Upload
helmi-zzt
View
240
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
1/36
kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WSJun-13
Phylum: Chelicerata(Arthropoda)Class: Arachnida
Dr. Teguh Wahju Sardjono, DTM&H, MSc.Laboratorium Parasitologi
Fakultas Kedokteran Unibraw
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
2/36
kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WSJun-13
Phylum: Chelicerata
(Arthropoda)Class: Arachnida
There are 7 orders, three orders are MedicallyImportant :
Acarina (Ticks and Mites)
Scorpionida (Scorpion)Araneae /Araneida (Spiders)
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
3/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
General morphological characteristics :
Cephalo thorax No antenna With or without eyes Hypostome Chelicera Pedipalp
4 pairs of legs Wingless Genital opening - ventral
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
4/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Life cycle
Oviparous hemimetabolous Ova hatches to be larvae (6 legs) Nymphs adults (8 legs) but no genital organ The nymphs molt 8 legged male or female
adult ticks climb up grass and plants andhold their legs up "sensing" and "looking" fortheir prey
Male and female ticks usually mate while
attached to the host. A few weeks later, theengorged female detaches from the host andlays her eggs (1000 - 8000 eggs) on a leaf.
A tick usually lives a year before dying.
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
5/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Order : Acarina
Family Ixodidae = Hard ticks Family Argasidae = Soft ticks
Family Trombiculidae = Chiggers Family Sarcoptidae Family Demodicidae
Family Tyroglyphidae
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
6/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Morphological Characteristics
Adult form four pairs of legs Cephalothorax, no segmentation
Mouthparts prominent capitulum Nymphs four pairs of legs, no genital organ Larva form three pairs of legs
Scutum : dorsal of the body, covers a half orwhole of dorsal body
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
7/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Order : AcarinaFamily :Ixodidae
(Hard ticks) Round or oval. 1 mm- 1 cm. female > male
Jointed Cephalothorax and Abdomen Capitulum (false head) visible from dorsal Mouth parts :
A pair pedipalp 4 segments.
A pair chelicera (cutter)
Hypostome; at ventral some rows of teeth
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
8/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
4 pairs of legs (adult and nymph) : coxa, trochanter, femur, genu, tibia and tarsus
3 pairs of legs (larva)
spiracle (stigmata) breathing organ: behind coxa IV Scutum :
Male : fully covering dorsal part of the body
Female : half/anterior-dorsal part.
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
9/36
From the left, larva, nymph,two engorged nymphs,female (top), and male(bottom).
Ticks begin as eggs (stage 1)hatch into 6-legged larvae(stage 2).
Larvae live and feed on animalsfor about a week beforedetaching then molting(shedding) anywhere from 1week to 8 months later.
The larvae then become 8-legged nymphs(stage 3).Nymphs feed on animals,engorge for 3 to 11 days, detach,and molt about a month later(on the species and
environmental conditions). Ticks insert their mouths, attachto their prey, and engorgethemselves with a blood meal(stage 4).
Life cycle
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
10/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Ovipositing (left) and unengorged (right) females ofIxodesscapularis. (Bottom scale in mm.)
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
11/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Various life cycle stages ofIxodes scapularis.Top left = male; bottom left = female; center = nymph;
right = ovipositing female. (Top scale in mm.)
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
12/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
13/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Brown dog tick (Riphicephalus)
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
14/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Classificationdepends on number of hosts required for
completing their life cycle
One host ticks:Hyalomma, Boophilus. Two host ticks: Riphicephalus. Three host ticks: Ixodidae, Dermacentor,
Haemaphysalis
Many host ticks : goes through many stages
during its lifecycle, and feeds on differentspecies at each point. Ornithodoros.
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
15/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Medical Importance
1. Tick bite :
a. Mechanical primer & secondary effectb. Tick paralysis : (neurotoxin)
- Dermacentor
- Amblyoma Amerika- Ixodes Australia, Africa
Characteristics of paralysis:
- Flaccid- Ascending
Treatment
- Remove the tick with chloroform, ether, alcohol
- Avoid contaminationwith ticks secrete
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
16/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
2. Transmission of many diseasesTrans-stadial or Trans-ovarial
a. Rickettsial Diseases (Ehrlichiosis)- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever -R. rickettsii.(trans-ovarial) Dermacentor andersoni Amblyoma americanum Riphicephalus sanguineus
- Q fever(R. burnetti ) Dermacentor andersoni Amblyoma americanum Ixodes Ornithodorus
- Boutonneuse fever(R. conorii.) Amblyoma hebraeum Rhipicephalus sanguineus
- African Tick fever(R. conorii.)
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
17/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
b. Viral diseases Colorado tick fever: D. andersoni Russian spring and summer encephalitis: D. silvarum- Hemorrhagic fevers : Hyalomma marginatum Kyasanur forest disease : Haemophysalis spimigera
c. Bacterial and Spirochaetal diseases:- Lyme Disease
- Tularemia Amblyomma americanum Dermacentor andersoni Dermacentor variabilis
- Relapsing fever Ornithodorus
Controlinsecticides : DDT, Chlordane, Dieldrin
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
18/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Lyme disease a tick-borne multisystem infectious syndrome of substantial
medical importance and public concern. the most frequently reported vector-borne illness in the US
(>12,000 cases annually). also has been seen on four other continents. The causative organism: Borrelia burgdorferi:
(a flagellated spirochete) transmitted from small-mammal reservoirs to humans through bites from infected ticks of Ixodes species I. scapularisin US (deer ticks) I. pacificusin California, (deer ticks) I. ricinusin Europe, and (sheep ticks) I. persulcatusin Asia
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
19/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Lyme disease Relatively new disease (1975)Three stages: Stage 1:rash, flu like syndrome, including fatique, stiff neck,
muscle aches and pain, within 30 days post infection
Stage 2 : next several weeks inflammation of the brain,nerve roots, facial paralysis, dizziness, shortness of breath,heart beat irregular.
Disappear within several weeks.
- Stage 3 : arthritic problem may appear 2 years after the rash pain, swelling, elevated temp. in joints. Sleep walking, lossof memory, mood changes, inability to concentrate.
Treatment: Antibiotics
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
20/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Treatment
Oral therapy for early localized disease (10 to 21 days)
Doxycycline (Vibramycin)* 100 mg twice daily
Not recommendedin pregnant women. Amoxicillin 250 to 500 mg three times dailyChildren Amoxicillin 40 mg per kg per day Erythromycin 30 mg per kg per day
Phenoxymethylpenicillin 25 to 50 mg per kg per dayIntravenous therapy for disseminated and late disease Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 2 g every day or 1 g twice daily Cefotaxime (Claforan) 3 g twice daily Penicillin G 20 U every 4 hrs
Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) 50 mg /kg /day in 4 divided dosesChildren Ceftriaxone 75 to 100 mg per kg per day Cefotaxime 90 to 180 mg per kg per day in divided doses Penicillin G 300,000 U per kg per day in 6 divided doses
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
21/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Order : AcarinaFamily : Argasidae
(Soft ticks) Mostly are ectoparasites of birds Tropic and sub tropic areas
Genus : Otobius : pets
Argas : birds
Ornithodoros : human
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
22/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
General characteristics
Oval shape, may vary in size - depends on theamount of sucked blood
no scutum
without or with eyes, if with lateral position. Capitulum at ventral not visible from dorsal can
be used to distinguish between Argasidae andIxodidae
Spiracle at ventral of 4th coxae.
Adult form : 4 pairs of legs Male and female are difficult to be distinguished
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
23/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Life cycle
Hemimetabolous Life longer months - year
Female may lay 10 1000 eggs after blood meal several times (Remember: Female Ixodids
dye after oviposition)
Has 4 - 5 stages of nymphs needs bloodmeal for each moulting
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
24/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Medical importance
Biting Tick borne relapsing fever
Treponema dultoni
O d i
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
25/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Order : AcarinaFamily : Trombiculidae
(Red bugs = Chiggers, Harvest mites, Scrub itch mites)
Hundreds species, distributed in all parts of the world Hemimetabolous : (egg, larva, nymph, adult) Only larva stage is parasitic Yellow colour or orange
Six hairy legs
0,15 - 0,3 mm Dorsal part : scutum (+) Mouth parts, celicera and palps jointed together forming
pseudo head Needs blood of mammals, birds or reptils
Trombiculidae :Trombicula akamushi Adult stage : free living, hairy 1- 1.5 mm, Eight legs
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
26/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Habitats:Areas that contain thick layers of pine straw or leaf litter
Medical importances chiggers do not burrow into the skin. feed at the base of a hair follicle or in a pore. generally attach to those areas of the body where clothing fits
tightly, such as at the sock line and waistline.
Larvae ingest lymph and partially digested cells after the chiggerattaches commonly cause itching 3 to 6 hours, dermatitisdevelops 10 to 16 hours.
allergic reactions to the bites blister-like lesions. Chiggers do not transmit any disease agents to people. The adults
and nymphs are free-living predators of insects.
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/Urban/mites.htmhttp://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/Urban/mites.htm7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
27/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Medical importances
Biting dermatitis Scrub itch
Autumnal itch
Treatment :
Topical : sulfur ointment
vector of ScrubTyphus
(Ricketsia tsutsugamushi) Trombicula akamushi
Trombicula deliensis
Mite bite site
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
28/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Control : Treating chigger-infested areas with a pesticide spray.
Ground cover in these areas should be wetted down to the soilsurface.
Avoid excess treatments that can lead to pesticide runoff intocreeks, streams and storm sewers
Personal protection Insect repellents.
DEET or Permanone (permethrin) clothing.
DEET is appropriate to use on exposed skin. Repellents should be used in moderation by children and
pregnant women.
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
29/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
round, transluscent, dirty white
six legged larvae
eight short legged nymphs and adults
male 0.2 mm1st , 2nd , 4th legssucker ended 3rd leg bristle endedfemale 0.3-0.4 mm:
1st and 2nd legs sucker ended, 3rd and 4th legs bristle ended
Order : AcarinaFamily : Sarcoptidae
Species : Sarcoptes scabiei
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
30/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
the period from eggs to mature adults takes 1014 days
both male and female make short burrows inhorny superficial layer of the skin.
The gravid female lays her eggs in a burrow. The larvae hatch out after 3-4 days, leave the
burrow for the skin surface and shelter in the hairfollicles.
After 4-5 days the adults mate and the femaleburrows into the skin to complete the cycle.
The adult live for 4-5 weeks. Itch mites are active mainly overnight.
Life cycle
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
31/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Prefered sites:
axilla, around the waist, inner aspect of thighs, back of the legs,
interdigital and popliteal folds and also all over the body
Clinical features: The activities and secretions cause intense itching of affecting area.
Small vesicles and rash may be seen on the skin surface. Scratching may convert the papule into pustule (bleeding,
secondary bacterial infection)Norwegian Scabies
Complication In immunosupressed persons crusted scabies secondary infection with -haemolytic streptococci
glomerulonephritis
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
32/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Distribution:
world wide usually associated with: unhygienic life-style,
poor hygienic inadequate water supply
wide spread in the tropics, especially children
Transmission direct skin contact sexually transmitted
Through bedding and clothing
TreatmentLocal :
Benzyl Benzoate Emulsion 20 -25%
Crotamiton Benzene Hexachloride (Lindane) Sulfur soap
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
33/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Controls
Recognize symptoms Inspect all contact individuals Treat all infested persons Isolate infested person for 24 hours after treatment has
been applied
Machine wash bed linens, clothing and all other possiblecontaminated articles in hot (130F) water
Soap or thightly sealing non-washables in plastic bags fortwo weeks
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
34/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Other mites affecting people
Straw Itch Mites : Pyemotes tritici commonly breed in stored grain, dried beans and peas, wheat
straw, hay and other dried grasses . frequently a problem for people doing landscaping or feeding
horses and other livestock. The mites are actually beneficial because they attack insects that
feed on stored grain and similar materials. People who handle
mite-infested materials will be attacked. The bites of straw itchmites are characteristically found on the trunk of the body and onthe arms.
Bird Mites Ornithonyssus sylviarum
Dermanyssus gallinae, the chicken mite (or red mite of poultry House Dust Mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus D. farinae
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/Urban/mites.htmhttp://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/Urban/mites.htmhttp://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/Urban/mites.htm7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
35/36
Jun-13 kuliah S-1 FK dr Teguh WS
Relieving the Itch of Mite Bites
When mites attach to skin, the saliva they secretecauses the intense itch that may be felt for several daysafter the mite is no longer attached.
As soon as possible after walking through chigger-
infested areas or being exposed to other mites, youshould bathe in hot, soapy water and scrub down with a
wash cloth.
to relieve itching
Oral antihistamines Application of a hydrocortisone cream to bites
7/28/2019 Kul Arachnida
36/36
Jun 13 kuliah S 1 FK dr Teguh WS
See you next week