Knowler (2) 2002

Lindstrom 2006

Penn 2009

Penn 2013

Overall (I-squared 1.41%, p = 0.703)

0.127 7.9

Study ID OR(95%C.I.) % weight

0.42(0.32,0.54) 50.82

0.53(0.37,0.76) 24.89

0.40(0.13,1.23) 2.54

0.40(0.27,0.58) 21.75

0.44(0.36,0.52) 100.00

Group 1: physical activity ± diet

Group 2: antidiabetic drugs

Study ID OR(95%C.I.) % weight

0.142 7.03

Buchanan 2002

Knowler (1) 2002

Chiasson 2002

Gerstein 2006

Holman 2010

deFronzo 2011

Gerstein (1) 2011

Overall (I-squared 195.01%, p = 0.001)

0.41(0.16,1.02) 10.00

0.73(0.57,0.92) 15.33

0.65(0.52,0.81) 15.40

0.30(0.25,0.35) 15.59

1.09(1.00,1.19) 15.85

0.26(0.14,0.47) 12.73

0.58(0.44,0.77) 15.11

0.53(0.33,0.86) 100.00

Bosch 2006

McMurray 2010

Gerstein 2011

Overall

(I-squared 1.62%, p = 0.444)

0.87(0.73,1.03) 18.54

0.84(0.77,0.91) 74.44

1.01(0.46,1.33) 7.02

0.86(0.80,0.92) 100.00

Group 3: antihypertensive drugs

Study ID OR(95%C.I.) % weight

0.758 1.32

0.64(0.49,0.84) 47.33

0.62(0.39,0.98) 33.26

0.28(0.08,0.94) 9.09

0.20(0.06,0.61) 10.32

0.52(0.35,0.78) 100.00

Torgerson 2004

Tenenbaum 2005

Garvey (7.5/46) 2014

Garvey (15/92) 2014

Overall (I-squared 6.52%, p = 0.089)

Group 4: lipid-lowering and weight-lowering drugs

Study ID OR(95%C.I.) % weight

0.0725 13.8

Study ID OR(95%C.I.) % weight

Long 1994

Pontiroli 2005

Carlsson 2012

Overall

(I-squared 13.32%, p = 0.010)

0.03(0.00,0.28) 26.70

0.04(0.00,0.74) 18.69

0.25(0.20,0.31) 54.61

0.10(0.02,0.49) 100.00

Group 5: bariatric surgery

0.0021 477.0

Group 1. physical activity ± diet

Number of studies = 4 Root MSE = .3896------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Std_Eff | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- slope | .4397408 .0914441 4.81 0.041 .0462886 .833193 bias | .0039182 .4934619 0.01 0.994 -2.119277 2.127114------------------------------------------------------------------------------Test of H0: no small-study effects P = 0.994

Group 2. anti-diabetic drugs

Number of studies = 7 Root MSE = 2.962------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Std_Eff | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- slope | 1.159168 .1754589 6.61 0.001 .7081368 1.6102 bias | -3.96562 1.94768 -2.04 0.097 -8.972289 1.04105------------------------------------------------------------------------------Test of H0: no small-study effects P = 0.097

Group 3. anti-hypertensive drugs

Number of studies = 3 Root MSE = .3963------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Std_Eff | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- slope | .7711677 .0340938 22.62 0.028 .3379652 1.20437 bias | 1.454751 .5242028 2.78 0.220 -5.205876 8.115379------------------------------------------------------------------------------Test of H0: no small-study effects P = 0.220

Group 4. weight loss promoting drugs and lipid-lowering drugs

Number of studies = 4 Root MSE = .2007------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Std_Eff | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- slope | .7663119 .0426243 17.98 0.003 .5829144 .9497094 bias | -.827103 .1888023 -4.38 0.048 -1.639454 -.0147524------------------------------------------------------------------------------Test of H0: no small-study effects P = 0.048

Group 5. bariatric surgery

Number of studies = 3 Root MSE = .0431------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Std_Eff | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- slope | .2709455 .0066163 40.95 0.016 .1868774 .3550136 bias | -.1847152 .0337603 -5.47 0.115 -.6136805 .2442501------------------------------------------------------------------------------Test of H0: no small-study effects P = 0.115

Meta-regression Number of obs = 21REML estimate of between-study variance tau2 = .3463% residual variation due to heterogeneity I-squared_res = 95.15%Proportion of between-study variance explained Adj R-squared = -3.59%With Knapp-Hartung modification------------------------------------------------------------------------------ LogOR | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- fuy | -.0237158 .047372 -0.50 0.622 -.1222314 .0747997 _cons | -.7039946 .2644202 -2.66 0.015 -1.253886 -.1541027------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Meta-regression: association of LogOR with duration of follow-up

Meta-regression Number of obs = 21REML estimate of between-study variance tau2 = .317% residual variation due to heterogeneity I-squared_res = 92.66%Proportion of between-study variance explained Adj R-squared = 5.18%With Knapp-Hartung modification------------------------------------------------------------------------------ LogOR | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- pztotis | .0000799 .0000512 1.56 0.134 -.0000266 .0001863 _cons | -1.012498 .1904169 -5.32 0.000 -1.408492 -.6165047------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Meta-regression: association of LogOR with size of study

Meta-regression Number of obs = 21REML estimate of between-study variance tau2 = .2201% residual variation due to heterogeneity I-squared_res = 90.77%Proportion of between-study variance explained Adj R-squared = 29.94%With Knapp-Hartung modification------------------------------------------------------------------------------ LogOR | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- age | .0501022 .0185014 2.71 0.014 .0115089 .0886955 _cons | -3.422914 .9899975 -3.46 0.002 -5.488013 -1.357816------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Meta-regression: association of LogOR with age of subjects

age (y)

Meta-regression Number of obs = 21REML estimate of between-study variance tau2 = .289% residual variation due to heterogeneity I-squared_res = 92.36%Proportion of between-study variance explained Adj R-squared = 13.56%With Knapp-Hartung modification------------------------------------------------------------------------------ LogOR | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- fpg | .419823 .2742253 1.53 0.141 -.1504596 .9901057 _cons | -3.157227 1.544534 -2.04 0.054 -6.369262 .0548075------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Meta-regression: association of LogOR with fasting plasma glucose

fpg (mmol)

Meta-regression Number of obs = 12REML estimate of between-study variance tau2 = .1117% residual variation due to heterogeneity I-squared_res = 62.25%Proportion of between-study variance explained Adj R-squared = 58.80%With Knapp-Hartung modification-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LogOR | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- fpinsulin | -.1053278 .0297138 -3.54 0.004 -.1700687 -.0405869 _cons | .6264151 .5049321 1.24 0.238 -.4737375 1.726568--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Meta-regression: association of LogOR with fasting plasma insulin

Fasting insulin (mU/l)

Meta-regression Number of obs = 20REML estimate of between-study variance tau2 = .159% residual variation due to heterogeneity I-squared_res = 92.44%Proportion of between-study variance explained Adj R-squared = 55.15%With Knapp-Hartung modification--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LogOR | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- Deltaweight | .0542766 .0116835 4.65 0.000 .0299053 .0786479 _cons | -.4717857 .1179605 -4.00 0.001 -.7178469 -.2257244---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Meta-regression: association of LogOR with change of body weight

delta weight (kg)