Korea’s Green Growth Controversy and SD Policies of Seoul

2012. 4

Wang-Jin Seo

2

Seoul’s Climate Change ActionSeoul’s Climate Change Action

Green Growth Controversy in KoreaGreen Growth Controversy in Korea

Seoul’s Challenges toward SDSeoul’s Challenges toward SD

Sustainable Development (SD) andSustainable Development (SD) and

Seoul’s Sustainable Energy Ac-tion:

ContentsContents

Green Growth in KoreaGreen Growth in Korea

“Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant”“Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant”

3

SD and Green Growth in Korea

From SD to Green Growth in Korea

• Participation into the UNCED in Rio (1992)• Participation into UNCSD annually since

1993• Establishment of ‘Local Agenda 21’ by Lo-

cal Governments in accordance with the ‘Agenda 21’ recommendations

• President Kim Dae-jung announced ‘Sus-tainable Development’ as the basis of na-tional governance (2000)

• ‘Presidential Commission on Sustainable Development (PCSD)’ in which govern-ment, businesses and civil groups partici-pate organized (2000)

4

From SD to Green Growth in Korea

• President Roh Moo-hyun reorganized PCSD focusing on resolution of social and envi-ronmental conflicts (2003)

• Establishment of the Framework Act on Sustainable Development (2007)

• President Lee Myung-bak from Grand Na-tional Party, a conservative party won presidential election in 2007

• Lee Myung-bak administration declared ‘Low Carbon, Green Growth’ as a new vi-sion and strategy for realization of ‘Sus-tainable Development’ (2008)

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Efficient greenhouse gas reduction

Realization of global green growth leader

Green innovation

in daily lives

Construction of green land & transportation

Infrastructure development for green economy

1

2

3

8

9

10

4

5

6

7

Promotion of en-ergy independence

Improvement of climate change adaptation capacity

Green technology development

Fostering green in-dustry

Advancement of industrial structure

Improvement of quality of lifeImprovement of quality of life

Vision of Low-carbon Green Growth

(’09) Mid-term goal setting→(’10~) Goal management

Nation’s GHG reduction goal setting and management

GHG

North Korea’s afforestation area : (’09) 50,000 ha (’13)

Support on forest recovery in North

Korea

1

Carbon storage of the forest : (’09)1,452 (’13)1,613 million tCO2

Promotion of carbon cycle

(Carbon-3R) and carbon sink

Afforestingsea forest development

GHG information management system

Carbon information disclosure and management

Financial investment plan (KRW trillion) Job creation

(x 10,000 jobs)

’09~’13

• Experts such as greenhouse gas inspection & certi-fication expert

• green consultant

7.8

‘09

1.0

’10~ ‘11

2.1

’12~‘13

2.56.5%Growth rate

Efficient greenhouse gas reduction

Top 5 Policy Directions and Promotion Plans

Elimination of low-efficiency equipment : No more incandescent lamp by 2013Total energy use management system(’10)Expansion of intelligent electricity network: Designation of test-bed city (2011)

Energy efficiency and demand side management

Oil & gas self-development rates : 7.4% (2009) 20% (2013)

Expansion of overseas resources development

Improvement of reliability and expansion of nuclear power plant Export of the first nuclear power plant during

the project period (1 or 2 plant(s) or more) Development of nuclear power technology (2012)

New & renewable energy use rate : (’09)2.%, (’13)3.8%

Green Home Project : 140,000 households(2013)→1M households (2020)

Energy Town Project: 1 (2009) 14 towns (2020)

Promotion of industrialization of

new & renewable energy

solar ther-mal green home

wind power generation

fuel cell

Enhancing Energy independence2

’09~’13

• Waste resources energy development engineers

• nuclear power genera-tion engineers

• resources development & support engineers

20.8

2.8

5.66.5

‘09 ’10~ ‘11 ’12~‘13

3.6%

Financial investment plan (KRW trillion)

Growth rate

Job creation(x 10,000 jobs)

Evaluation of coastal vulnerability : (’09) (’13)800km2

Disaster response capability : (’09)40% (’13)60%

Development of marine management

& preliminary disaster prevention system

use of marine en-ergy

disaster pre-vention

National forest resources: 862 million (2009) 953 million ㎥ (2013)

Improvement of the soundness of forest ecosystem

Climate change prediction & monitoring capacity :(’09)40% (’13)80%

Improvement of climate change adaptation capacity

Health management strategy (2009) Environment-friendly agricultural products:

4.5% (2009) 10% (2013)

Establishment of climate-friendly health management & food production system

3

The amount of water resources secured :(’09)186 (’13)200billion m2

Quality of four major rivers: 2nd grade by 2012

improvement of water quality

securing sufficient water

The Four Major Rivers

Restoration Project

Development of climate change monitoring & predic-tion technique

’09~’13

• Climate change adaptation

• expertswater in-dustry engineers

50.64.8

21.320.4%

‘09 ’10~‘11 ’12~‘13

10.1

Financial investment plan (KRW trillion)

Growth rate

Job creation(x 10,000 jobs)

*TCS: Testing, Certification, Standard

Commercialization of core green technologies Commercialization of LED,

hybrid vehicle, advanced light-water reactor and fuel cell by 2012

Increase of green technology R&D investments: (2009) 16% (2013) 20%

Expansion of green R&D

investments

Development of green technology as a growth engine4

Improvement of Green IT:Green of IT, Green by IT

Development & ex-port of

the world’s top three green IT products (Green PC, TV and Server) (2012)

’09~’13

• Plant engineering, technol-ogy commercialization & manufacturing, facilities & construction workers

9.4

2.0

4.3

5.05.1%

Green technology engineers: 20,000 (2009)

37,000 engineers (2013) Establishment of East Asia Green Technology Standard Council (2013)

Fostering green technology experts and international cooperation Establishment of world-class

green technology information system

“Green TCS* System”

Expansion of green technology & infrastructure

‘09 ’10~‘11 ’12~‘13

Financial investment plan (KRW trillion)

Growth rate

Job creation(x 10,000 jobs)

Promotion and fostering of green industry5

Greening core nine industries (petrochemical, steel, etc.)

Percentage of green export: 10% (2009) 15% (2013)

Greening core industries and expansion of green

business

Expansion of green industrial complexes

No. of green industry complexes: 5(2009) 10(2013)(Waste recycling, high-efficiency facilities & equipment, IT-based management system, etc.)

Green partnership between enterprises

– improvement of green capacity for small & mid-size enterprises

GreenPartner

No. of businesses participating in the

green partnership : 685(2009) 1,500(2013)

Development of resources-recycling

economy & promotion of urban miningResource recycling rates: 15% (2009)

17% (2013)Support on urban mining-related R&D: KRW 9 billion (2009) KRW 37.5 billion (2013)

’09~’13

• Green diagnosis consultant

• green growth expert for small & mid-sized en-terprise

4.91.8

2.06.7%

0.8

‘09 ’10~‘11 ’12~‘13

Financial investment plan (KRW trillion)

Growth rate

Job creation(x 10,000 jobs)

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Green Growth Controversy in Korea

Low-carbon Green Growth and Nuclear Power Renaissance

Expansion of nuclear power generations Percentage of nuclear power among total electricity: 35.5%(2007) 59.0%(2030)

Steady growth with minimization of energy con-sumption

Reduction of CO2 emissions even with same en-ergy use

Development of ‘green energy’ into new growth engine

• Shift to low-energy consumption in-dustry• Improvement of energy efficiency• Setting energy-sav-ing goals in manu-facture and build-ings

• Expansion of new and renewable en-ergy• Expansion of clean energy use includ-ing nuclear energy• Reduction of CO2 emissions

• Expansion of green technology R&D investment• Fostering green industry includ-ing new and renew-able energy

Nuclear power-dependent structure Aggressive nuclear power expansion

policy A total of 21 nuclear reactors in operation

(2011) 13 reactors to be constructed additionally by

2024 Highest nuclear power density: 182.2kW/km2 (Japan: 127.2kW/km2) Concentration of power generation facility in-

vestments in nuclear power plantsCategory 2011~2024 Percentage

Nuclear power

KRW 29.9748 trillion

68%

Coal KRW 9.9889 tril-lion

23%

LNG KRW 4.1394 tril-lion

9%

Pumping-up KRW 51.3 billion 0%

Total KRW 44.1544 trillion

100%

15

Ring of Nuclear and Korea No. of nuclear reactors in China: 228 (13: In operation,

27: Under construction, 188: Under review for addi-tional construction)

No. of nuclear reactors in Japan: 69 (construction plan included)

The Four Rivers Project Goals• To secure abundant water resources against

potential water scarcity;• To implement a comprehensive flood control

system;• To improve water quality and restore the

ecosystems; and• To create multi-use open spaces for People Project scopes• Total 170 construction zones• 16 movable weirs• Dredging : total 450 million m3

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18

19

20

21

22

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Seoul’s Challenges toward SD

836

1044

240

1,062

20.6

119

297

8.5

(1960)

46

(1980)(2000) (2010)(1975) (1980) (1990) (2010)(1960) (1980) (1990) (2010)

98

250192

24

City of Seoul is

Capital of Korea for 600 years ; political, economic and cultural center

Facing environmental problems caused by rapid urbanization such as increasing population, houses, and cars

Affected by climate change challenges caused by intensifying global

warming

Population (10K)

No. of houses (10K)No. of registered cars (10K)

25

Seoul is surrounded by high mountains – difficult to diffuse air

Affected by various air polluting factors such as increasing number of cars and yellow dust phenomenon

Lower air pollution by implementing projects such as increasing use of clean fuel and promoting low pollution for diesel cars

Air Qual-ity

25

Sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) level reached advanced na-tions’ level

PM10 ( ㎍ / ㎥ )

Yellow Dust

Max. Concen-tration

( ㎍ /㎥ )

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

6

5

11 11 12 12

511㎍ / ㎥

No. of monitored days

623㎍ / ㎥

1,355㎍ / ㎥ 1,059

㎍ / ㎥

Particulate matter (PM10) level is higher than that of advanced nations

2,941㎍ / ㎥ 15

2010

1354㎍ / ㎥

9 1157㎍ / ㎥

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

PM10 (㎍ /㎥ )

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Green axis and forests are destroyed in the process of urbanization – house and road construction

Expanded green space by increasing parks and green space continu-ously and conserving forests

Not enough green parks in community area

26

0

10

20

30

TorontoBerlinLondonSeoulParis NewYork

TokyoBeijing

㎡ /capita29.7

24.5 24.2

16.05

10.4 10.3

4.5 4.5

Park space per capita

Parks in Seoul169.05 ㎢

Parks in Seoul (2009)

Neighborhood Parks

45.52 ㎢(27%) Natural Parks

104.92 ㎢(62%)

Other Parks18.61 ㎢(11%)

Green Park

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* Buildings (68.2%) and transportation (23.6%) account for over 90% of annual energy consumption (45,761K ton CO2e)

가정 ·상업

(56.7%)

수송(24.9%)

GHG Emissions (’08) :

Emissions in Seoul is 50,383K ton CO2e

(1990 baseline year: emission 44,983K ton CO2e), 5,400K ton CO2e (12.0%) increase compared to 1990 level

Buildings and transportation account for more than 80% of GHG

emissions in Seoul – Building: 61.4%, Transportation: 21.4%, Industry:

10.8%, Waste: 6.4%

Greenhouse Gases

Building30,92462%

Transportation

10,78521%

Industry5,45411%

Other3,219

6%

Building Transportation Industry Other<GHG Emissions by Sector(`08)>

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Seoul’s Climate Change Action

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Set climate change visions for 2030 [Eco-Friendly Energy Declaration(‘07.4) set goals for 2020]

Announced 2030 Green Design Seoul (‘09.7) Set aggressive GHG reduction goals, similar to those of Annex 1 countries

Provide visions for low carbon, low energy city, responding to climate

change

2000Baseline yr

2030

Reduce energy consumption

2004 2030

Increase renewable energy use

2030

Reduce GHG emissions

0.6%

40%

20%20%

1990Baseline yr

2020 2020 2020

25%

15%

10%

Seoul GHG reduction goal : 40% reduction by 2030 (1990

baseline year) Energy consumption : 20% reduction by 2030 (2000 baseline year)

Renewable energy use : 20% increase by 2030

Long term Climate Change & GHG Reduction Goals

29

30

Set Climate Change Ordinance (‘08.9)

Stipulate Seoul’s GHG reduction goals

Apply Seoul Green Architecture Standard

Climate Change Fund / Secured financing for stronger public supportIncrease financing : 64.8billion KRW (’09) ⇒ 93 billion KRW(’11)Expand beneficiary : Grant loans to GHG reduction and renewable energy projects

※ First regulation to be set in Korea without higher law

Lay foundation for management of Climate Change Fund

Basic ground for implementation of comprehensive mea-sures – climate change, energy, and transportation de-mand management

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Set ground for climate change monitoring Enhance capacity to address climate change

Build Climate Change R&D Center (Seoul Development Institute, ’09. 1)

Automate weather monitoring system (’09. 1) : Install 26 AWS (Automatic Weather System)

Enhance climate change and energy related re-search, improve policy development capacity

Produce Seoul Climate Change Map (’06~ ’08)

Create emissions database – Seoul GHG inventory (’09)

Use as basic data to establish climate change plans and eco-friendly urban management poli-cies

AWS

Update database & establish “GHG management system” (’11.5)

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Implementation directions of climate change ac-tion plans

Save energy, use renewable energy, increase clean fuel and collective energy supply

Improve building energy efficiency, promote energy saving and eco-friendly design & maintenance

Reduce waste generation, encourage recycling, co-use resource recovery facility

Improve public transportation system, deliver eco-friendly green cars, install bicycle facili-ties

Greening projects, stream & ecosystem restoration projects

Energy

Building

Waste

Transportation

Improving Climate

Prepare for heat wave and tropical night phenome-non, prevent contagious diseases

PublicHealthcare

Environmental education at homes & schools, en-courage citizen participation programs – Eco-mileage, CAP, etc.

Citizen Par-ticipation

Mitigation

Adaptation

Citizen Par-ticipation

Water quantity and quality management, rainwater re-cycling

Water Man-agement

Reinforce facilities to prepare for torrential rainfalls, prevent flooding

Flood Con-trol

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Seoul’s Sustainable Energy Ac-tion:

“Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant”

Reduction of en-ergy consump-

tion as much as

the amount of power produced by each nuclear power reactor through de-crease in demand for energy and ex-pansion of energy

production

Why ‘Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant’?

Low self-sufficiency rates (3.3%)

Dramatic increase in demand for electric-

ity

Improvement of en-ergy security to be prepared against elec-tricity crisis

Increase in citi-zens’ anxiety af-ter Fukushima’s nuclear night-

mare

Necessary to prevent possible nuclear power accidents

completely

Severe climate changes such as global warming

Necessary to re-duce greenhouse

gas emissions

Vi-sion

Goal

Establishment of the ground for energy independence targeting the world climate environmental cap-

ital- Power self-sufficiency rates: 10% (2014) 25%

(2020)

2014

10%

2020

25%

‘Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant’Reduction of 2 million TOE by 2014

750,000 TOE (8,720GWh)

1,250,000 TOE

‘Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant’ Vision

Electricity

Petroleum and city gas

* The annual power generation of Yeonggwang Nuclear Power Plant Unit 5 (the biggest nuclear power reactor in Korea, 1GWh): 8,672GWh

Goal

Policies(77projects in six fields)

Expansion of new &

renewable energy pro-

duction

promotion building

energy ef-ficiency

establishing high-effi-

ciency transporta-tion system

creation of energy in-dustry-re-lated jobs

restructure of urban

space into energy-sav-ing space

creation of energy-sav-ing citizens

culture

Elec.: 490,000 TOE

(5,697GWh)

City gas:550,000

TOE

Petroleum:350,000 TOE

Electricity: 260,000 TOE

(3,023GWh))Heat: 350,000 TOE

Energy produc-tion

610,000 TOE

Decrease in energy demand

1,390,000 TOE

Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant

Establishment and opera-tion of energy foun-dation

10

Creation of energy-sav-ing citizens’ culture

09

Creation of 44,000 energy industry-re-

lated jobs

08

100,000 people participating

in the car-sharing pro-gram

07

Strict design standards such as limit on energy

consumption for new build-ings

06

Construction of ‘Sunlight City (260MW)’

(the city itself is a huge PV power generation plant)

01

Construction of ‘Distrib-uted

Power System (320MW)’

through development of hydrogen fuel cell

02

Improvement of en-ergy efficiency in residence, building and schools

03

Realization of ‘Smart Lighting City’ using LED (distribution of 7 million LED lights)

04

Establishment of ‘2030 Urban Master

Plan’ for construction of energy-efficient urban space

05

Top 10 ‘Shut Down One Nuclear Power Plant’

projects

Expansion of the number of the PV Sunlight Power Generation Plants: 230MW by 2014- 1,600 plants (ex: Public organizations,

schools, etc.) : 130MW- 6,500 plants (ex: Residence, office

buildings, etc.) : 100MW

Construction of ‘Nanum Power Plant’ to go with

a local society : 30MW by 2014 (26 plants in total)

- Formation of local community or coopera-

tives- Use of the revenue on energy welfare

Production and use of ‘Seoul Sunlight Map’

- Survey on PV potential and installation

area

Construction of energy self-sufficiency

village

: 25 villages by 2014

- Seongdaegol Village (Dongjak-gu),

- Seongmisan Village (Mapo-gu),

- Seowon Village (Gangdong-gu), etc

Introduction of ‘Seoul Power Generation Financial Aid System’ to promote the distribution of small PV installations

“We build a city which itself is a huge PV power generation plant.” – Sunlight City

Improvement of energy-saving systems such as insulated windows, LED lighting and heating & cooling system

“We dramatically enhance build-ing energy efficiency.”

Home-visit energy diagnosis service: 50,000 households, 1,500 small buildings)

BRP in high-energy-consump-tion

mid-size and large build-ings:

700 1,221 buildings

BRP (Municipal social welfare facilities)

BRP targeting 10,000 de-tached houses

Construction of low-carbon green schools

Improvement of old and outdated public facili-

ties

Eco-School (elementary, middle and high) Project

X 50,000 X 1,500

262 buildings10 schools

2,500 houses

30 facilities

30 schools

842 buildings30 schools

10,000 houses59 facilities (completed 100%)

60 schools

700 building

1,221 building

* 2012 -→ 2014

Construction of ‘Smart Lighting City’ through

a perfect harmony between IT and lighting

- Development of integrated outdoor light-

ing control system (ON-OFF, Dimming) - Establishment of ‘Outdoor Lighting

Brightness Standards (2013)’:

Early distribution of LED lights by attracting private investments (investment first, revenue later) through LED Asso-ciation

“ We improve energy-saving sys-tems such as insulated windows, LED lighting and heating & cooling system.”

Subway sta-tion (com-

pleted 100%): 450,000 units

Under-ground mall (completed

100%): 16,000 units

Expansion of the LED distribution in civil

sector

Replacement of lighting sources (signboard, security lamp, street lamp,

etc.) with high-efficiency ones

Underground parking lots of

apartments and large commer-cial buildings: 2

million units

Multipurpose facilities such as discount

stores and de-partments

stores: 5 mil-lion units

LED Hall: Na-jin Store (2012 – 2015)

The number of LED and solar cell-used sign-boards: 3,000

annually

16,500 LED security

lamps in res-idence areas

Replace-ment of old street lamps with energy-

saving lamps:

140,000- Expansion of the percentage of LED lighting For new buildings: 30-40% (2011) 100%

(2014)

Expansion of the LED distribution in pub-lic sector : 815,000 units by 2014

Public build-ings and road: 309,000 units

Promotion of car-sharing program

: 25,000 people (500 cars) (2012) 100,000 people (2,000 cars)

- Priority on public parking lot ticket

: 200 lots (2012) 1,200 lots (2014)

- Operation of car-sharing informa-tion website and electric vehi-cle grant, etc.

* Reduction of KRW 2,038,000 annually

if a car-sharing program is used (SONATA 2.0 model / 10 years)

“We build environment-friendly, high-efficiency transportation system.”

Shift of perception from ‘possession’ to ‘use’ through the introduction of car-sharing program

Promotion of ‘Weekly No Driving Day’ campaign in large build-ings

: 1,380 buildings (2012) 6,900 (2014)- 50% of the buildings which are subject to

traffic occurrence charges (9% at present)Restriction on car use : Reduc-

tion of traffic volume: 8,260,000 cars (2009) 7,760,000 cars

(2014)- Increase in traffic occurrence charges

(KRW 350 1,000), increase in traffic occurrence indexes, expansion of local governor’s coordination rights (100% 200%), In-

crease in parking fee in urban & commercial area

parking lots (2013) - Expansion and increase in congestion

charges

Purchase Possession Mainte-nance

Passenger Car

2,850 2,100 1,908 KR-W6,850,000

Basic Rate Annual Rate

Car Sharing

110 4,701 KRW 4,812,000

Energy sav-ings

:2 million TOE

Improvement of power self-suffi-

ciency rates: 10% by 2014

Reduction of greenhouse gas emis-

sions

: 7,130,000 CO2

- 7,130km2 afforestation effect: 1,584

times greater than Yeouido

(4.5km)Economic benefits: KRW 2.1 trillion

- Petroleum import substitution: 15.6

million bl.

* Total project cost (KRW 3.4 trillion)

will be fully collected by 2015.

Job creation: 44,000

jobs

2010

3.3%

2014

10%

Effects

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

One nu-clear reac-tor will be shut down by 2014

One nuclear reactor annu-ally since 2015

Thank you

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