Komunikasi Saintifik Proposal Bm

8/8/2019 Komunikasi Saintifik Proposal Bm

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KOMUNIKASI

SAINTIFIK

SHUKOR MD NOR

KULIAH: SAINS SEKITARAN RABU 1-2 DK1SN

KHAMIS 5-6 129 BB


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PROSES PENYELIDIKAN / KAJIAN SAINTIFIK


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Usul Kajian Analisis Lapuran

Aplikasi

Usul

Bagi mendapatkanDana dansebagaigarispanduanpenyelidikan

LapuranDisampaikan dalambentuk penulisan (Journal,Porsiding, teknikal) dan

lisan (seminar) dan Poster

Usul dan lapuran perlu disampaikan (komunikasi)

AplikasiBagimenyelesaikanmasalah atau

isu.

Isu

Masalah yangdihadapi atauyang perludiselesaikan


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USUL ATAU KERTAS CADANGAN


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Tajuk

Abstrak

Pengenalan

Kaitan dengan TajukPersoalan dalam Kajian dan keperluan penyelidikan

Objektif Penyelidikan

Ulasan Kepustakaan

Kajian terdahulu

a an awa

Soalan yang berkaitanReprise of your resulting question in this context

Methodology

Approach to answering the question

Data needs

Analytic techniquesPlan for interpreting results

Budget

Expected results

Bibliography / References


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Title

A good title is usually a compromise between conciseness and explicitness.Although titles should be comprehensive enough to indicate the nature of the

proposed work, they should also be brief. One good way to cut the length oftitles is to avoid words that add nothing to a reader's understanding, such as"Studies on...," "Investigations...," or "Research on Some Problems in...."


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Abstract

To present the essential meaning of the proposal, the abstract shouldsummarize or at least suggest the answers to all the questions mentioned in

the Introduction above, except the one about cost (which is excluded on thegrounds that the abstract is subject to a wider public distribution than the restof the proposal). Certainly the major objectives of the project and the

procedures to be followed in meeting these objectives should be mentioned.

The abstract speaks for the proposal when it is separated from it, provides thereader with his first impression of the request, and, by acting as a summary,frequently provides him also with his last. Thus it is the most important singleelement in the proposal.


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The Introduction

Topic Area

A good title will clue the reader into the topic but it can not tell the whole story.follow the title with a short The introduction provides a brief overview that tellsa fairly well informed but perhaps non-specialist reader what the proposal is

about. It might be as short as a single page, but it should be very clearlywritten, and it should let one assess whether the research is relevant to their

own. With luck it will hook the reader's interest.

What is your proposal about? Briefly describe the general topic and quicklycome to the question that your research will address. Show why this is

important to answer.


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The Introduction

Question

Once the topic is established, come right to the point. What are you goingto do? What specific issue or question will your work address? What willwe learn from your work?

Significance

Why is this work important? What are the implications of doing it? Howdoes it link to other knowledge? How does it stand to inform policymaking? This should show how this project is significant to our body ofknowledge. Why is it important to our understanding of the world? It

should establish why I would want to read on. It should also tell me why Iwould want to fund the project.


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Literature Review

State of our knowledge

The purpose of the literature review is to situate your research in the contextof what is already known about a topic. It need not be exhaustive, it needs toshow how your work will benefit the whole. It should provide the theoreticalbasis for your work, show what has been done in the area by others, and set

the stage for your work.

In a literature review you should give the reader enough ties to the literaturethat they feel confident that you have found, read, and assimilated theliterature in the field. It should probably move from the more general to the

more focused studies, but need not be exhaustive, only relevant.

.


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Literature Review

Outstanding questions

This is where you present the holes in the knowledge that need to be plugged, .

work will fit in and be significant to the discipline. This can be made easier if thereis literature that comes out and says "Hey, this is a topic that needs to be treated!What is the answer to this question?" and you will sometimes see this type of

piece in the literature. Perhaps there is a reason to read old AAG presidentialaddresses.


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Research Questions in Detail

Your work to date

Tell what you have done so far. It might report preliminary studiesthat you have conducted to establish the feasibility of your research.It should give a sense that you are in a position to add to the bodyof knowledge.


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Methodology

Overview of approach

This section should make clear to the

reader the way that you intend to approacht e researc quest on an t e tec n quesand logic that you will use to address it.


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MethodologyData CollectionThis might include the field site description, adescription of the instruments you will use, and

particularly the data that you anticipate collecting. Youmay need to comment on site and resourceaccessibility in the time frame and budget that youhave available, to demonstrate feasibility, but the

specifically what data you will be using in your study.Part of the purpose of doing this is to detect flaws inthe plan beforethey become problems in theresearch.


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MethodologyData AnalysisThis should explain in some detail how youwill manipulate the data that you

assembled to get at the information thatyou will use to answer your question. It will

include the statistical or other techniquesand the tools that you will use inprocessing the data. It probably should

also include an indication of the range ofoutcomes that you could reasonablyexpect from your observations.


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Methodology

InterpretationIn this section you should indicate how theanticipated outcomes will be interpreted toanswer the research question. It is

of outcomes from your analysis, and foreach know what it will mean in terms of theanswer to your question.


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Expected ResultsThis section should give a good indication of what

you expect to get out of the research. It should jointhe data analysis and possible outcomes to thetheory and questions that you have raised. It will bea good place to summarize the significance of thework.

It is often useful from the very beginning offormulating your work to write one page for thissection to focus your reasoning as you build the restof the proposal.


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BibliographyThis is the list of the relevant works. Some advisors like

exhaustive lists. I think that the Graduate Divisionspecifies that you call it "Bibliography". Others like tosee only the literature which you actually site. Most fallin between: there is no reason to site irrelevantliterature but it may be useful to keep track of it even if

only to say that it was examined and found to beirrelevant.Use a standard format. Order the referencesalphabetically, and use "flag" paragraphs as per theUniversity's Guidelines.


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This is not complete and needs a little rearranging.

The balance between Introduction and Literature Reviewneeds to be thought out. The reader will want to be able to

figure out whether to read the proposal. The literature reviewshould be sufficiently inclusive that the reader can tell where

the bounds of knowledge lie. It should also show what hasbeen done and what seem to be accepted approaches in thefield and the kinds of results that are being gotten.

thesis. It is common, although not really desirable, for thesesto make reference to every slightly related piece of work thatcan be found. This is not necessary. Refer to the work thatactually is linked to your study, don't go too far afield (unless

your committee is adamant that you do ;-).


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Usul Penyelidikan mempunyai beberapa fungsi;

1. Menyatakan apa yang akan dibuat, kenapa perlu dibuat, bagaimana perludilakukan, dan apa yang dijangkakan hasilnya. Ini termasuk carabagaimana akan dianalisis dan intrepretasi hasilnya.

2. Menolong untuk memikirkan bagaimana penyelidikan akan dijalankan danmembuat jangkaan kekangan yang mungkin akan dihadapi. Ini termasukmenilai berapa besar penyelidikan yang akan dijalankan.

3. Kepada penyelidik yang kurang pasti halatuju atau fokus penyelidikan,kertas usul boleh digunakan sebagai ruang untuk menilai option atau

pilihan lain.

4. Bahan untuk digunakan dalam perbincangan dengan ahli lain ataupenyelia dan ahlijawatankuasa penyelidikan.

5. Boleh digunakan sebagai panduan dalam menjalankan penyelidikan.


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PENGENALAN

Usul adalah pelan untuk membuat keputusan secara teknikaldan bagi tujuan pengurusan.

Teknikal Bertanyakan samada penyelidikan feasible untukdijalankan.

Pengurusan Bertanyakan samada mempunyai nilai unutkdijalankan dan siapa yang akan menjalankan penyelidikan.

Tujuan: Untuk memberi kepastian

Mendapatkan kebenaranMendapatkan bantuan keewangan

Apa yang di nilai: Format, Polisi, tarikh akhir, proses


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PENGENALAN

FORMAT PROPOSAL

Semua bahagian mesti ada tajuk tajuk tertentu yangdicadangkan.

Gunakan ayat yang menunjukkan AKAN dilakukan. Gunakan ayat Kami atau Saya.

Semua teks penulisan termasuk Kaedah mesti ditulis denganpadat tetapi jelas dan disusun mengikut para yang sesuai.


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PENGENALANFORMAT PROPOSAL

Jika menggunakan nama saintifik untuk haiwan dantumbuhan mestilah dengan huruf besar pada huruf pertamaGenus dan Spesies menggunakan semua huruf kecil yang di

co ong an a au gar s an awa . emu annya namasaintifik boleh dirujuk kepada nama tempatan atau namabiasa. Contohnya, Kami akan menilai struktur bunga cardinal(Lobelia cardinalis). Selepasnya hanya dinyatakan sebagai L.

cardinalis.

Format boleh berubah-ubah mengikut bidang.


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USUL ATAU KERTAS CADANGAN PROPOSAL

Elements of the Research Proposal

Title

Abstract

Study Problem

Relevance of the Project

Literature Review

Specific Study ObjectivesResearch Methods

I. Study designII. Subjects

oSampling

o Recruitment planso Method of assignment to study groups

III. Data collectiono variables: outcomes, predictors, confounderso measures/instrumentso procedures

IV. InterventionV. Statistical considerations

o sample sizeo data analysis

Ethical Considerations

Work Plan

Budget


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USUL ATAU KERTAS CADANGAN ATAU PROPOSAL

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Komunikasi Saintifik Proposal Bm