KNR 273: Leisure Ability Model

Stumbo & Peterson, 2009

Overview

Significance of a professional philosophy Leisure Ability Model Means/end debate Framework for evaluating models

Why is a professional philosophy important?

It guides practice Tells you and others why you do what you do

Regardless of philosophy or model, will use APIE

Professional philosophies are often represented in models

What is a model?

Representative of something Provides an image or picture Practice models must do more Should direct practitioners in intervening with

clients Should be based on theory

Austin, 1999

Leisure Ability Model(Adopted by NTRS in 1982)

Originally by Peterson & Gunn, 1984 Modified by Peterson & Stumbo, 2000 Services should be based on client needs or

deficits Focus on needs related to leisure makes TR

unique Leisure is vital to overall quality of life and life

satisfaction

Listen to this!!!!

“This exclusive discipline focus on leisure behavior within the umbrella of health promotion makes the field of therapeutic recreation different and unique from all other health and human services. Therapeutic recreation has much to offer clients regarding their overall health and rehabilitation goals, and its specific contribution lies in the area of leisure functioning and leisure behavior.”

p. 28

Rationale for TR Services

Every human being needs, wants, and deserves leisure

Many, if not most, individuals experience barriers to full and satisfying leisure

Many PWD may experience more frequent, severe or lasting barriers than people without disabilities

Rationale for TR Services (Cont.)

Many individuals with disabilities will need the help of CTRS to eliminate, reduce, overcome, or compensate for their barriers

The reduction of barriers allows the individuals to participate in leisure experiences of choice

Ultimate Outcome of TR Services

“is the improved ability of the individual to engage in a successful, appropriate, and meaningful independent leisure lifestyle that, in turn, leads to improved health, quality of life, and well-being. When the individual can independently and successfully engage in leisure of his or her own choice, the individual has the chance to receive psychological, physical, and social benefits as well as the more global benefits of improved health, wellness, and quality of life.”

p. 29

Clients Any individual with a physical, mental, social, or

emotional condition that limits leisure functioning Individuals with illnesses, disabilities, or conditions

acknowledged by health and human services classification systems

Medical & psychiatric classification schemes DSM IV WHO, ICF Healthy People 2010

Also includes legal offenders, at-risk youth Deviation from social norms & become recipients of

specialized services

Clients (Major groups)

Psychiatric and mental health services 35%

Geriatrics 30%

Physical medication services 18.4%

Developmental disabilities 13.6%

Riley & Connolly, 2007

Settings

Any agency or center that serves the clients we discussed

Clinical, residential, community Page 31-32

Settings (Major settings)

Hospitals 38.6%

Skilled nursing facilities 19.3%

Residential & transitional settings

15.0% Community settings

14.4%

Partial/outpatient facilities

3.9% Day care/day treatment

3.6% Schools

1.9% Correctional centers

1.4% Riley & Connolly,

2007

Process

Selection, development, implementation, and evaluation of goal oriented services

Functional interventionLeisure educationRecreation participation

Purpose of TR

Is to facilitate the development, maintenance, and expression of an appropriate leisure lifestyle

p. 33

Leisure Lifestyle

Is the day-to-day behavioral expression of one’s leisure-related attitudes, awareness, and activities revealed in the context and composite of the total life experience

p. 14

Leisure Lifestyle (cont.)

Implies that an individual has sufficient skills, knowledge, attitudes, and abilities to participate successfully in and be satisfied with leisure and recreation experiences that are incorporated into his or her individual life pattern. (Peterson & Stumbo, 2000, p. 7)

Leisure Lifestyle as an Outcome Means Client …

Has reduced functional limitations that prohibit leisure involvement (or has learned how to overcome these barriers)

Understands and values the importance of leisure

Incorporates leisure into daily life Is competent in a variety of leisure activities Has adequate social skills for involvement

with others

Leisure Lifestyle as an Outcome Means Client …

Is able to choose between several leisure options and make decisions for leisure participation

Is able to locate and use leisure resources Has increased perceptions of choice,

responsibility, and independence with regard to leisure

p. 70

In other words….

TR is helping individuals with disabilities and/or illnesses develop and more freely express their leisure choices

AND The outcome of TR services is the improved

ability of the individual to make and act on choices for leisure that are rewarding and successful

Psycho-Social Theories of Leisure Behavior

Perceived freedom & personal choice Intrinsic motivation Self-efficacy, locus of control, & causal

attribution Optimal experiences (flow)

Leisure Ability Model

3 major categories of service Functional Intervention Leisure Education Recreation Participation

See p. 34

Functional Intervention

Focus is on improving functional behaviors which are prerequisites to, or necessary part of, leisure involvement

Baseline abilities that are prerequisite to typical leisure behavior

4 domains Physical Mental/cognitive Emotional/affective Social

Sample Functional Behaviors Addressed by TR Intervention

Depression: decreased energy level; inability to express emotions appropriately, decreased stamina

Dementia: minimal orientation; limited attention span Intellectual disability: delayed motor and social

development; limited attention span Spinal Cord Injury: minimal strength; endurance;

depression

Functional Intervention

Role of CTRS Therapist

Degree of Control Intervention mostly controlled by therapist

Degree of Freedom in Participation Obligatory behavior, constrained, prescribed,

dependent, extrinsically rewarded

Leisure Education

Focus on the development and acquisition of various leisure-related skills, attitudes, and knowledge

4 components Leisure Awareness Social Interaction Skills Leisure Activity Skills Leisure Resources

See p. 43

Leisure Awareness

Cognitive appreciation of leisure Content includes, but not limited to:

Knowledge of leisure Self-awareness in relation to leisure Leisure and play attitudes Related leisure participatory and decision-making

skills Can be separate or combined programs See page 45-48

Social Interaction Skills

Communication skills Assertiveness, active listening, empathy

Relationship-building skills Friendship development, cooperation, competition

Self-presentation skills Manners, hygiene, grooming, appropriate attire

See page 49-52

Leisure Activity Skills

Develop a repertoire of diverse leisure skills Two categories

Traditional Nontraditional

See page 52-56

Leisure Resources

Activity opportunities Personal resources Family and home

resources Community resources State and national

resources

Knowledge

Utilization

See pages 57-60

Leisure Education

Role of CTRS Instructor, advisor, counselor

BUT cautions about use of term counselor

Degree of Control Responsibility shared between CTRS & client

Recreation Participation

Focus on providing an opportunities for fun, enjoyment, and self-expression within organized delivery systems Leagues, tournaments Special Events Activities requiring specialized equipment Opportunities for self-initiated activity

Recreation Participation Goals

Increase ability to assume responsibility for personal leisure participation

Increase ability to make and follow through on decisions, regarding leisure involvement

Increase competence in leisure skills through practice and involvement

Increase sense of mastery through attainment and performance of skills

Recreation Participation Roles

Practice and application of skills Inclusionary program Normalization of institutional routine Focus on “well” aspects of client Expression of leisure lifestyle Diversion or palliative purposes Fun & belonging

Recreation Participation

Role of CTRS Leader, facilitator, supervisor

Degree of Control Opportunity for participation provided for client

Degree of Freedom Independent, self-regulated, intrinsically

rewarding

Leisure Ability Model

Programs/interventions based on individual client need that is related to leisure

All populations All settings May need services in 1, 2, or all 3 areas

Leisure Ability Summary

Assumptions (Rationale): Leisure is a need & right of all individuals Many individuals experience constraints &

barriers to leisure TR services are designed to facilitate individuals’

independence in leisure functioning Mission: Leisure

Leisure is end product or outcome

Summary (Cont.)

Definition of TR (Purpose) To facilitate the development, maintenance, and

expression of an appropriate leisure lifestyle for individuals with physical, mental, emotional or social limitations

Service Areas Functional Intervention Leisure Education Recreation Participation

Leisure Ability Strengths

Extensive use in field (most widely used)

Acceptability & utilization in field

Flexibility (settings & population)

Services based on client needs

Stood test of time

Oldest Fostered consistency in

practice Brought profession together Most recognized Recognizes importance of

recreation participation

Strengths (Cont.)

Referenced in NCTRC & accreditation

Common sense approach to TR

High degree of merit Tied to leisure theory

Graphics clear, concise & comprehensive

Good clarity of terms Good for program

design (1-1 or group)

Leisure Ability Concerns

Based on nondisabled adult leisure behavior

Some terms ill defined (leisure lifestyle)

Focuses on leisure instead of therapy

Too broad

More empirical research is needed

Widely debated Problems with

conceptual/theory Recreation participation

is not reimbursable service

Concerns (Cont.)

Recreation participation as role of CTRS

Lack of attention to health & independent functioning outside of leisure

Programs designed for 1 outcome

Linear conceptualization

Not in concert with current health cares’ focus on functional outcomes

Is Therapeutic Recreation a means to an end or an end in

itself?

Means means…

Instrumental Tool to produce some other outcome (eg. Improve

health, decrease depression) Recreation as an agent (means) of change Means is anything that contributes to the attainment

of an end. It receives it value in proportions to its utility for yielding an end. A means, therefore, is subordinate to an end and has no value unless directed toward one.

Means (Cont.)

Means orientation indicates change or improvement of functional behaviors as the desired end.

Draws from a medical, psychiatric, psychological and human development body of knowledge

End means…

Intrinsic Leisure or recreation is the outcome that TR

services aim to produce End is anything that is valuable in its own

right and is done for its own sake. An end is good for its own sake

Ends (Cont.)

Implies that the ultimate outcome is related to leisure behavior

Draws on the body of knowledge related to leisure

Some models regard leisure as both a means & an end Both a tool and a product of TR services

Can TR be both at the same time?

Does the Leisure Ability Model emphasize one over the other? Which? How?

Criteria to Evaluate TR Practice Models

Easy to follow (graphic depiction, clarity of terms & concepts)

Accommodates a variety of clients & settings Flexibility in types of services What is the end goal? Purposes Underlying assumptions Theoretical bases Direction for research & practice

Could you explain TR with this model? Could you design programs?

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