n c efrom the thermal n o i s e in the p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r system. A l t h o u g hv e r y e x p e n s i v e t e c h n i q u e s ate a v a i l a b l e for o b t a i n i n g thei s o m e t r i c p l o t s ot t e m p e r a t u r e . w a v e l e n g t h and TL intensity ofw e a k l y e m i t t i n g m i n e r a l s in an e l e g a n t m a n n e r , a simpler methodhas b e e n d e v e l o p e d in this D i v i s i o n for c r e a t i n g 3D p r o j e c t i o n sot T L e m i s s i o n from m e a s u r e m e n t s ol m o n o c h r o m a t i c TL glow c u r v e sand u s i n g a c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e PC s o f t w a r e . A m i c r o p r o c e s s o r -b a s e d d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n system d e v e l o p e d i n d i g e n e o u s 1 y is inter-faced w i t h the c o n v e n t i o n a l TL glow c u r v e r e c o r d e r . T h e d i g i t i s e dd a t a a r e d i r e c t l y fed into an IBM c o m p a t i b l e P C - X T and the 3Dp l o t s a r e c r e a t e d u s i n g a c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e s o f t w a r e named" S U R F E R " . T h e p r o g r a m can also g e n e r a t e contour m a p s . Typicalp l o t s are a v a i l a b l e for the case of m i n e r a l s like S c a p o l i t e ,S p o d u m i n e an 1 K u n z i t e .

P r o g r a m m e s t a t u s : C o m p l e t e d .

P u b l i c a t i o n : D - 3 .

LS - 3

~ '' i^tl??"1??*31 g a"" a radiation aonitoring around DAEinstallations using TLDs

investigator. : K.S.V Na.bi, Y.S. Mayya. N.K. Hehta. A.S. Basuand A.R. Kanat

Sumi"ary- : External gamma radiation monitoring programme aroundnuclear power plants and other facilities Is Instituted^ assessthe environmental impact of nuclear operations. Monitoring is? ? » i e d o ^ r i ^ n < ? W • f S " n d . the environs of ( i> Po-er stations

;,T °P««»on.i and It Kal?which are pre-operat inna 1 ) . m> nuclear facility cotn-

^ ; \»™Z' VECC. RMP and N F C . <iii> uranium mines and thoriumplants (Jaduguda and Alwaye) and Civ) locations where high levelradiation sources are installed (Sriram Inst., OSCOM). Powerplant areas are monitored at selected locations both within theexclusion zone and outside it, up to a distance of about 20 km.Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) are used for this purpose asthey provide an almost ideal passive monitoring device with aproven advantage. The TL Dosimeters (TLDs) consist of a pair ofbrass capsules filled with natural CaF, phosphor powder. wrapped£n an identification label and sealed in high density PVC jacket.The programme consists of preparing annealed TLDs, about 350 perquarter. and dispatching them to various DAE units at the begin-ning of every quarter for replacing the earlier TLDs fixed at thechosen locations. The exposed TLDs received from these placesthrough mall are evaluated for exposure using a standardisedprocedure. Quarterly reports are made and upon combining them,annual reports are also made and dispatched to the respectiveunits. Consolidated reports covering a span of 5-7 years are alsooccasionally brought out.

Nuclear facility related increases in gamma levels have been ob-served within the exclusion zone of TAPS and RAPS at somelocations. But the levels outside the exclusion zone haveremained practically the same as the reported pre-operationaIlevels. In the case of MAPS, the problem of extricating such in-formation is compounded due to interference from the in-homogeneous distribution of monazite bearing sand. Efforts are onthe way to estimate the pre-operationaI baseline radiation levelsat Kaiga and Kakrapar.

Programme status : Quarterly ERM surveys continues since 1981.

Pub Ilcat ions : l>-4, D-25. Publications prior to 1990 are includedin the reports of the Health Physics Division.

LS - 4

^[t l e : Thernally stimulated luminescence studies of quartzassociated with pegnatites of aica aines in Bihar

Investigators : G.N. JadhaV, K.S.V. Na-bi, V. Panchpakesan' andK.C. Sahu' CIIT, Bombay)

Summary : Bihar mica-belt provides the most significant andgeologically interesting pegmatite belts of India. Thermallystimulated luminescence (TSL) studies were carried out on a largenumber of quartz samples associated with the pegmatites ofSethawa No.l mica-mines in Bihar. TSL glow curves for natural aswell as laboratory irradiated quartz samples were recorded, whichindicated the glow peaks at temperatures 270°C, 325"C and 375"C,typical of quartz. The relative TSL sensitivities were sig-nificantly different for samples derived from mica-rich and mica-barren pegmatites, thus enabling a discrimination.

Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures showed inverse rela-tion with the natural TSL peak temperatures observed in therespective samples. A controversial result is the inverse pictureof the TSL ages vs. the geological ages. While the structuralstudies show that the mica-barren pegmatites are older than themica-rich ones, the TSL studies seem to indicate an inverse timerelationship. TSL ages point to recent thermal events associatedwith the geological structures in the period ranging between27,000 y and 170,000 y.


Pub 1 icat ion : D-10.

LS - 5

Title : TheraoIuoinescence studies on ganma irradiatedPolyviny1idene Fluoride above Rooa Temperature

Investigators : Sunita Pawde* and K.S.V. Nambi CUDCT, Bombay)

Summary : Thermo 1 urninescence is a useful method for studying themolecular motion and structural transitions in polymers. In thepast, TL studies in organic polymers had invariably been doneafter irradiation at liquid nitrogen temperature and warming thesample up to room temperature. Herein, we report some preliminaryr,. 3uns obtained in a study of TL of PVDF (Poiy VinyUdineFluoride) polymer gamma irradiated at R.T. and warmed to 490»K.TNi: stud/ covers TL build-up with dose, activation energy deter-rr, i n;< t i uii and TL spectral emission characteristics. The TL glowjr/e exhibits four peaks at temperatures of about 350°K, 370*K,

uaO-K and 770°K. The activation energy values in PVDF seem to ex-

44

hibit an anomalous decreasing effect with increasing temperature.However, it is realised that the net change over the mean (1.31eV) is q 10%, which is within the accuracy of the measurements.It is thought that the TL above R.T. is related to chainmotion/phase transition in the polymer matrix.


Publication : B-27.

LS - 6

Title : Studies in lyoluminescence for radiation dosiaetry

Investigator : Smt. J.S. Chazhoor

Summary : Lynlumlnescent dosimetric characteristics of variousfood items were studied so that this technique can be used as atest of irradiation in the event of accidental or otherwise ex-posure of these items to ionising radiation. A few samples of ir-radiated food items from Defence Lab., Jodhpur, were analysed toexamine their Iyo1uminescence exposure.

Efforts were made to get more sensitive and reproducible systemsand their dosimetric characteristics were evaluated and comparedwith that of glucose sensitised with luminol. Melezitose sen-sitised with lucigenin was found to be a system comparable withglucose monohydrate sensitised with luminol. The 1yo1uminescenceof the sensitised phosphors were studied for neutrons and it wasfound that their responses were different from those obtainedwith gamma radiation and were also dependent on the energy of theneut ron.

Programme states : Completed.

Publications : A-2, A-3, A-4.

SECTION : 9. ENVIRONMENTAL HONtrnHiNG FOR NONIONIZING RADIATIONS

NR - 1

Title : Design and fabrication of a microprocessor based radio-frequency field strength meter for radiation safetysurveys around radio-frequency sources

I n v e s t i g a t o r s : K . K . R a j a n , G. S w a n i p a n d R . N . S a c h d e v

Sui5.ma.LZ : T o m o n i t o r r a d i a t i o n field a r o u n d i n d u c t i v e l y c o u p l e dp l a s m a u n i t s , d i a t h e r m y u n i t s and d i e l e c t i i c r.f. h e a t e r s ini n d u s t r y , a m i c r o p r o c e s s o r b a s e d r a d i o f r e q u e n c y field s t r e n g t hm e t e r h a s b e e n f a b r i c a t e d . T h e s e n s i n g p r o b e c o m p r i s e s of ana r r a y of t h r e e m u t u a l l y o r t h o g o n a l r.l. c o i l s tuned in thef r e q u e n c y r a n g e of 2 7 . 1 2 MH, w h i c h a c c o r d i n g to the i n t e r n a t i o n a lc o n v e n t i o n is fi x e d for r.f. wo r k in r e s e a r c h and i n d u s t r y . Thev o l t a g e s i n d u c e d in the t h r e e c o i l s in an e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c fields e r v e a s an input in the m i c r o p r o c e s s o r unit d e s i g n e d to squarethe a m p l i t u d e . take their sum and c o m p u t e the s q u a r e root tog i v e the r e s u l t a n t e l e c t r i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h . The o u t p u t is a v a i l -a b l e a s (digital d i s p l a y a s well as on the p r i n t e r .

P r o g r a m m e s t a t u s : C o m p l e t e d in 1 9 8 9 .

P u b I icat ion : D - 3 2 .

N R - 2

Title : Safety surveys of optical radiation sources at Troabay

Inves11 gator s : R.N. Sachdev, G. Swarup and K.K. Rajan

S u m m a r y : O p t i c a l r a d i a t i o n is p r o d u c e d by several s o u r c e s sucha s c o n v e n t i o n a l i n c a n d e s c e n t . f l u o r e s c e n t and p h o s p h o r e s c e n tl a m p s , w e l d i n g a r c s and lasers e t c . It is this last s o u r c e w h i c hhas a r o u s e d g r e a t e s t c o n c e r n from the point of view of r a d i a t i o np r o t e c t i o n a l t h o u g h it has b e e n e v i d e n t that e v e n c o m m o n l y usede q u i p m e n t c o u l d be h a z a r d o u s . S a f e t y s u r v - y has been c a r r i e d outw i t h 'he us-e of h p o r t a b l e fat.' o p t i c a l radiometer in laserI sb'.ra tor it- £ , w o r k s h o p s e n g a g e d in f a b r i c a t i n g and t e s t i n g gasf i l l e d d i s c h a r g e t u b e s and w e l d i n g s h o p s u s i n g a r g o n and e l e c t r i ca r c s . It has b e e n o b s e r v e d that a m o n g i r r a d i a n c e s r e c o r d e d at ad i s t a n c e of 70 cm fr o m a few typical s c i e n t i f i c and Industrials o u r c e s of p u l s e d v i s i b l e r a d i a t i o n , that from an e l e c t r i c a r cw e l d i n g is h i g h e s t . S u r v e y s a r e c o n t i n u i n g in l a b o r a t o r i e s atT r o m b & y u s i n g d i f r e r e n t t y p e s of s o u r c e s .

L? r-'ILr^lT1IlLg-.-£JL3iy_s '• C o n t i n u i n g . First p h a s e c o m p l e t e d in 1988.

L'JL!lHsJLioj2S : A - 5 3 . A - S 4 , B - 1 8 .

46

LUJJL : Design and fabrication of portable optical r a d i O M t e r .for safety surveys in laboratories and work places

Investigators : G. Swarup. K.K. Rajan and R.N. Sachdev

Summaxii : Two portable radiometers have been designed and fabri-cated for surveys in the optical region. The first radiometer hasbeen designed for measuring Intensities of short duration opticalpulses, eg., flash lamps, pulsed lasers etc. The instrument useia PIN photodfode with a time constant of 1 usec. as detector anda sample and hold circuit to display the reading. The sample andhold circuit has a time constant of 1 sec. Spectral response ofthp instrument extends from 0.3 urn to 1.18 urn. The instrument hasbeen calibrated tor a full scale range of 10 mW/cma powerdensity. The second radiometer has been designed for measuringintensities of continuous emitting radiation sources. It usesdual element thermopile with a time constant of 38 msec, assensor. The spectral response of the thermopile detector isgoverned by the window material used. With KBr as windowmaterial, the radiometer response is up to 20 urn. This instrumenthas also been calibrated for a power density range of 10 mw/cm1

full scale.Programme status : Completed in 1987.

Publication : A-5a.

NR -

Title : Safety surveys around ultra sound generating equipment inworkshops and laboratories

1 nves t 1 ga tors : R.N. Sachdev, K.K. Rajan and G. Swarup

Summary : Surveys have been carried out around sixteen ultrasound cleaner tanks and pest repel ler units in use at Trosnbay.Some of the tanks surveyed had leakage of ultra sound such thatobserved sound pressure level around the unit was 85 db andabove. These levels are higher than the recommended limit of 75db for the one third octave band centered at 20 kHz. Requests forsurveys of uitra sound equipment have come from several Divisionsoperating accelerators, inductively coupled plasma atomic emis-sion spectrometers and computer installations. These Divisionshave Installed ultra sound oscillators to scare away rodentsknown for causing damage to cables.


Pub!lcatlon : B-18.

NR - 5

LLLLe : Radiation safety studies around radiofrequency generatingequipment *

Investigators : R.N. Sachdev. N.A. Ingle, G, Swarup andK.K. Rajan

Summary. : Radiation safety surveys of All India RadioTransmitters, Bombay and Rajkot, have been carried out using"Narda" make broad band radiation monitor working in the equiv-alent power density ranges of 0-2, 0-20 and 0-200 mW/cm 3.

At Bombay, field strengths of 162 V/m under feeder wires, 412 V/mnear the feeder hut, and 868 V/m near the mast antenna weremeasured. In the residential colony the field strength was foundto be 87 V/m. At Rajkot, high tension room and drivers room showa low field strength of 38 V/m; the field below the feeder linesis about 700 V/m and near the mast antenna. at a distance of 5meters. it is 980 V/m. Electric field strength near the policeguard dormitory has been found to be 65.7 V/m. Radiation safetysurveys have also been carried out at two radar installations of1AF and HAL as well as at the transmitter installation of BombayDoordashan Kendra. The radiation density levels were found to bein the range 0-14 mW/cm 2, 0.01-0.06 mW/cm2 and 0.0-0.06 mU/cm2

respectively. Radiation safety surveys have been carried out onand around a dozen operating inductively coupled plasma atomicemission spectrometers, plastic welding machines, Inductionheaters and diathermy units in hospitals. The measured values ofthe radiation field ranged between 1 and 12 mUl/cm2 .


Pub)ications : D-31. D-32.

NR - 6

Title : Design, development and calibration of aicrovaveradiation Monitor and Microwave radiation surveys ofradars and other high power generators

1 nve-st i gators : J.P. Gupta

Summary : The biological effects of microwave have been con-clusively established. They mostly occur due to either localizedor general fyperthermia or elevation of temperature in thetissues. Microwave radiation of very low power can affect thecentral nervous system. To protect the operational staff ofradars, broadcasting and communication systems and diathermyunits from possible microwave radiation hazards, microwave radia-tion protection surveys of these units have been carried out. So

48

far 30 such units have been surveyed. During these surveys thepositions of high radiation field and radiation leakage pointswere detected.

To monitor microwave radiation field in and around radarstations, a Microwave Radiation Monitor has been developed. Ituses a spiral antenna which has been designed on the basis ofloop antenna. The monitor was calibrated at the Advanced Centrefor Research in Microwave Electronics at I IT, Powai. The antennaused in these units has directional properties. The instrumentshave further been improved by developing an isotropic probe-antenna. This probe is an omnidirectional antenna system.


Publications : A-6, D-5. D-6.

49

SECTION ; 10. MISCELLANEOUS STUDIES

MS -

Title : Participation in Antarctic expeditions

Participants : P.V. Joshi. A.P. Sathe and T.V. Raaachandran(8th, 9th and 10th Expedition respectively)

investigators : C. Rangarajan, Smt. S. Gopalakrishnan, N.B. Nair,C D . Eapen, R.N. Khandekar, T.N. Mahadevan andA.M. Mohan Rao

Summary : During the 8th, 9th and 10th Antarctic expeditions at-mospheric radon levels were measured on board MS Thuleland en-route to Antarctica as well as over the Maitree and Dakshina Gan-gotri stations in Antarctica. The radon values steadily decreasedfrom 2200 mBq/m* near Goa (latitude 15°N) to 40 mBq/m1 atequator. Also from equator to 70°S the radon values furtherdecreased from 40 mBq/m3 to 13 mBq/m3. Over the Antarctic con-tinent near Maitree and Dakshina Gangotri stations the valuesvaried from 20 mBq/m1 to 30 mBq/m5.

A large number of rock and other environmental samples were col-lected from Dakshina Gangotri and Maitri regions for measuringtheir natural radioactive contents. The 2 3»U. 2 3 JTh and 4 0K con-tents in ten rock samples analysed varied from 2 to 270,4 to 1000 and 70 to 5000 Bq/kg respectively.

The average external gamma dose measured in open air at Schir-machar oasis was of the order of 14 uR/h. The methane level inthis area was about 1.5 ppm. The air borne levels of Pb, Cd andCu were observed to be less than a ng/1 near the Schirmacharfresh water lake as well as over the ice shelf. Also the levelsof positive and negitive ions as well as Aitken nuclei were foundto decrease towards polar regions. The expected inverse relationbetween ion concentration and Aitken nuclei concentration was notholding good at very low levels of these constituents.


Publications : A-8, A-9, A-ll, B-6.

50

MS - 2

lit 1e : Role of self screenig in d-d fusion in metals

Investigators : S.N. Vaidya and Y.S. Mryya

Summary : Following the claim of Fleishi&ann and Pons regardingthe phenomenon of d-d fusion in metals, the classical Thomas-Fermi electron screening theory was extended to includedeuterons, by modifying it suitably to accommodate their bosonicnature. Should such a screening mechanism be permissible (sayfrom the point of view of rigorous many-body theories), calcula-tions predict a very high degree of screening of the repulsivecoulomb barrier between deuterons. Subsequent fusion rates pre-dicted ai e also high as compared to that predicted by electronscreening alone. Besides, conduction electron wave-functions canoverlap with that of the excited He' nucleus post-fusion,thereby inducing radiatlonless relaxation. It is predicted thatthis relaxation ra'.e can be 10' times higher than that due tobound electrons, the latter having been computed by Wall ing andS1mons.


Publicat ion : B-8.

MS - 3

Title Eva 1uat ionand thoron

of lung dose from the inhalation of radon

Investimators M.C. Subba Ramu, T.S. Muraleedharan,T.V. Ramachandran and A.N. Shaikh

Summaryc h i a 1 cnecessarassessinambientt he btf-i mpor tar?vaIues f1.1 mSvradon an

: Inhalation of radon daughters is known to cause bron-anc-i'r, f i oin the studies made on uranium miners. It isv to evaluate the exposure to dose conversion factor for>• the risk. The physico-chemical characteristics of thesubmicron aerosols carrying the radon daughter products,at.hinp iat<- of the occupants and the occupancy factor aret parameters in this assessment. Based on some typicalor these parameters, conversion factors of 21 mSv/WLM and/WLM have been arrived at for the inhalation of Indoorrl thoron respectively.

El yJ! i •-' '?JIL£ _§ ' a t us : Completed in 19 86

Put. 1 i-..ai ior.L : A - 7 0 , B-25. C-6. O i l .

51

MS - 4

TMle. : Miscellaneous studies related to indoor radon

InvestiRatqrj, : M.C. Subha Ramu, A.N. Shaikh, T.S. Muraleedharanand T.V. Hamachandran

Summary : Studies have been made on different aspects related tothe measurement of indoor rsdon. The measured values of indoorradon (Bq nr s ) and daughters (WLJ have been made use of to es-timate the factor of equilibrium between radon and daughters inhouses as well as to evaluate th^ ventilation rate existing inthe houses. An attempt has also been made to study the correla-tion between the indoor radon values and the radium content ofthe soil of the location. Measurements have also been made tostudy the tloor-wisfl dependence of radon in five houses on dif-ferent floors of a mu1tistorIed building. 14 stations located inthe high altitude regions of the country have been surveyed tostudy the possible elevated levels of indoor radon in such1ocat i ons.

Programme status : Completed in 1990

Publications : A-4 1, A-46, A-49, A-73, A-75, C-12.

MS - 5

Title : Jnteragency project on assessment of health and Environ-nental risks from industries in Trans Thane Creek area

Invest i gators : T.N. Mahadevan, J.P.S. Chatha, A.M. Mohan Rao and(from EAD) K.S.V. Nambi

Summary : The project aims at an integrated approach to riskassessment and management of environment in TTC area where thereare a number of potentially hazardous industries. The organisa-tions involved in the implementation of the project are IAEA.DAE, AERB, BARC iHS&E Group). Central Govt. agencies like, Minis-try of Environment and Forests; MPCB and FASCLI, State Govt.agencies like, Dept. of Environment and Factory Inspectorate, andTBIa. The principal investigator is Shri. R,K. Garg. DRDO, NewDelhi. A number ot working groups have been formed for air,water, legislation, health effects and risk assessment. The EAD,BARC has been entrusted with the task of coordinating the AirEmissions Working Troup (AEUG).

a'T* §t_at_us : Started in 1990 and expected to extend upto1994

52

MS - 6

I1*!.? : Impact of the gulf oil fires over the Indian subcontinent- an assessment

Investigators : K.S.V. Nanbi, T.N. Mahadevan. V. Sitaraaan,A.M. Mohan Rao, B.S. Negi, G.G. Pandit andV. Meenakshy

Summary : Recent reports in scientific journals on the impact ofgulf oil fires using model calculations have given some evidencethat there could be some fallout of the combustion products overIndia due to diffusion and transport. Model calculations coupledwith measurements of aerosols at BARC and coastal sea wateraround Bombay have been made to assess the above probabilities.


MS - 7

Studies on the atmospheric dispersion froa theraal powerplants

: P. V. Joshi

Summary : Ambi&nt ground level concentrations of SOj due toNashik Thermal Power Plant have been computed. using standardtechniques. Annual ground level concentration in 16 cardinal sec-tors and concentration levels for 6 stability classes in 16 car-dinal sectors have been compared with national ambient airquality standards and risk involved due to the release of SOjfrom power plant has been assessed.


Pub Ii cat i on : D-11 -

53

SECTION ;_1_1. IAEA SUPPORTED PROJECTS

RP - 1

T i t l e : I A E A ' s c o - o r d i n a t e d r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e on the us© ofn u c l e a r a n d n u c l e a r r*?Jated t e c h n i q u e s in the study ofe n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h solid w a s t e s(CRP N o . : E A . 1 0 . 0 6 . RA N o . : 5 1 2 9 )

Invest i g a t o r s : S. S a d a s i v a n , B . S . Negi a n d M . R . M e n o n

S u m m a r y : U n d e r the a b o v e programme- & r e s e a r c h prelect on the en-v i r o n m e n t a l impact r< s s e s s m e n t of coal tired thermal power p l a n t sin India w as t a k e n up in 19 6 6 . It involved l> a s s e s s m e n t ofe l e m e n t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in coal and flyash s a m p l e s c o l l e c t e dfrom thermal power p l a n t s using E n e r g y b i s p e r s i v e X Ray F l u o r e s -c e n c e l E D X R F ' and Ins t r u m e n t a l N e u t r o n A c t i v a t i o n A n a l y s i s (1NAA)t e c h n i q u e s , 2) s i z e s e p a r a t e d f l y a s h a n a l y s i s , 3) leaching offl y a s h a n d a n a l y s i n g the leach a t e s and r e s i d u e s for va r i o u se l e m e n t s , 4) a n a l y s i s of air p a r t i c u l a t e s and soil s a m p l e s takenfrom v a r i o u s d i s t a n c e s from a power plant and 5; e n v i r o n m e n t a limpact a s s e s s m e n t from the da t a thus o b t a i n e d . S t e p s 1, 2 and 3ha v e b e e n c o m p l e t e d . F!y ash and coal s a m p l e s from a large numberof thermal p o w e r s t a t i o n s w e r e a n a l y s e d for 15 e l e m e n t s usingE D X R F m e t h o d . Th>? c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of Zn, L U , N i . Cr and V wereh i g h in fIv ash s a m p l e s trcm lignite c o m p a r e d to that from c o a l .The r a n g e and a v e r a g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s or v a r i o u s e l e m e n t s as wellas s u l p h u r in coal wir-re found to be of the same order as quotedin the 1 i t e i d l u r e . It is seen that s u l p h u r is c o n s i d e r a b l yd e p r e c i a t e d in the fly ash w h i l e C i , N i , Zn and As are e n r i c h e d .T h e e n r i c h m e n t lactur ni As in fly ash with respect to Si incru s t a l rock w as found to he high and it can be used as a markere l e m e n t for fly ash in air p o l l u t i o n s t u d i e s . 1NAA method fly asha n a l y s i s p r o v i d e d i n f o r m a t i o n on many m o r e e l e m e n t s . T h e e l e m e n t sa s s e s s e d by b o t h the m e t h o d s w e r e A s , C a , C e , C o , Cr, Cu. Eu, Fe.H f , K. L a . Lu, M n , Na, N i , Pb. R b , Se. S i , Sb, S c , Sm f S r , Ti. V.Yb and Zn. It w a s found that the range of c o n c e n t r a t i o n s fallw i t h i n the ra n g e r e p o r t e d in l i t e r a t u r e . T h e levels of the S e .Sb, C o , C r . C u . Zn and Pb a r e higher by 1.4 in the sm a l l e r sizef r a c t i o n s as c o m p a r e d to the bigger s i z e .

P_r O£.r_amme s t a t u s : C o n t i n u i n g .

P u b l i c a t i o n s : A - 6 1 , D-3b. D-36.

£.4

RP - 2

food and environmental samples(IAEA/CRP Agreement no. 5744/CF)

A.M. S i n g h i S > B . Hingoranif N.B. NairC.K.G. Nair, V.K. Shukla and A.G. Markar

I r ^ A ^ n . v " ' ^ e^raction method for rapid separation of Sr-90 A solvent extraction method using tributy! phosphate foritllL = e p a 7 t l O n of ' ° S r in ">*"< and other food saSp.es has beenstandard sed recently. The earlier nitration methoS in vr.e for

6 5 ii° n r<?qilires a t i m e Period of over two weeks for each..amni i i two w e e k s for e a c ho n T v t c: u S ? e W s t 3 n d a r d i s ^ s o l v e n t e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d t a k e so n l y u p t o 5 h r s for s a m p l e a n a l y s i s . T h e r e is a l s o i m d

lonly upto 5 hrs for sample analysis. There is also improvedchemical recovery by new methods : 80 - 90% compared to 65 - 80%obtained in nitration method.

Development of a Portable 4-Channel Gamma monitor : This instru-ment simultaneously measures activity of ' 3 7 Cs + l l 4 C s 4 0 K2 2 * R a and 2 J • T h in the environmental samples. It uses 7!5 cm x7.5 cm Nal <T1) for gamma ray i.-pectrometric detection. The mini-mum detection limit in Bq/kg tor a sample of 200 g counted for1000 sec are 24. 550. 130 and 170 tor ' * ' Cs «•• J « Cs, «°K, s 2 * Ra anda a 8 T h respectively. Three monitors have been made and'are in usefor rapid radioactivity monitoring of food items. These instru-ments are also used by radiological survey teams accompanying

Development of moving filter type environmental beta monitor :The monitor measures beta activity in the environment. It incor-porates two end window G.N. counters for short lived and longlived activities measurement. The details of the instrument isdiscussed elsewhere in this report.

Portable in-situ gamma ray spectrometer : 1000 channel portablegamma ray spectrometer has been developed for natural and falloutradioactivity assessmt-nt. The details are discussed elsewhere inthis report.

Development of beta counting svstem for rapid assessment ofradioactivity in milk : It was flet necessary to develop a methodfor the estimation of activity of beta emitters, eg. **Sr and" S r in milk s .mples without ashing and chemical separation inthe event of nuclear accident. A beta counting system is underdevelopment to fulfil such requirement. The detector consists oft5 cm x 15 cm solid state plastic scintillator having a larger.iimbet of 0.2 cm dia dud 14.5 cm deep holes for holding thesample and it is coupled to a photomu11ipIiers .


55

SECTION : 12. TRANSFER OF KNOWHOW AND SUPPLY OF INSTRUMENTS

TS - 1

Transfer of knowhow to Electronics Corporation of India Ltd.,through BECC

1. Plutonium-in-air monitor (1987)EC IL is marketing this monitor commercially.

2. Tritium-in-water monitor (1988)EC 1L has fabricated the prototype version the performance ofwhich has been evaluated under environmental conditions. Ithas passed various performance tests. Mass production is expe-cted to start soon.

3. Monitor for GERMON proiect (1990-91)The transfer of knwhow of this equipment is in progress. It isexpected to he completed within a few months.

TS - 2

Transfer of knowhow to Rajasthan Electronics fc Instruments Ltd.,

After extensive laboratory and field trials, the technology of

the following instruments has been transferred to the RajasthanElectronics and Instruments Ltd.. Jaipur. through the TechnologyTransfer Group, BARC.

1. Nitric oxide monitor2. NOx converter3. Ozone monitor6. Carbon monoxide monitor5. Sulphui dioxide monitor6. Air quality data processor7. Ozone generator

Nitric oxide monitor and NOx converter are already being marketed

by REIL.

1. One on-line u iUum-in-air monitor, based on continuous conde-nsation oi atmospheric moisture. was installed at CIRUS inl'«.-jtt. Trio .nunitor continuously measures heavy water losseswi'h a Et-ns.tivity of 20 gm per day. This monitor replacedanother similar monitor made by us and installed in 1974.

.>. Three- each of NO monitors and NOx converters were installed atthe Heavy Water Plants; one at Baroda and two at Thai.

56

SECTJ..Q.N : 13. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

A. PAPERS IN JOURNALS

1. Anand, S.J.S. and Rangarajan, C. (1990) Studies on the acti-vity ratios of Po-21G to Pb-2lO and their dry depositionvelocities at Bombay in India, J. Environ. Radioactivity, 11,23^. 250.

2. Chazhoor, J.S. (1967) Lyo 1 urni nescence technique in neutrondosimetrv, Bull, of ftadiat. Prot., 10, 1-2, 1.

3. Chazhoor, J.S. (1968) Lyo1uminescence technique as an identi-tication method for irradiated food stuffs, Bull, of Radiat.Fret., 11. 1-2. 35.

A. Chazhoor. J.S. and Mishra, U.C. (1988) Use of sensitised lyo-1 urn i pcscence ot inelezitose for radiation dosimetry, Nuc I .!nst.ru. & Mater., A 264, 2-3, 424.

5. Gopalakrishnan, Smt. S. and Mishra, U.C. (1987) Radioactivefallout in India from Chernobyl reactor accident. Bull, ofRadiat. Prot., 10. 1-2, 13-15.

6. Gupta, J.P. (1966) Microwave radiation hazards from radarsand other high power microwave generators, bef. Sci. J., 38,(.-, 3 . 2^7 ?. '-* 2 .

7. Jofihi. P.V. (19olj> Some thoughts on the definition of atmos-pheric seior.nl particle-- : radioactive and nonradioactive,Bull. Rad. Piot., 12, 80-82.

8. Joshi, P.V. (1969) Preliminary report on the levels of atmos-pheric ions and Aitken nuclei over oceans and at Antarctica,1ASTA Newsletter, 2, 10-12.

9. Joshi, P.V. (1969) Measurement of gamma dose rates in Antarc-tic expedition. Bull, kadiat. Prot., 12, 66-66.

10. Joshi, P.V. (1^90) Aerosol particles, the indicator of airpollution - a view, 1ASTA Newsletter. 3, 30-31.

11. JoBhi, P.V. <1990) The background levels of atmospheric ions.Curt. Sci., 59, 737-736.

12. Khandokar, H.N., Radha Raghunath and Mishra. U.C. (1986) LeadIc-vels ;n teeth of an urban Indian population. The Sci. ofthe Totol Environ., S8, 231-236.

\<. Khandokar. R.N., Radha Raghunath and Mishra, U.C. (1987)L.fvels of Pb. Cd. Zn and Cu in blood of an urban population.;he Sci. ot the Total Environ.. 66, 185-191.

57

14. Khandekar, R.N., Tripathi, R.M., Raghunath.R. and Mishra.U.C.(1908) Simultaneous determination of Pb. Cd, Zn and Cu insurface soils. Ind. J. Environ. Hlth., 30, 96-103.

15. Khandekar, R.N. (1990) Automobile pollution in urban environ-ment, in Special is:ae on Indian Automotive, Annual-90, TheIndian & Eastern Engineers, pp. 75-77.

16. Khandekar, R.N. <1990> Automobile pollution in urban India inIndian Environment Directory, Astra F'ub I i shers, Bombay, pp.128-1J2.

17. Khandekar. R.N. and Radha Raghunath (1990) Adsorptive diffe-rential pulse voltammetry for determination of uranium in seawater. Bull. Electro Chem., 6. 0O2-005.

18. Lai it, B.Y., Raoachandran, T.V. and Mishra, U.C. (1986) Radi-ation exposures Jue to coal fired power plants In India,Radiat. Prot. Dosim.. 15, 197.

19. Lalit, B.Y., Ramachandran, T.V. and Mishra, U.C. (1967) Expo-sures to natural radiation sources of Bombay population,Bull, of Radiat. Prot., 10, 1-2, 41-44.

20. Mahadevan, T.N., Negi, B.S. and Meenakshy, V. (1989) Measure-ments of elemental composition of aerosol matter and precipi-tation from a remote background site in India. Atmos. Envi-ron.. 23. 669-674.

21. Hayya. Y.S. <1990> Theory or diffusion charging of fractalaerosol aggregates, J . Colloid and Interface Sci., 140, 185-191 .

22. Heenakshy, V., Mahadevan, T.N. and Mishra, U.C. (1990) Apassive sampler for ambient monitoring of nitrogen dioxide.Ind. J. Environ. Hlth., 32, 357-3t;2.

23. Menon, M.R., Lalit. B.Y. and Shukla. V.K. (1967) Natural rad-ioactivity in building cons t rut-1 i on materials in India, Bull.of K.idiat. Prot.. 10, 1-2, 45-48.

24. Mishra, U.C., GopaIakrishnan. S. and Negi, B.S. (1965) Globalmovement of the radioactive debris from Chinese nucleartests. Mausam, 36, 1, 39-42.

25. Mishra, U.C. and Subba Ramu, M.C. (1968) Natural radioacti-vity in nouses and mine atmospheres in India, Radiat. Prot.Dosim.. 24. 25-28.

26. Mishra. U.C. and Subba Ramu. M.C. (1989) The ubiquitous radon- an enigma for radiation protection. Bull. Radiat. Prot..12, 1-2. 1-13.

58

27. Mohan Rao, A.M. and PanrJit, G.G. (1988) Concentrations of d-Cs hydrocarbons in atmospheric air at Deonar, Bombay, Inrelation to possible sources, Atmos. Environ., 22, 395-401.

28. Mohan Rao, A.M. and fiauri G. Pandit (1989) Gaechromatographicdetermination of C2-C,0 hydrocarbon in atmospheric air bypreconcentration at liquid nitrogen temperature, Jnd. J.Environ. Prot., 9, 6. 407-411.

29. Huraleedharan, T.S. and Subba Ramu, M.C. (1965) A study ofth-.; formation of atmospheric secondary aerosols in the Aitkenrange, J. de Recherches Atmospheriques, 19, 2-3, 97-104.

30. Nair, N.B., Eapen, C D . and Rangarajan, C. (1985) High air-borne radioactivity levels due to radon in some non-uraniuromines in India, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 11, 3, 193-197.

31. Nair, P.V.N., Joshi, P.V. and Mishra, U.C. (1967) Effect ofsize distribution of condensation nuclei on pressure in anexpansion counter, J. Aerosol Sci.. 18, 4, 381-388.

32. Nair, P.V.N. <19B8> Growth of particles of mixed compositionin the atmosphere as a function of relative humidity, J.Aerosol Sci., 19, 7, 849.

33. Nanbi, K.S.V., Iyer, M.R., Batt, B.C., Srivastava, J.K. andPatil, A.S. (1990) Elating of an alpha contaminated TLD badge.Bull, of Radiat. Prot., 13, 2, 25-27.

34. Nambi, K.S.V., Mayya, Y.5. and Soman. S.D. (1990) An analysisof cancer mortality among atomic energy employees in Bombayand Tarapur, Current Sci., 59. 733-736.

35. Nambi, K.S.V., Mayya, Y.S., Rao, D.D. and Soman. S.D. (1991)A study on cancer mortality in Tarapur-based atomic energycommunity. Arch, of Environ. HJth., (in press).

36. Nambi, K.S.V.. ttayya, Y.S. and Soman, S.D. (1991) A cancermentality study in Bombay-based atomic energy community :1975-87, Ind. .'. Cancer, (in press).

37. Negi, B.S., Eadasivan, S. and Mishra. U.C. (1988) Factor ana-lysis in the interpretation of aerosol data, Ind. J. Environ.HIth., 31. 1, 32-42.

3 6 . N e t r a v . i l k a r , A . J . and Mohan Rao, A.M. ( 1 9 8 6 ) E s t i m a t i o n ofi;, - 0 , hvclr o c a r b u n s i n a t m o s p h e r i c a i r by p r e - c o n c e n t r a t i o n ons i 1 i :. gel at dr y ice temperature, Chromatographia, 22, 1-6,

- 1 >"'•

39. Pandit, G.G. and Mohan Rao, A.M. (1990) Evaluation of autoexhaust contribution to atmospheric Ca-Ca hydrocarbons atDeunai, Bombay, Atmos. Environ.. 24A, 4, 811-813.

5-3

40. Ranachandran. T.V., Muraleedharan, T.S. and Subba Rauu, M.C.(1986) Some preliminary measurements of Working Level concen-tration of radon in dwellings in Bombay, Bull. Radiat. Prat9, 151-154.

41. Ramachandran, T.V. and Subba Ranu, M.C. (1987) Control ofradon and its progeny concentrations in dwellings. Bull.Radiat. Prot., 10, 115-119.

42. Ranachandran, T.V., Lalit, B.Y. and Mishra, U.C. (1967) Rela-tive population exposures of coal fired and nuclearplants in India, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 18. 191.

49.

power

43. Ramachandran, T.V. and Mishra, U.C. (1988) Radioactivitylevels in Indian coal and some technologically enhanced expo-sures to natural radiation environment in India, Encology, 3,6, 9-25.

44. Ranachandran, T.V., Muraleedharan, T.S., Subba Ramu, M.C.,Khan, A.J. and Varshney, A.K. (1966) Calibration of CR-39nuclear track etch detector for the measurement of radon andits progeny concentration in dwellings, Bull. Radiat. Prot.,11, 1-2. 109-114.

45. Ramachandran, T.V., Muraleedharan, T.S. and Subba Ramu, M.C.(196r»i Calibration of LR-115 nucle.ir track detector for themeasure lent of indoor levels of thoron and its progeny. Ind.J. Pure & Appl. Phys.r 27, 762-784.

46. Ramachandran, T.V. and Subba Ramu, M.C. (1989> Estimation ofindoor radiation exposures from the natural radioactivitycontent of building materials. Encology, 13, 20-25.

47. Ramachandran, T.V., Muraleedharan, T.S. and Subba Raiiu, M.C.(1990) Calibration of nuclear track etch detectors for themeasurement of indoor radon and thoron levels, Ind. J. Phys.,64A(5>. 365-374.

48. Ramachandran, T.V., Muraleedharan, T.S., Shaikh, A.N. andSubba Ramu, M.C. (1990) Seasonal variation of indoor radonand its progeny concentration in a dwelling, Atmos. Environ..24A, 3. 639-643.

Ramachandran, T.V.. Subba Ramu, M.C. and Mishra, U.C- (1990)A correlation study of radon in dwellings with radium contentor soil. Current Sci., 59. 20, 979-982.

50. Kamana Murthy. M.V. and Singh, A.N.sated continuous radio-iodine airProt.. 10, 1-2, 73-76.

(1987) Background compen-monitor. Bull, of Radiat.

60

51. Rangarajan, C. , Eapen, C D . and Gopalakrishnan, S«t. S.<1986> Measured values of the dry deposition velocities olatmospheric aerosols carrying natural and fallout racUonucli-des using artificial collectors, Water. Air and Soil Pollut.,27, 305-313.

52.

53.

54.

Sachdev, R.N.environmenta1Chron. , XVI I ,

(1967) infra-red based gas monitors for envi-health and safety in industries, Indus. Safety4, 95-100.

Sachdev, R.N., Swamp, G. and Rajan, K.K. (1987) Safety inthe use of lasers for atmospheric studies, Bull, of Radiat.Prot., 10, 1-2. 33-36.

Sachdov, R.N.,survevs of a fewTromhav using a3-A, 125-130.

(1988) SafetySwarup. G. and Rajan, K.K. (1988) Safety sur-industrial and laboratory optical sources at

fast radiometer. Bull, of Radiat. Prot.. 11,

55. Sadasivan. S. and Mishra, U.C. (1966" Radioactive falloutsamples from Chernobyl, Nature, 324, 23-24.

56. Sadasivan, S., Negi, B.S. and Mishra, U.C. (1987) Atmosphericlead levels in some cities in India, Ind. J. Environ. Hlth..29. 4, 280-286.

57. Sadasivan. S., Negi, B.S. and Mishra, U.C. (1987) Aerosolcomposition and sources in urban areas in India, Atmos.Environ., 21, 6, 1259-1266.

58. Sadasivan, 3. (19B9> Resources for environmental monitoring -the impact of Chernoby accident. Bull. Radiat. Prot., 12, 14-20.

59. Sadasivan, S. and Negi, B.S. (1990) Elemental characterisa-tion of atmospheric aerosols, The Sci. of the Total Environ..96, 269-279.

60. Sadasivan, S. and Negi, B.S. (1990) Frequency distribution ofTSPM and trace elements in aerosols in some Indian cities,Ind J. Environ. Hlth., 32, 3. 219-224.

61. Sadasivan, S., Negi, B.S. and Menon, M.R. (1991) Chemicalcharacterisation of fly ash from coal fired thermal powerplants in Sndia, The Sci. of the Total Environ., 103, 151-156.

62. Shaikh, A.N., Ranachandran, T.V., Huraleedharan, T.S. andSubba Subba Ranu, M.C. <1989> Measurement of indoor radiationlevels in hot springs of Gujarat, AMP1 Bull., 14, 81-65.

61

63. Shenoi, R.P.. Khandekar. B.N., Jaiker, A.V. and Raghunath. B.(1991) A school based pilot screening study for lead toxicityin urban slum children of Greater Bombay, Indi. Pediatrics,(in press).

64. Shukla, V.K.. Menon. M.R. and Lalit, B.Y. <1987) Environmen-tal contamination from Chernobyl fallout, Bull, of Radiat.Prot., 10, 1-2, 93-96.

65. Singh, A.N. and Rathnakaran, M. (1987) An instrument for on-line monitoring of tritium in air, Nucl. lnstr. & Meth. inPhys. Res., A 258(2), 250-254.

66. Singh, A.N. and Rathnakaran, M. (1990> Development of conti-nuous sampling and monitoring systems for tritium in air andwater, Bull, of Radiat. Prot., 13, 1, 35-37.

67. Subba Raou, M.C., Muraleedharan, T.S. and Vohra, K.G. (1965)A study of the attachment of radon daughter atoms to aerosolparticles, Pure 8- Appl. Geophys., 122, 1, 124-132.

66. Subba Ranu, M.C. and MuraIeedharan, T.S. (1986) Formation ofaerosols in irradiated atmospheric air, J. Aerosol Sci., 17,4, 745-751.

69. Subba Raau, M.C., Shaikh, G.N., Muraleedharan, T.S. and Raaa-chandran, T.V. (1987) Measurements of indoor radon in dwelli-ngs using nuclear track etch detectors. Bull. Radiat. Prot.,10, 49-52.

70. Subba Ranu, M.C., MuraIeedharan, T.S. and Raaachandran, T.V.(1988) Assessment of lung dose from radon daughters in dwell-ings, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 22, 187-191.

71. Subba Ranu, M.C., Shaikh, G.N., MuraIeedharan, T.S. and Ra«a-chandran, T.V. (1988> A study of the seasonal variation inthe indoor concentrations of radon and its progeny. Bull.Radiat. Prot., 11. 81-87.

72. Subba Ramu. M.C., MuraIeedharan, I.S. and Ranachandran, T.V.(1988) Calibration of SSNTD for the measurement of radon andits progeny concentrations in dw 11 ings, The Sci. of TotalEnviron., 73, 245-255.

73. Subba Ramu. M.C. (1989) Dose to population from natural back-ground radiation. Scavenger, 19, 13-20.

74. Subba Raau, M.C., Ranachandran. T.V., Muraleedharan, T.S. andShaikh, A.N. (1990> Indoor levels of radon daughters in somehigh background areas in India, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 30, I,41 -44.

62

75. Subba Ramu, N.C., Shaikh, A.N., Muraleedharan, T.S. and Raaa-chandran, T.V. (1990) Measurements of the equilibrium factorfor 2* 2Rn daughters in dwellings in India, The Sci. of theTotal Environ., 99, 49-52.

76. Swarup, G.. Gupta, J.P., Rajan K.K. and aachdev, R.N. (1986)Infrared based carbon monoxide and methane monitors for envi-ronmental health and safety, Bull, of Radiat. Prot., 9, 3,21-25.

77. Tripathi, R.M., Khandekar, R.N., and Mishra, U.C. (1988) Sizedistribution of atmospheric aerosols in urban India, The Sci.of the Total Environ., 77, 237-244.

78. Tripathi, R.M., Khandekar, R.N., Raghunath.R. and(1989) Assessment of atmospheric pollution frommetals in two cities in India, Atmos. Environ.. 23, 879-883.

Hishra.U.C.toxic heavy

79. Tripathi, R.M.. Khandekar, R.N. and Mishra, U.C. (1990) Toxictrace metals in the atmosphere of Moradabad (India), Ind. J.Environ. Hlth.. 32, 142-147.

63

B. PAPERS IN SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDiNGS

1. Anand, S.J.S, (1989) Transuranic elements in the environmentand thrir radiochemica1 separation in foods, Proc. FAO Spons-ored Asian Regional Workshop on Methods of Analysis of Radlo-nuclides Contamination in Foods, Bombay, pp. 204-218.

2. Anand, S.J.S., Rangarajan, C. and Mishra. U.C. (1988) Aero-sols residence time calculations using Bi-210/Pb-210 activityratios of atmospheric particulates, In Lecture Notes in Phy-sics (Ed. P.E. Wagner and G. Va1i), Springer-Ver1ag, Bejlin.pp. 287-290.

3. Ashawa, S.C., Khandokar. R.N. and Mishra, U.C. (1387) Concen-tration levels of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu in precipitation at urbanand remote places using DPASV, Proc. of int. Sent, on Electro-analytical Techniques, Mysore, pp. 199-203.

4. GopaIakrishnan. Smt. G. and Rangarajan C. (1969) Nuclear exp-losions nnd radioactive fallout, Proc. FAO Sponsored AsianRegional Workshop on Methods of Analysis of RadionuclidosContamination in Foods, Bombay, pp. 30-46.

5. Joshi, P.V. (1988) Density of atmospheric aerosol particles,in Lecture Notes in Physics-309 (Ed. P.E. Wagner and G.Vali),Springer-Ver 1 ag, Vienna, pp. 134-138.

6. Joshi, P.V. '1990) Measurement of atmospheric ions and Aitkennuclei ovi-i oceans and in Antarctic oasis, in Aerosols : Ind-ustry, Health and Environment (Ed. S. Masuda and K. Takaha-shi). Pergamon Press. Japan, pp. 1140 -1143.

7. Hingorani, S.B. (1969) Radiochemica I procedures for the assayof selected fission products in the environmental samples,Proc. of FAO sponsored Asian Regional Workshop on Methods ofAnalysis of Radionuclide Contaminants in Foods, Bombay, pp.162-194.

6. Mayya, Y.S. and Vaidya, S.N. (1990) Possible enhancement ofd-d fusion in metals by e 1 ectron-deuteron screenig tnehanism,Proc. of Qth Nat. Symp. on Radiation Physics, Bombay, pp. 27-31 .

9. Mishra, U.C. and Khandokar. R.N. (1967) Environmental levelsand exposure assessment of heavy metals, in National Percepe-ctive on Global Metal Cycling (Ed. T.C. Mutchinson. C.A. Gor-den & K. Meema), Wiley Eastern, N. Delhi.

10. Nair, P.V.N.. Joshi. P.V. and Mishra, U.C. (1986) A new meth-hod ot characterization of condensation nuclei using an expa-nsion counter, in Aerosol Formation and Reactivity, Proc. ofthe 2nd Int. Aerosol Conference, Berlin (W), Pergamon Press,p. 859.

64

11. Nair. P-V.N. and Mishra, U.C. (1989) An analysis of pressurevariation in a condensation nucleus counter during expansion,ir. Lecture Notes in Physics-309 (Ed. P.E. Wagner and G.Vali),Springer-Ver lag, Vienna., pp. 198-201.

12. Nair, P.V.N.. Gupta, J.P., Sawant, V.D. and Mishra. U.C.(1990) New data on atmospheric ions and charged aerosols in anuclear facility, in Aerosols, Science, Industry, Health andEnvironment (Ed. S. Masuda and K. Takahashi), Pergamon Press.Vol. 2, pp. 1192-1195.

13. Nair, P.V.N., Gupta, J.P. and Sawant, V.D. (1990) Some stu-dies on size characterization of airborne particles, Proc. of2nd World Cong, on Particle Technology. Kyoto, Japan, Sep.,

14. Negi, B.S. (1969* Interaction of radiation with matter, Proc.of FAO Sponsored Asian Regional Workshop on Methods of Ana-lysis of Radionuclide Contaminants in Foods, Bombay, pp. 74-91.

15. Rangarajan, C. M989> Introduction to radioactivity, Proc. ofFAD Sponsored Asian Regional Workshop on Methods of Analysisof Rat)ionuc1ide Contaminants in Foods. Bombay, pp. 1-14.

16. Ranp.nra jsn, C. (l->t?9> Natural Environmental radioactivity andr.-«'l i a t i on exposure, Proc. of FAO Sponsored Asian RegionalWorkshop un Methods of Analysis of Radionuclide Contaminantsin Foo'1--. Bombay, pp. 15-29.

17. Rangarajan, C. <19d9> Analysis of gamma spectra and statisti-cal error? in counting, Proc. of FAO Sponsored Asian Regio-nal Workshop on Methods of Analysis of Radionuclide Contami-nants in Foods. Bombay, pp. 137-174.

18. Sachdev, R.N., Swamp, G. and Rajan K.K. (1988) Safety in theuse of non-ionising radiation : a few sample surveys, Proc.of 7th Int. Svmp. of 1RPA. Sydney, Australia, pp. 1346-1349.

19. Sadasivan, S. <19*^> Release of radioactivity from nuclearexplosions and reactor accidents. Proc. of FAO SponsoredAsian Regional Workshop on Methods of Analysis of Radionu-clide Contaminants in Foods, Bombay, pp. 47-66.

20. Sadasivan, S. (1989) Preparation of standard sources, Proc.of F-AO Sponsored Asian Regional Workshop on Methods of Analy-sis of b.dionuc1ide Contaminants in Foods, Bombay, pp. 195-20 3.

21. f.hukla. V.K. (1959' Rad i onuc 1 ides as food contaminants, Proc...I FrtO Sponsored Asian Regional Workshop on Methods of Analy-•si>: of Radionuci ides Contamination in Foods. Bombay, pp. 67-

65

22. Shukla, V.K. (1989) Food sampling procedures for radioacti-vity monitoring, Proc. of FAO Sponsored Asian Regional Work-shop on Methods of Analysis of Radionuclidee Contamination inFoods, Bombay, pp. 175-181.

23. Singh, A.N. (1989) Gross alpha, beta and gamma activity mea-surement, Proc. of FAO Sponsored Asian Regional Workshop onMethods of Analysis of Radionuclides Contamination in Foods,Bombay, pp. 105-116.

24. Singh, A.N. and Rathnakaran, M. (1989) A new detector fordirect monitoring of tritium In the air on real time bp.sis,Proc. of Nat. Symp. on Nuclear Electronics and Instrumenta-Bombay, pp. 88-91.

25. Subba Raau, M.C., Shaikh, G.N., Muraleedharan, T.S. and Raaa-chandran, T.V. (1987) Present status of health hazard evalua-tion problems associated with radon progeny inhalation, in'Deposition and Clearance of Aerosols in the Human Respira-tory Tract' (Ed. W. Hofmann), Univ. Austria, pp. 162-167.

26. Subba Raau, M.C.. Raaachandran, T.V., Muraleedharan, T.S. andShaikh, A.N. (1990) Measurement of indoor Rn working levelsin Indian dwellinds using passive detectors, Proc. of 8thNat. Symp. on Radiation Physiscs, Bomaby, pp. 143-146.

27. Sunita Pavde and Nanbi, K.S.V. (1990) Thermo 1uminescence stu-dies on gamma irradiated poIyvinyIidene flouride above roomtemperature, Proc. of 8th Nat. Symp. on Radiation Physics,Bombay, pp. 105-108.

28. Tripathi. R.M., Khandekar. R.N. and Naabi, K.S.V. (1991) Anassessment of environmental pollution due to heavy metals inBombay, in Environment. Management in Developing Countries.Vol. 1, Air and Its Management (Ed. A.K. cinha). The UpperIndia Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Lucknow, pp. 61-66.

29. Vana, R.K. and Negi, B.S. (1989) Scintillation and solidstate detectors, Proc. of FAO Sponsored Asian Regional Work-shop on Methods of Analysis of RadionucI ides Contamination inFoods, Bombay, pp. 92-104.

66

C. REPORTS AND THESES

1. Ningorani, S.B. and Sathe. A.P. (1991) Solvent extractionmethod for rapid separation of st ront iutn-90 In milk and foodsamples, Rep. No. 1540, BARC.

2. Khandekar, R.N., Raghunath, R. and Nambi, K.S.V. (1990) Bloodanalysis results of suspected lead poisoning cases referredby Bombay Hospitals, Rep. No. 1520, BARC, Bombay.

3. Mahadavan, T.N. (1988) Studies on aerosol size distributionand chemical composition in urban, rural and marine environ-ments and their deposition through precipitation, Ph.D. The-sis, Univ. of Bombay.

4. Hahadevan, T.N., Meenakshi, V. and Mishra, U.C. (19B8) Moni-toring of stack emissions at the thorium nitrate plant of In-dian Rare Earths Ltd., at BARC, Bombay, A Technical Report.

5. Mishra, U.C., Mahadevan, T.N. and Negi, B.S. (1987) Air qua-lity considerations in the siting of a A m optical telescopeto be located at the Mallikadevi hill, UP, Proj. Rep. jointlyprepared by RCD, BARC, and UPS Observatory, Nainital.

6. Muraleodharan, T.S.. Ramachandran, T.V. and Subba Raau, M.C.(1986> A computerised model for the calculation of the acti-vity to dose conversion factors for radon daughter inhalationin dwellings, Rep. No. 1317. BARC, Bombay.

7. Nair, P.V.N. (1967> Role of aerosols in releases from severeaccidents at nuclear power plants, In Appendix A, Report ofTask Force on Review on Indian Nuclear Power Plants in theLight of the Accident at Chernobyl, reviewed and revised byDAE Safety Committee, pp. 226-236.

8. Negi, B.S. ^1988> Elemental composition of aerosols in India,Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Bombay.

9. Radha Raghunaih (1988> Studies on environmental levels andexposure to toxic heavy metals in BomDay, M.Sc. Thesis, Univ.of Bombay.

10. Ramachandran, T.V. (1985) Studies on natural radionuc1 ides incoal fuel cycle and non-radioactive underground mines, Ph.D.Thesis, Univ. of Bombay.

11. Ramrfchandran, T.V.. Subba Ranu, M.C. and Mi^hra, U.C. (1988)Assessment of radiological effect of indoor radon and itsprogeny, Rep. No. 1432, BARC, Bombay.

12. Raaachandran, T.V. and Subba Raau, M.C. (1990) Control meth-methods of radon and its progeny concentration in indoor atm-osphere, Rep. No. 1«'- 3, BARC, Bombay.

67

13. Sawant, V.D. (1988) Studies on concentration of condensationnuclei in the atmosphere, M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Bombay.

1,4. Shaikh. A.N., Ranachandran, T.V., Mural eedharan, T.S. andSubba Ranu, M.C. (1989) A study of radon variation in a dwe-lling during 3988, Rep. No. 1492, BARC, Bombay.

15. Shukla, \.K. <1985) Radiological impact of production and useof phosphate fertilizers, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Bombay.

16. Subba Ranu, M.C. (1987) Report of measurements of radon andits progeny concentrations in office rooms constructed usingfly ash cement bricks in TTF3, Report submitted to TTPS.

17. Subba Raou, M.C., Muraleedharan, T.S., Ramachandran, T.V. andShaikh, G.N. (1988) Methods and measurements of indoor levelsof Rn and its daughter products, Rep. No. 1390, BARC, Bombay.

18. Tripathi, R.M. (1989) Studies on toxic heavy metals in theenvironment of Bombay using poIarographic techniques, Ph.D.Thesis, Univ. of Bombay.

19. Pandit, Smt. G.G. (1990) Characterisation and source reconci-liation of atmospheric hydrocarbons, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. ofBombay.

68

D_.._PRESENTAT10NG AT SEMINARS AND SYMPOSIA

1. Agarwal. K.S., Murthy, T.S. and Subba Ramu, M.C. (1990) Afeasibility study of the FGT system using electron beam acce-lerator and gamma irradiation, Nat. Symp. on Industrial Radi-ation Processing and Technology, N T , Bombay, Feb.. 5-6.

2. Anand, S.J.S. (1989 1 Aerosols aiy deposition velocity measur-ements using Pb-210 and Po-230 as radioactive tracers, I Ann.Conf. of 1ASTA. Pune, Mar., 23-24.

3. Basu, A.S.. Aditi Dutta, Khatri, D.T. and Naabi, K.S.V.(1991) A PC-based technique for creating 3D plots from mono-chromatic TL glow curves, Nat. Sem. on TL and its Applica-tions, Baroda. Feb., 7-9.

4. Basu, A.S., Shsrma, L.N. ami Nambi, K.S.V. (1990) Baselinenatural background radiation survey around Narora Power Sta-tion using TLDs, )"' t h Conf. on Radiation Protection, Alahabad,Mar V-3-

5. Gupta, J.P. and Sachdev, R.N. (1966) Microwave radiation haz-ards and safety limits adopted by different countries, 15thConf. on Radiation Protection, Calcutta, March 17-20.

6. Gnpta, J.P. (1988> Microwave radiation field around radarsand other high power microwave generators, 17th Conf. on Rad-iation Protection. Hyderabad, March 4-9.

7. Gupta, J.P., Nair, P.V.N. and Mishra, U.C. (1989) Opticalmethods for aerosol measurements, 1st Ann. Conf. of IASTA.Pune. Mar . , 2:3-2-+.

8. Gupta, J.P. (1990' Measurements of total suspended particlesby scattering of He-Ne laser light, 2nd Ann. Conf. of 1ASTA,Bombay, Feb.. 19-20.

9. Hingorani, S.B. !!J9H Assay of strontium-90 and cesium-137in dietary samples at Bombay and Anand and annual dose equiv-alents since 19cie, 16th Ann. Conf. of IARP. Tarapur, Feb.,14-16.

10. Jadhav. G.N., Nambi, K.S.V., Panohpakesan, V. and Sahu, K.C.(1990) Thermally stimulated luminescence studies of quartzassocia'ed with pegmatites of mica mines li Bihar, Nat. Sem.and VI! Indian Geological Congress, Bangalore. D e c , 31, 1989- Jan., 2, 1990.

11. Joshi, P.V. <19'iJ> Impact of coal combustion from thermalpower plant : estimates on ambient SO, levels, int. Conf. onEnvironmental Impact of Coal Utilization, Bombay, Jan., 14-15.

69

12. Khandekar, R.N. and Radha Raghunath (1989) Determination ofuranium in sea water by adsorptlve differential pulse voltam-metry, Nat. Symp. on Uranium Technology, Bombay, D e c , 13-15.

13. Khandekar, R.N. (1989) Assessment of environmental pollutionfrom toxic heavy metals in Bombay, Sem. on Status of Environ-ment in Maharashtra. Pune, Mar., 27-29.

14. Khandekar, R.N., Tripathi, R.M. and Raghunath, R. (1990) Env-ironmental levels and exposure assessment of heavy metals atBombay, Int. Conf. on Heavy Metals in Indian Environment,Aligarh. Jan., 8-10.

15. Khandekar, R.N., Raghunath, R. and Naabi, K.S.V. (1991) Impa-ct of he .-ivy metal pollution in Greater Bombay population,SAARC Countries Conf. on Environment Management in Developin'Countries, Rae Bareli, Feb., 2:3-24.

16. Mayya, Y.S. (1990) Aggregation theory of charged particlesystems, 11 Ann. Conf. of IASTA, Bombay, Feb., 19-20.

17. Mayya, Y.S. and Kayak, A.R. (1991) Role of collective effectson the charge neutralization in dense aerosols, 7th Int.Cont. on Surface and Colloid Science, Compiegne (France),Jul . . 7-13.

18. Nenon, M.R., Shukla, V.K., Chugh, P.K., Varaa, R.X. andNambi, K.S.V. (1991' Radioactivity monitoring Of import/exp-rt food items following Chernobyl accident, 18th Ann. Conf.of 1ARP, Tarapur, Feb., 14-16.

19. Nair. N.B., Eapen, C D . and Rangarajan, C. (1990) Enhancedairborne radon activity levels in the non-uranium undergroundmines in India, |7th 1ARP Conf., Allahabad, Mar., 1-3.

2C. Nair, N.B., Eapen. C D . and Rangarajan, C. (1991) Radon lev-els in underground non-uranium mines in India, Workshop onRadon Measurements, Bombay, Jun., 3.

21. Nair, P.V.N. (1989) Nuclear aerosols, 1st Ann. Conf. of1ASTA, Pune, Mar.. 23-24.

22. Nair, P.V.N. (1990) Current trends in the thermodynamics ofbinary nucleation, 2nd Ann. Conf. of 1ASTA, Bombay, Frb., 19-20.

23. Nambi, K.S.V. (1990) An optimistic outlook on epidemiologicalstudies in high natural radiation areas, Int. Conf. on HighLevels of Natural Radiation, Ramsar, Iran, Nov., 3-7.

24. Na»bi, K.S.V. and Shukla. V.K. (1991) A suggested exposurecontrol from natural radioactivity in future building*, 18thAnn. Conf. of IARP, Tarapur, Feb., 14-16.

70

25. Navnit Mehta, Lakshmatian, A.R., Kathuria, S.P., NaMbi, K.S.V.and Chlntamani Suntiia <109<,') Natural radiation levels in theenvirons of Nuclear Kiel Complex, Hyderabad, !7th Conf. onRadiation P t o t e--1 i on , Allahabad. Mar.,1-4.

26. Raroachandran, T.V., Subba Ranu, M.C. and Mishra, U.C. (1987)Application of SSNTD tor the measurement of alpha particleradiation - a re>'inw, 4th Sem. O P SSNTD Application to Nucl-ear Physicn, CaK-utta, Mar., 2J> • 2b.

27. Ramachandran, T.V. and Mishra, U.C. (1988) Radiologies! imp-act of airborne releases to the environment from coal firedpower plants in India. Int. Cor.f. on EIA for Developing Coun-tries. N.Delhi. Nov., 7:6- [ipc. , 2.

28. Ramachandran, T.V., Mura1eodharan,Subba Hamu, M.C. 'I'jS^) Measurementprogeny corcentiat ioru in Indian dweOf !ARP, Bombay, Jan., 9-12.

T.S., S'h;»ikh, G.N. andof indoor radon and itslings, 16th Ann. Conf.

29. Ramnchandran, T.V.,( 1989 ) </<* I i brat ionradon/ tliotnn levelsMar., 16-15.

litiraleedharsn, T.S. and Subba Raau, M.C.of SSNTD for the measurement of indoorin dwell ings. 6th Sem. of SSNTD. Gauhati,

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

Sachdev, R.N. and Svindaram, M. (1965> Infra red instrumentsfor measurement of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in auto-mobile exhaust. Proc. All India Sem. on Vehicular Emission.Instt. of Engineers, Bombay, Nov., 25-26.

Sachdev, R.N. <19R8' Effect of absorption of non-ionisingelectromagnetic radiation in animals and human beings - areview, Nat. Symp. on Biohazards of Radiation, Jaipur, D e c ,16-18.

SachdDv, R.N.. Rajan, K.K. and Swarup, G. (1969) A micropro-cessof hasfri field strength meter for radiation safety surveyaround radio frequency sources, 16th Ann. Conf. on RadiationProtection, Bombay. Jan., 9 1 2 .

Sachdev, R.N., Ingle, N.A., Swarup, G. and Rajan, K.K.Obseived occupation?! radiation exposures in a few applicati-ons of radiof:iqu>i;.-;es : a survey, 16th Ann. Conf. on Radia-tion Protection, Bombay, Jan., 9-1^.

Sadasivnn, S. and Negi, B.S. <1986> EDXRF analysis of enviro-nment ?.! samples -Intercomparlson of results with other analy-sis mtt.UvJs and results of international i n tercompar ison offiyas:h samples, Workshop on EDXKF Techniques and Their Appli-cations, Srinagar, Sep., 10-13.

71

35. Sadasivan, S. (1969) IAEA Coordinated Research Programme onthe use of nuclear and nuclear related techniques in thestudy of environmental pollution associated with solidwastes, IAEA Research Coordinated Meeting, Ljubljana, Yugosl-avia, Oct., 3-7.

36. Sadaeivan, S., Negi, B.S. and Nenon, M.R. (1989) IAEA Coordi-nated Research Programme on the use of nuclear and nuclearrelated techniques in the study of environmental pollutionassociated with solid wastes, IAEA Research Coordinated Meet-ing, IAEA Research Coordinated Meeting, Jakarta, Nov., 20-24.

37. Sawant, V.D. and Nair, P.V.N. *1989) Diurnal and seasonalvariation of concentration of CN in Deonar, 1st Ann. Conf. ofIASTA, Punp, Mar., 23-24.

38. Sawant, V.D., Nair, P.V.N. and Joshi, P.V. <1990> Studies onatmospheric ions and condensation nuclei, 2nd Ann. Conf. oftASTA, Bombay, Feb., 19-20.

39. Shukla. V.K., Hahadevan., T.N.. Negi. B.S., Bhat, P.N.,Varaa, R.K. and Naabi, K.S.V. (1991) Results of aircraftswipe sampling programme following the reported explosion ina Soviet beryllium metal plant, 18th Ann. Conf. of IARP,Tarapur, Feb., 14-16.

40. Subba Raau, M.C., Shaikh, G.N., MuraIeedharan, T.S. and Raaa-chandran, T.V. (19881 Evaluation of an average effective doseequivalent to the public from indoor radon and its progeny inIndia, Workshop on Environmental Radiation, Mysore, Dec, 1O.

41. Subba Raau, M.C., Huraleedharan, T.S., Raaachandran, T.V. andShaikh, A.N. (1989) Application of a condensation type ofaerosol generator in radiation protection, 1st Sem. of 1ASTA,Pune. Mar., 23-24.

42. Subba Raau. H.C. and HuraIeedharan, T.S. (1989) Formation ofconversion aerosols, 1st Sem. of IASTA, Pune, Mar., 23-24.

43. Subba Raau, H.C. (19S0) Significance of radon in the environ-ment, Workshop on RadionucI ides, ionizing Radiations andEnvironment, Garware Instt. of Cancer Education, Bombay,Sep., 0.

44. Tripathi, H.'.M. , Khandekar, R.N., Raghunath, R. and Mishra,U.C. ( 198(3 ' Assessment of toxic heavy metal pollution in urb-an atmosphere in India, Int. Conf. on Tropical Micrometeoro-logy and Air Pollution, Delhi, Feb., 15-19.

72

SECTiON ; 14. STAFF MEMBhRS WHO WERE AWARDED DEGREES BY THEUNIVERSITY OF BOMBAY

Name Year Subject Guide

Ph.D.

T.N.B.S.Srot.T. V.V.K.R.M.

MahadevanNegiG.G. PanditRamachandranShuklaTrirathi

193b198819901965198 b1989

ChemistryPhysicsC h fsis t. r yP h v s l c sP h y s i c sChomistry

U.C.U.C.U.C.U.C.U.C.U.C.

MishraM i s h r aM i s h r aM i s h r aMishraMishra

M.Sc.

Smt. Radha RaghunathV.D. Sawant

198619B8

C h e in iPh/sl

st ryCB

U.U.c.c.

MiMl

shrashra

Published by : M. R. Balakrishnan Head, Library & Infonnation Services DivisionBhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay 400 085

Documents

l r C- BAR.C/1W1/P/005 - IPEN · Investi gators ; N.B. Nair, CD. Eapen and C. Rangarajan Summary : The programme of surveying underground non-uranium mines for assessing their radon