G L ;cuL y _s;~ - I N-rf< 0 'J)U c '(/{) f\l

· .. Energy-yielding, ,nutrients

Carbohydrates Fats

PrQteins

Proteins Polysaccharides

Lipids Nucleic acids

Ami"o acids Sugars

Fatty acids Nitrogenous

bases

.i

The extracellular d .... :.';_._;;:;:;:::;;;;:;;:;;;;:=0:, the binding site foroml~m contains (a hor a 1gand

mone or neurotransmitter).

Seven trans­membrane helices

Figure 8.6 Structure of a I . receptor. ypJcal membrane

a a Subunit of G -protein a dissociates an~ actlvaies sdenylyf cyclase . .

n When hormOne Is no lorl er Iii resent, the receptor rev~rts

, o restlr.g state. GTP on the a subur.!lls hydrolyzed to GOP, and ade lvf

deactiv,a,ted. ny y cyclase

Figure 8.7

~~~~~~?R~t~~bof chemical signals t · rane receptors nagers an i~crease (or, less often a ecrease) 1n the activity of ' adenylyl cyclase.

. -------------------,---------:-~

ft)

~-------- --- t

C !1/l!U 11 j,]) ~~~ rt 1'1 ErR So Ltsl'f

- Over. 611 F:ei u,.e. z­

a''0Jtf1 6Jii~.J&.s- I 1'· Q~~~ ~~~ ~ I •HM5

CLUCIS£ -~ ~ 6':~;ric

~~~~·'' J . G/J,<.".ilfJ~~;s Lac !a fe.

0~ ,_,,q_~~~r. ,_,

...:... c.ell klo.se

II

I

(;J-....._ ___ _ I' I c '-----..

N sucraso­

isomaltase

l Connecting· j segment (stalk)

l Transmembrane j segment -f ~rH"« I

·Cytoplasmic Jdomain

J " ! I I

--~ I ~v~ . .A-

uo-bc,~'-/"01\

wo..(:)o().oH Maltese

uo-t}.o~ou Tlisaccherldes

(and latser oligosacc:harfdes)

S.tlver/ a11d pancreatic

~ at-alllyfas• HoQ H:.b-OH

lso~~taltose

oC~ a-Dextrlns

{oligoseceh~ Wilh Ol-1,6.btanctws)

Fi&· l5'.12. ,4.diot' of ,5ali very utd pilllereatic «-trnylue1 O'Y'\ STAR C.. H

'fc

- -----

~ C ~-rho~ clrafe_- -3;

·-' Starch · I -:

Lactose • - --• -.,'

Sucrose • '" ' -Cellulose

-Starch dextrins ;cc- Isomaltose ----_ Maltose

Lactose Sucrose Cellulose

fso""' atA ~4&e :­oC'-~ &C.t lt:o""clvs

Ma.l~a se D(' -t+'+ ...;., MQih se

IJA<.J t\'lc( ll·o hi ~:>Sf

-- 5tACV'CI se. t( ... l~.2.~

S~.te ..-o 't2

••. /• _ Tl"ll£ h. "" l a stZ

.c-'-+'~ iv-e '- ... los~ ,.:... Mit!h.,..., .... :r ~ .J.he ... .fc..!.f\.0 i

. L o.c ~a. s e d.e.l~~·~~~;sGC~~spiS~Biill A "Dt.IL r )J!_ Wor\J:-' ~ 0f~"$~i"'· la~ll_ye_OLRCTIISJII

qt(. At1"'c ... "'-t­;... ... r~

. Su.c.oro.se' de ,,;{. As.~~ l.% rie~A"' b.J.n~·liJt

1W1 w~v-o~J Galactose

+ Glucose

Lactose

i

I J.. j. <t>ck ..

J p J l•4osc e;;.. ,.t.~c

Mcoc:.t....,.Jl atJivi5-> '"''"'~ { 4

Je.. decJi~ ~ adu11 (e.~ 4 s- fb 7rr. (je. (lo'lo ~ {Y\fanflu~J).

. I . I

i

• iw• ~.,{.r ~tt-l,#,./. $1-S~s

l\ha~osal si•

4 ~c:t).-

s.~L-r'·- f},lu'.r$ .. r ' (.frv.)

- & ...... n l"t!f.,·· 1 ":.1 r"·~sr

_ • c~ ... .-..s ..;.. '"N$I..· .. J .,. ,_.J .f...!.~

>?fi Jh 11 J ce.d.s Serosal side

t r

",----0

ATP

3Na+ . '\..

N + ----.. Fructose Glucose a + ..---;

/qtuf-2. ~Galactose ZK AD/ ,,,_f._ 1 + P,

lnlesilMI

"fdli .. "'

' I

. !

S ~; m u-f atz-;.., ~ Ins u1 i n a:f!.- G (.u (,o s e. lrt:U\~rorf VJtb ~~ w a-4~ 1is.scd.&

Cell membrane

Receptor

@--+--=-!--+@

® ® ® ®

Glucose transporter

.0 /rn

@ == Glucose ill =Glucose transporters

Q Narrow intercellular space

E) Lack of pinocytosis

Non- neural

Interstitial fluid

0 No tight junctions

f) Sometimes wide intercellular gaps

0 Pinocytosis

0

cLtc oL ~ s-;s-, - Lfn;verstrl Pa-liw:J,.; atf tdl jres - r;; e/ILf p/itJ YJ 1 A r f tvi M I a•~ ;.nlhou/; OL

- A n "'b. v /i c P'al-ft N"j . 7' b /O !f"/I.P+,·c f> ,-e Cdr sot'S

-~hase51/4~~to!Jhc faJ/,w1

'(lt'.f'" ,. ·d· ; ... ~ plvt.>£·

Prl ~·

1 •Mit JL :

/trP:'Ip.J~VDOI;'':J I t"- aJ£.

i

I ~·

~Gt!uco.se 111.,-P !P."ff

J. fY.u~bse J,t- 6;sl'lt~stA•k ~ ffr. .$~I",{. 1>,'.(Jd ,_

.._fi"__~H ~ .. ~ ~It

«, PVY"uVdte..

(OL.YStS :_

I ,

_(,

H

lJ]4 GU

FITP fl Dl-1 ·

- ""} Hex 0 A:.c.~ «I<

fiDP ~ ~Co/cl"n«,c{l,·.,~~

c H2.. () PtJ.s .2-

G.l-.. + () fJo.c I' 5

~~~-"-I G.'-. ·--~ ) ••• '!JIJf

1<eQctions o~

H

HO

CH 20H

A--0

H OH

Glucose

H

+ ATP OH

CH OPO 2-2 3

Hexokinase --

(;,l '/COJ.YSIS

H

CH 20PO/­

j___:___O H

OH

H OH

Glucose 6-phosphate

+ ADP + H+

H /1 o, H Phosphoglucose 2-03POH 2C 0 CH 20H isomerase

H OH

Glucose 6-phosphate

2-o POH C 3 2 0 CH 20H

OH H

Fructose 6-phosphate

' + ATP

Assorted figures from pages 486 and 487

Stryer: Biochemistry, Fourth Edition ©-by W. H. Freeman and1 CompanY

Phosphofructokinase

H OH

HO H

Fructose 6-phosphate

2-0 POH C J 2 0 CH OPO 2-2 3

OH

OH H

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

tc

+ ADP + H+

T-53

Set I

r I ! !

CH OPO 2-l 2 3

C=O I

HO-C-H I

H-C-OH I

H-C-OH I CH OPO 2-2 3

Fructose 1 ,6-bisphosphate

Bottom figure, page 487

Stryer: Biochemistry, Fourth Edition © 1995 by W. H. Freeman and Company

CH 20P032-

I c-o I Aldolase H 0-C-H

I H

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

H 0 ""c~

I + H-C-OH

I CH OPO 2-2 . 3

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

IJ

T-54

Set I

CJ-ceralr.N1,vtfe.u~ 1'_Qe~tfrtye~11rS€

H, c=o I , ,_r_,,., 0

c• .. ~ Gtycc~de-1--1

·1,'3-BPC:: 0 ~=¥' ~ {'~ 0 H·~-oH -- J' ~

+~r

--=---~~1 "~:--

~NAOI" E)~NMIIi

. ~~~~M>Ii ,p_ '"""'"'' -- ' 9 -s __.,.!f,<

N -i-OH 'c;~~? r-"---0® \''''> -"& _...,c:{~~,;-~ '

:~:~1.':-,';L_;):

Fig. 22J.7. Mechanism of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphah!.dehydrogenase reaction. 1. The enzyme forms-a covalent linkage with the substrate, using a cysteine group at the active site. The er:zyme also cOntains bound NAD + close to the acti_ve site. 2. The substrate is oxidized, forming a high"energy thioester linkage (in b'Ge), a"rt NADH. 3. NADH has a low affinity for the eczyme and is replaced by a new molecde of NAG'_

4. Inorganic phosphate attdc!...s the tnioester linkage, releasing the product 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate, a.r.j regenerating the active enzyoe in a form ready ~r· ;•;..itiate another reaction.

~

CH 20H I C=O I CH OPO 2-2 3

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (A ketose)

Triose phosphate isomerase

0 H ~c/

I

.,. 1{/l)o~~·

~ '--

/e.

f'//IDH

,,3-'B?C H-C-OH """'

tH OPO 2- ~~~3-f'j) 2 3

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (An aldose)

I, 3 B P!; + ,q])P E: > 3 -pJ.ospiojj~rwf. + ATP ?(J,K.

o o-~/ c

I

H-C-OH I

H-C-OPO 2.-1 3

H

3-Phosphoglycerate

.?, .:3- e.Pt;,

Phosphoglycerate mutase

Glycolytic reactions, pages 488, 489

Stryer: Biochemistry, Fourth Edition © 1995 by W. H. Freeman and Company

o o-~/ c

I H-C-OPO 2-

1 3

H-C-OH I H

2-Phosphoglycerate

H20

/ Enolase

o"" /o­"'c

t-OPO 2-

11 3

H-C I H

Phosphoenolpyruvate

ADP +H-r ATP

\_} Pyruvate kinase

o"" /o-"'c

I C=O I CH 3

Pyruvate

T-55

Set I

Summaey ofMet4bo\iG f•tes ofPyfllvate ---~-.' ·--.---· -" "----~·--------.. ~-----------·-_, ~-· ______ , --- ---··----~------- -----.. ..

E'TH.ANOL. SYNTHEStS ~ • Oe~t.JU'"S W'".l ·yea-a"!" a·Clld

1 ~ bo:>o<=t:e<".., {In<oJ<L>dioS r iht.'Gs:ti:·nal ·fi~r-iil-}-

·• ~iami·'n'·-g py-roph~~u:to-:i d·e~ndo~n-t path'V"!ii'-ay _ ~--·- --·- '-------~·-··-···-- ---,---,-'----~- --~·-=------:··

DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX

........ i!b~- by acetyl Cc.A .

._.. So--urce of' ~-e'tyi C-oA 'f-c.-4"· '·TeA ,s-,n.d' f•Hy a<;i <;:t ""yn~·.h~""-

• A;n- .irr-eV~$i.J?•~

PYRUVA.,-E CAftSOXYLASE

• ,<\>cot:ivoted DY ~ee~y.t CoP,-• R~l-cflcls'"-'e~ i.-.t"er~<llo.t~s

af ft9e TOh eyol-e.-• Pr•v'td1!'§ •-uk•~t~5 fo-r 91w~on~gi\ne1iJS..

• 4n irr-1tV1t!f'Sibha ~~c+;on.

La ff.tl k vb f>ro olu CLd' Clft.t:t 1:. ~ 3 6. hl<el ~ -/rl4-j Z.~<;;ft .

!. C'e.l!s A..lt",~~ ~w ,exdly a'eMqllq

rJ. 7i c.~; e. tcx'i-A ~cu~J ~J?ev , tUma~t.els ~ l!Jer<J~a!f ez~rt:2~y

lnto5de. ' L«<t.r/e /tv,./ It} ~~,.al ..st(. kl-§4'

~~-_: ~--

• a..~l·• tfv:/J~W>o>"r~"-J~€~3 . 1) i rec ~ tP- /v..b i .f-t' o Y\

~ .• :d "'_t-; ..e- p A= I' o ":f f ~

{)/lex C.auseS :-. llyr~·#- ~ ry f-l'>s~ .

. A/ eo/. t1 ~ lo=~',vl/1> 11 j ,t/ff/)

r. ~ c;tue<>tt= _ _j~ I . .

/ ' t fj :.~ v::-~et;;e;~ . I '-' .+M-~_..L4~ <J

~ I . ,!, -r c fJ ().cJo-; ,; ~j ~-