Korea Bicycle Transportation:Trends and SafetyTrends and Safety

April 7 , 2011

Hee Cheol Shin Ph DHee Cheol Shin, Ph.D.

ContentsContents

Bicycle Transportation Situation1

Korea Cycling Promotion Policies2

Trends of Cycling Safety in Korea3

Bicycle Infrastructure of KoreaBicycle Transportation Situation

Bicycle Infrastructure of KoreaBicycle paths : 1,427km

Separate from Vehicles and Pedestrians

Bicycle lanes : 189km

A l t th i ht id f th dA lane at the right side of the road

Bicycle –pedestrian mixed ways: 9,770km

Separate from vehicles but mix with pedestriansp p

85.8%

12.5% 1.7%

Bicycle ways Bicycle lanes Bicycle-Pedestrian ways

Source: data obtained from Korea Ministry of Public Administration and Security, 20093

Comparison of Bicycle Mode Share Bicycle Transportation Situation

by Countries 27%

18%

27%

5%6%

8%10% 10%

11%KOREA 1.2%

1% 1% 1% 1%2% 2%

3% 3%4%

5%

Bi l h f t i (%)

Source: data quoted from Pucher and Buehler (2008)

Bicycle share of trips (%)

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The 1st National PlanKorea Cycling Policies

Policy History

Formulated the campaign plan for cycle use (April 1993)

The 1 National Plan

Ministry responsible: Ministry of Home AffairesOrigin of Ministerial Directives for development of cycle infrastructures

Promulgated the Law for Cycle Use Activating (Jan. 1995)

Ministry responsible: Ministry of Home AffairesO i i f i l ti di d f t l ti

Announced national cycling use activating plan

Origin of implementing ordinance and enforcement regulation

Ministry responsible: Ministry of Home Affairs5 years plan focused on infrastructures

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The 2nd National PlanKorea Cycling Policies

Policy History

Announced the Second national plan for cycling use activating

The 2 National Plan

Ministry responsible: M. of Government Administration and Home AffairsBased on the assessment of 1st national plan

Some briefs of the Assessment of 1st national plan

Modal share increased: 1.85%for 1995, 2.4% for 2002Total budgets used: 478 billion won (National 30%, Local 70%) g ( %, %)Infrastructures: Bikeway 4,419km / Cycle parking for 190,000 cycles

Objectives of 2nd national planj p

Budgets: 500 billion won (National 40%, Local 40%, Other 20%)Infrastructures: Bikeway 4,000km, cycle parking for 80,000 cyclesNew: National campaign, education for safetyNew: National campaign, education for safety

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New National Initiative PlanKorea Cycling Policies

Policy History

Lee Myung-bak administration announced new era

New National Initiative Plan

Announced green growth strategy (Aug. 2008)National Initiative plan was released (Jan. 2009)

New national initiative plan

Modal share target: 5% for 2012Total budgets: 1.2 trillion won (national only, local independently)Total budgets: 1.2 trillion won (national only, local independently) Infrastructures target: Bikeway17,000km for 2019

Bicycle master plancyc e aste p a

Comprehensive master plan was finalized last yearCentral government focuses on bike for urban transportation useIncludes not only infrastructure but also campaign, education etc.Includes not only infrastructure but also campaign, education etc.

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Who is in charge of bicycle matters?Korea Cycling Policies

Institution

• Ministry of Public Administration and Security: General bicycle

• Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism: Promotion of bicycleand Security: General bicycle

matters

• Ministry of Land Transport and

Tourism: Promotion of bicycle atheletics

• Ministry of Knowledge Economy:• Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs: Infrastructure

• Ministry of Knowledge Economy: Bicycle industry

•National Police Agency: Bicycle• Ministry of Environment: Environment matters of bicycle(air pollution)

•National Police Agency: Bicycle safety

No integrated policy

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Policy DirectionKorea Cycling Policies

Masterplan

Objectives

Policy Direction

Modal shareModal share InfrastructureInfrastructure OwnershipOwnershippp

Strategies

Legal / Institutional Infrastructure Public awareness

Mandate facilitiesSafety and regulationsBi l i

Bike facilitiesUtility bikewaysN ti l bik t k

CampaignsEducation & promotion

s

Bicycle insurance National bike network

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Bicycle Master PlanKorea Cycling Policies

Masterplan

Vision 1. Easy & safety Vision 4. Environment

Visions and Objectives (target year of 2019)

VISION

Build safe bikeways

• decrease 30% of bike accidents

• build 30,000km of bikeways

Improve bike environments

• decrease 30% of air pollution

VISION 2019

6EVision 2. Efficiency Vision 5. EconomyIncrease bike mode share Stimulate regional economy

related with tourism6EVision 3. Exchange Vision 6 Experience

• achieve 10% of bike mode share

• achieve 30% of commuting ratio

related with tourism

• achieve 20% of bike tourism among total

g Vision 6. ExperienceIntegrate with other transit modes

• secure central government subsidies of 50%

i 100% t f i ti

10 pilot cities chosen, and expands the experiences to other cities

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• increase 100% transferring ratio • achieve 15% of bike mode share for pilot cities (2012)

Contents and Objectives of the Master PlanKorea Cycling Policies

Masterplan

Obj ti 03 i t t ith t it

Objective 01 _ connected with urban development

Objective 02 _ promote pilot citiesUrban Urban

developmentdevelopment

InfrastructureInfrastructureObjective 03 _ integrate with transit

Objective 04 _ supply safe bike stations

Objective 05 _ supply Public Bike System

Objective 06 _ manage high quality bikeways

FacilitiesFacilities

ManagementManagement

Safety and StimulationSafety and Stimulation

Objective 07 _ provide education standard

Objective 08 _ develop education programEducationEducation

Objective 09 marketingObjective 09 _ marketing

Objective 10 _ planning related with tourismStimulationStimulation

Objective 11 _ revise acts related with bicyclesLegislationLegislation

Legislation and PolicyLegislation and Policy

Objective 12 _ refine roles of ministries

Objective 13 _ consultative group for implementation

Objective 14 _ expert group for guidelinesCoordinative Coordinative

committeecommittee

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Objective 15 _ evaluate and monitor bike policiesEvaluation Evaluation & monitoring& monitoring

National Bicycle Policy Framework Korea Cycling Policies

Masterplan

National land use planCentral

governmentBicycle master plan

Metropolitan transportation plan

Master plan

City plan

Transportation planEnvironmental assessment

Landscape Master plan

Comprehensive Bicycle planCity plan

Local

government

Green space master planComprehensive Bicycle plan

Local area development plan Bicycle Master plan

City management plan

government

Bicycle Infrastructure

Urban development Projects

City plan Transport plan

Urban development Bicycle model city

Incentives

BTL, BTO

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Public Transport and BicycleKorea Cycling Policies

Masterplan

Integrate with transit Safe bike station PBS

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Deployment of PBS in KoreaKorea Cycling Policies

U-Bike

Deployment of PBS in Korea

N bij t t d i O t 2008 ith 20 t ti d

Changwon Goyang• Nubija started in Oct. 2008 with 20 stations and

430 bikes• Now 119 stations and 2,030 bikes• Used by 43,000 members 4 times a day

• ‘FIFTEEN’ opened in March 2010• Now 125 stations and 3,000 bikes• Used by members 2 times a day

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Korea Cycling Policies

U-Bike

U-Bike System

• Public Bike System (PBS)- PBS has been validated worldwide, so is popular in Korea- Every Korean city is trying to introduce Velib-style smart PBS- Central government is building standards to make adjacent PBS compatible

• AND what else?- Because of short distance characteristics, we are focusing on transfer

system to transit- How to increase? PBS and U-Bike System

• U-Bike SystemK h ll i d t f t b t t it- Korea has a well-equipped transfer system between transit

- T-money system is a transfer system without extra charge using RFID tech- We want to apply T-money system to bicycle; transfer without extra charge- And green mileage or eco-mileage will be appliedAnd, green mileage or eco mileage will be applied

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U-Bike City for BTOD/BODKorea Cycling Policies

U-Bike

U Bike City for BTOD/BODU-Bike City

• Apply ubiquitous technology to link bicycle and transit system

• Select 10 cities for pilot program and focus national efforts

Work

Personal Bike

Subway Public Bike

Transfer

Bus WalkingPublic Bike

Transfer Transfer School

Bus Bus Stop

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Bicycle Oriented Transportation SystemKorea Cycling Policies

BOD

Build effective urban transportation system by inducing bicycle travelBuild effective urban transportation system by inducing bicycle travel whenever it is possible or preferable

17Source : German National Cycling Plan 2002-2012, 2002.

BTOD& BODKorea Cycling Policies

BOD

BTOD& BODCategory TOD BTOD BOD

Transit Oriented Bicycle and Transit Bicycle OrientedConcept Transit Oriented Development

Bicycle and Transit Oriented Development

Bicycle Oriented Development

Focus Transit Bicycle and Transit Bicycle

Center Transit Transfer Center B-T Transfer Center Bicycle Node

Urban C t l B i A C t l B i A M lti C itStructure Central Business Area Central Business Area Multi-Community

Landscape

Size Big and/or medium Big and/or medium Small and/or medium

Model

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Model

Relation among TOD, BTOD and BODKorea Cycling Policies

BOD

Change from TOD to BTOD byBi l d T it

Use ofTransit Change from TOD to BTOD by

strengthening bicycle

Change from BOD in small town

Bicycle and Transit Oriented

Development(BTOD)

Transit Oriented Development

(TOD)

Transit

to BTOD for medium sized citywhen we focus more on transit

Bicycle OrientedDevelopment

(BOD)

Car OrientedDevelopment

(BOD)

Use of Bicycle

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Use of Bicycle

Bicycle Portal InformationKorea Cycling Policies

Information

(Web + App )

Non-location based information

Location based informationinformation information

• General information of bicycle use •Access and update bicycle

infrastructure informationSmart-phone

•Bicycle policies•Online community•Bicycle news and issues

infrastructure information•Real time weather condition•Guide public bike system Station

•Route information•Bikeway maps •Route information•Navigation•Guide travelers

20Webpage

Smart Phone Based Service

Korea Cycling Policies

Information

Smart Phone Based ServiceBicycle route navigation

•Bicycle routes guidance with GIS map•Mobile Augmented Reality Techniques

PBS information Application

•Guide PBS Station(distance direction capacity

Now Biking (I-phone app)

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(distance, direction, capacity and inventories)

•Guide public transportation stations

Types of ImplementationKorea Cycling Policies

Infrastructure

Types of ImplementationType Context Responsibility Purpose

N DMZ d Mi i f F ti dNational Near DMZ and along coastal lines

Ministry of Public Admin

For connection and utility/leisure

4 Rivers Route Along the 4 rivers Ministry of Land For connection and leisure

Ministry ofRegional Route Community border Ministry of Public Admin For connection and leisure

Municipal Route Urban andmetropolitan areas Municipality Utility/leisure

National Circular Route 4 Rivers Route Municipal Route Regional Route

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Examples of Cycle-friendly PlanninKorea Cycling Policies

Infrastructure

g

Road-diet (City of Incheon) Compact and NMT-friendly development (Cheonggye Stream)

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Traffic calming (Insadong Street) Bicycle-friendly city (City of Changwon)

Traffic AccidentsTrends of Cycling Safety in KoreaBicycle Safety Stats

T ffi id t f K h k t d i i 2000

Traffic Accidents

Traffic accidents of Korea have kept decreasing since 2000Deaths from traffic accidents: 10,236 (2000) ⇒ 5,870 (2008)

Bicycle AccidentsTrends of Cycling Safety in KoreaBicycle Safety Stats

Bicycle Accidents

9 000

Number of bicycle accidents (2001 ~ 2007)

7,976

8,790

7 500

8,000

8,500

9,000

6,235 6 024

6,753

6 000

6,500

7,000

7,500

5,560 6,024

5,000

5,500

6,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20072001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007

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Features of Bicycle AccidentsTrends of Cycling Safety in KoreaBicycle Safety Stats

Fatality trend

• 29 Higher fatality than other accidents

Features of Bicycle Accidents

• 29 Higher fatality than other accidents

• deaths per 1000 accidents (2008)

Deaths/injured ratio• Much higher than other accidents – high fatality• 34 deaths per 1000 injured (2008)• Compared with 17 deaths per 1000 injured for total traffic

0.0370.034

0.030

0.040

Deaths/Injured ratio of Total accident and Bicycle accident

0.037 0.035

0.0290.03

0.0350.04

Fatality comparison between Total accident and Bicycle accident

0.018 0.017

0.010

0.020

Total Accident

Bicycle Accident

0.029 0.027

0.0050.01

0.0150.02

0.025

Total Accident

Bicycle Accident0.000

2007 20080

2006 2007 2008

Comparison of Bicycle Traffic F li i b C i

Trends of Cycling Safety in KoreaBicycle Safety Stats

Fatalities by Countries Fatalities/1,000,000 bicycle trip

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Who is in charge of bicycle safety?Trends of Cycling Safety in KoreaInstitution

• National Police Agencyis responsible for every traffic safetyis responsible for every traffic safety.

• Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairsis responsible for safety facilities.

• Ministry of Public Administration and Securityis responsible for safety promotion.

Need coordinating instituteNeed coordinating institute

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Bicycle Accident Data FlowTrends of Cycling Safety in KoreaInstitution

Raw data Accident database Fatality database

E h li

TAMS TAASPolice Station

• Each police station

• Registered

• National PoliceAgency • Road Traffic

Authority• Registered traffic

accidents

• Every registered traffic accidentdata

• Fatality trafficaccident data

• Very details(paper sheets) • 65 items • 35 items

O t bli

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ConfidentialOpen to publictaas.koroad.or.krNot open to public

180 o less deaths pe ea

Trends of Cycling Safety in KoreaGoal and Strategy

180 or less deaths per year

Integrated land use with transportation

Integrated bicycle policy in transportation

Land Use

Integrated bicycle policy in transportationTransport

Infrastructure Institution Education /Marketing

Bicycle

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Trends of Cycling Safety in KoreaGoal and Strategy

Strategy

S f t f d i f t t l i d tSafety-focused infrastructure planning and management- Monitoring system and feedback procedure- Upgrade infrastructure standardspg- Build more infrastructure

Integrate transportation and land use- Reduce speed limit- Traffic calmingg

Promote bicycle culture for safety by legal, institutional and marketing

Thank you

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