Kingdon J. 1977. Cheetah. East African Mammals. p 396-413.

Keywords: 1Afr/45Asia/Acinonyx jubatus/behavior/breeding behaviour/cheetah/history/mammals

Abstract: Very ancient association between humans and cheetahs are dated 2300 B.C. This association began, because cheetahs are timid and extraordinarily effective and frequent killers. Adult females are the least tolerant of all cheetah classes and are very seldom seen together. Males or male coalitions occasionally attack other males. The stripes in the face seem to serve to emphasize expression. The usual number in a litter is three or four. The heaviest mortality occurs when the young start to follow the mother. Limiting factor on cheetah populations are very poorly understood. Interest in conservation has highlighted the poor breeding record of cheetahs in most zoos. In any event, the elusive cheetah remains a challenge to the naturalist.

7

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Cheetah(Acinonyx jubatus)

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suppon.h!ftnhs itth* h,bnar is nor roo broke. {nd rhpleg*rtjon nor roodensc. ln fact, par.h! cover helps rhe{ehs r, approrch nrr plcj ooscen.ush to rush ir, rhereN conpl.tcl! open pl,ins ofren allos ihequrd r,.nL.h orahead$.n. on theothtrnand, irrhesround Eioouneven r.d her\ itrr - . 1 J \ ! . t F e p h . . i \ h i . , n p r d . J - a \ - . , . , 1 , . " . , . " , " , h * , , ,..hc over ? hillock.n the heeLs ola neeinE inp3l' xnd skid on io its br.k An fud to 8!od b obnxcle, b.rralins ihd ib poNeB ot manocurrc \vreinrorior to dose.rthe impxh

In ENt Atri.,, ihe chcctahr oycmll d;saiburion .oincides Lrrh rb,n orrhc eazelles snd r, ihe south \rnh some ot rhc denser populxlions olimr.,tr.Thos sch.ller (,qr?b) rccords Thomson! grze|es .omprirng 9r, , ofcheerxh \]lrs rccodcd on sdgngeii uhik pienaar (rq69) recordcd 63i ,Lmprl,.ur of rjoe, kills

rhe Kruglr Park Ho\er.!. rh!\ !v, r,rRe iMriet\ ofoiher specirsi oribi. reed6u!k, dik dik. duikcr, v.uog $?iihos!rnd th. rou.solvrrlous lxrg{ ?nretoFs are mmmonlr uic.. \rhitejackrh.polcupiocs. ord{,28 hd elen \r,n,us tarsc u.gutr*, i,iqulrtrs rouogstrd{.s,nd budrtols hNcrl$b..n rccord.d. t,rracrrcr is o.trhcktlrt b\

r itre lrnar\ hrnkr nt.tlD uq(.i in\. n , t . . . , , r , , ,

Chc{ih: "1r$ rrne[ rn fns o ] i d$c .n rh l y q . !m . r tnn* bc s ! !n on r r r , " , - , . " . " , "

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\,f rhen nFh hom vcq dosc quxncr sonr 5Dccics ot ptnins unaut_$ru, hf.'fpn,ich!d opqrlr- rnd ln rhcs. dunn,nc.s ch(dahs Drxr rrn rj\nhin ra ndrs [.n]tu l&nchiig rhc]r hjah rplcd irftck. rn hea\it! lrlsedqrunr\, chrdih$ rre rrii icutirl\ [ s r h q ( h r e c b c c n s c r ! r u t i $ , t h c c h l e u h \ a p p r ) { h m x \ { ] l 6 , I l t i q n r

avc i srcar.r rj(linq diNfu( rnrD h^chrl)nuLir v lNina in thr opcn rnd rhn Diy br in cr.ess ot rhc chccrrh \

olluoyrns rorgara$ rc*. Itl h. hrppcns h rumrin raht nnn i{,n\h.o ach.d,h rushes n, ! kit isunlikdybec,ulofthedini.uhyofs.tcdinsr n i n d n i d u d v i d i n . t h c s c a r c n y o f z e b r a s ; n c h s d i h s k i l t s E r h c I ( u hor this. Ir n rko lmponanr thxt thc prey shoutd dcc. Sch, o r,e/4, r!D.rkrd rhrndn'!ry rtrirorirl sazeltts mar b. prscd by r hunrnr cbgciLh

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bthea$embhd nobiiny. HoseverL rh. $iq d d nor brh!\eas it shoutd rndrunDe on irs racktr ros.d n hish ,nro rhe x;, rrtlr Nhich rhs chcdah?bsoluiety ietlscd to hunt.

tn capnvnr. che{rhs *Jl often .h!r!c rhe te.ce xnd simpedc uneuhresin ihc neishbouring persi * Entebbc Zoo the .h.otahs peniscd in thGbehrlour lon8 afier rhe z.bras, oirichc Rnd,nrlopes had b.sne hr6nu-drd,ndnol{,ngerned*he. chsrg.d. Caring,pDic,$attennsd*a@ed.\ourd s..m ro be an intesnl F'..*Il.!rr::]4rlrl4!19!11!r

n d . h - . F , , d h . i r q r ,a(an, *ranttehold durins rho fe\a seconds io {hich rh! animrlis lljns onits bmk or side. Ihc cbeereh ,ins its pri,do\rn d rhc bas of rh. nsck,aher Nistins lh. hed rou.d so rhat n .d chnp thg rhDd bc.rc.n itsJsLls !hile its o*n bady lis racins the pisr .s bxck, rh!s Noidinc th. naitinc

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.@"- , r * ' l - " , 1 , . 1 n " . ' p T 6 l f - r r d 5 i . ? 1 . h i ' n u ' l J n , l u r ' ' r ' i 'ihii $ay Th! inn,xl unbal'nclng otrhc rninn mry bc ach,cvd r scv.rarJioercnt L!,$ $hen $c ch$e is rcilly la* n k pn,brbl:/ crin\r ror rhe.h.*rh n, tri th..nlmal up by hooking onr o{ ns lcss rron undcr n, ,ndrhG tech.iquc h$,.tu,llJ_ been filmcd. ll thc prcy n novine motu slowly.rsrandins. rhcchccbh h$ to rear up, hook into a fli.t.r on rh. brdk 3ndv,,rh backlards, rh rstnnetiicpull musins ihc f,nimalo tall on nsside.

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in the ch4e." (E(bn, 'qr)

Bn sL - Fm;e\har'o m f,tr.lrs 'hrrsprcb"bh 3!g!!i-:g!rn'u d $ d r . i " " . F o k ' l l e s ! o r h * b . m m n " c d , h | $ i ' h i r s n J l s ' o u p ' o. 1 e r a h , , p a r ' . J . ' d d ' 1 , f c r , l a f i r q r e a , ) F k e ' h . l d i n . r ' h n g a n d

till in!. Anerrhepreyh6 bed s!ffoc*td rhe kiuer olten contir!6 ro Gr lcrr $hilc bur .hee$hs appelr to r.ed Erhd dor rapidly than other c,6. eran th,r mey hrve been dapkdCnaNi.s $rh ihe crrnNshl teeth, the cheedh cu* open ibe skm on de

abdonenrrhe trger muscle mas6 on the limbs, blck,nd necl areeenenllyearen 6rei. An indivdml cheet,n cm mnsume,a k3,t rE andsroupsoilour bRve been s.cn ro linis6 sn impala crica$ in ju$ orer 6ftea minu&s.Bon* Rnd skin x!. usurlly rej.cied andsometinesthe inr.sinesslso $henrhe latrer art ed.n, rh..onr.nc ma) be squeezed our bt rh. teeth a the gur

n sucked into ihe nourh 3nd ihroat. A norher nakins a kill on hei own hA6ee.l o\rn to scDr.h.,nh or gss orer the parhllt e'ren or u.rouchedcr!.rs end retum larer Nith hd .ubs. bul rhGbehNiour is e'idcntl.v 6u.h

rarer thm r otherca6 Rnd manr obs.n'm hrve 3sefied fldl! fi l i ch.ctrhs.e!.r rcturn b then kilh.

The dosrec.fsucces enjoycd bv ch.cshs i evid.ntly very gri$lc

In the Nanob, Pa , nlcl-euEhlin (,e?o)found rhit r7o, ofrllchmes \trt

succssrulbut'here fl)e preyRercjuveniles rhc chrn.c of6cinE crughr rx.arF sc(gdnted rnr Nr

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ldycr v)ruoc ro r p$scrinct chirnrr.6ur rh cr

NppQrs h h f a $id!rrng. or inrensny .nd br rubjcd to consid!rublc rffhiion, in nhi.h rh.inJNiJrlfs "sieDaturc" nry ptay a not inc..$idcmtrte p,n. Juvcnit6 r rki

f,k.1\hnrinq sound $hich mry be equiyrtcnt to thc !,mtng gr\\lofoth.rfdids,whichc,nsub,idctnroahish,pnchedmspor c@rrcmcr,us. . r , - r \ i " h pe , " -a r ! ' s r ' r i r . , . i v " ' - r 1a , h i , p r r d . , "mn .n i c - s i \cx.ncd medine bd*ccn chccbhs ihd knos one anorhcr, .r i ki , tround

fs po$ and ir is ncqucnny inrespeisrdwtrh a rrher md,lli. rutrin4

Puiiing accomprnks play and varn,us friendly cnounkE in $hichcheeks are rub6.d bsdh* md nuch nurual snifli.g,nd tace licking navkke prrce but no bodyleaning orside rubbing 6 s.ommontvseen in orhc,c.rs Puring n qune dhiind toh a a ous huhmj.g noise shi.h koc.rsiomllr horrd hom capiiva,nticipatins food. Adamson (,972) h.ardx cub hekc thn none d irbesmrosatk She also d$cribes a ny!m. nram.ntam ' esso.i,rd snh e ing. S.vcnt calls h*o only been heald jn thecontextof, nother f,nd bei yaung. Earon (197ob) descibed cu& gloupinssnd kecping *ilr in rcsponse to 3 shor tow pnched sound froh ocnomerjcubs sill eren *a! and s3r.h the mothff fccdi.s until sh. Ercas4 rnemn n then inmobiliry Sy.xlling rher: reteasing cath 3re rhe tord ].etp(rrom a dishnce) oi , .xll Adsmson (r96q) descri6e! $ ,,jhn, ihn, ihn,,,Bhich is used to .all !p hidden or lo* young, cr ehe x sharp "pn pr",$hich i specifically esociated wnh ho'emeni rnd elj.j6 ctose tollowibg otthe morher. Very y.unscubs in 3 hiding ptrft my r.Fond iodnru$rnceor to rhe erir,l or rhe nother *nh a sound lite the blesking of I i,ck.Althoush mdningis heard ib rhre,ta r.ther ble,rti[emoan denoe drre$rnd t nld. br a puEued or lo* animat.

'i h. no* lx*ins and co.spicuousso&l bondi are bese$ a noner moher cub3 hd besren siblin8s. Also rhere $rvc been repe,ted observaiionsofseve.d duh msl* ios.rher bur ot unk'orn retrtjonship Gee trd*er andKed.y, r967)and thel3fte' groupingoiren r$ulr inrheAunlingfdki inEof pay thn h hrger rhM.!emge.

The mo$ thomuEh {udr of the .he.bh,s sodrl lite md behaviour iod*o i ihat ol \Iclrughlin (re7o) in ih. \anobi N,riond p.rk. H€R he16 ablc to follaq rb,ee disrinci and independenr grclps nunbe nc dcr.n

He enmunrered ?r other .h.cr,h: jn rbe psrt, .

oflhich sere rBn.ienr. The rotal mnge ofane f,iity srcup sas e$rm.i.d 1iriz sq kn{nd$otherar?6 sqth These fisufts rE probabty r fan 3ydiEetor r locallrj. \.nh reasomblJ- rl'undini p!.r but n is obvious rh food

rinlnt of the extent of ti. chdcbh\ nse.schsller (,972b) norod i motherxnd he!cubs remiininssnhin r$ sq knj tbrrbour on-rnd4-hilf nronrhs xnd Adamsons pfitr h'ndJcd b n..-?n n . t t , , " r . J \ r . \ r . ' , i _ , o i . . bo r ' r n . , t kn t F . " re rp ropq1 . , ioi trinsi$rs,crndd b! rlclruahlin illLNiflic hou frobitc rp$ qr(nos,r'!.\ur in rr(* \\nh sbundx Frt\. l.hc trrs(-scL,t( movemenr ot sizr rnopulf onronso{raslrft n'llo\dh\.he rhsrndh ghri($uxf did.rri,nl

ndr chldrhs Nnh .\r inducqnrnr r,r.nrrn i,, n !niI toJtn\. fhon, iu ct,msf rlln t\inq,up lxtr\,rn ttrrhrr

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hoorl} r rbc sighr ,r' f .dulr daushrur riowevcr, hNtns hidden |!rr.oun!'he frdhcr mNd< ,. aaqrt

lrll-aushtrn oft.n ${ ntes rsdhs 6!r.evenlt-fcnril. !rcuns: hckd rcclnnv ;.depcndgni tift.Fmres ind

rlds ('e76) (qrdd rhli onc j-ounshrtc in rh. \anobi pirkJo,icd un qrhnv. othere \yh(n hc trft his morh$. rn a csp.w 6lon, in Ans.ca. ur,i('972) mrodocad I nurgd ch.drh dum,nj- MrtB did nor nrck rtr,s.shcrc?s rehrls srve e!.ry sisn of ryins ro ki

rh.in$uder.TheJ6ulb of ? qrt*nDmtrc $rycy cov.,ing nc,rty r,06 igru4\ \gr(

rcFoned by craham and Parker ('96s)(jn (jr!hrn. ro66). \orrN hr tih!a!' - . o r r d " , o , t . 3 r , ' o " , . o * . - a , a , . - , . . - t , ," d n . 4 a , i r , . \ - " s L , h T r e m d , ^ . D

rhe ablcnce of femsle srcups anJ nokd rl,*femalcs do not cren ifard fcNot.n*ith nales trf.l_aushln frcque,tly saw nalos make *h&son famitrgroups. but siven rhc exk.dd.nd asgrssnr mtur otcourtshjp n is tjk.t!thal rhs. db.ks uqe s mfifBhtion ofsexurlbeheliour Gee bdo\lr l d r ' o . , , u 1 ! t r a . . o h l 1 r ' e 3 r d A t - n R , , o n , n t m - d d no 1..,.hsc'wd;i--F:ti_,!.' 1, o onN; ;he ro;:;;-;ihasbe. seen to 6r.rk our.ro; ki]I. Hbuever, Stevlnen,Hamilron(re51b)rpq&d. male killed in afighr o,er, femslc rnd spiiv. males often 6shrhercerroversn de$rousfomrk. E,tdn (rgfi) lesardediiotuhtsheobsen.edi n d ' m p 1 4 | ' g ' r l n L " . ' c d r 1 J L r A r ' n k r . n [ g � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �' ao ne l f . r { rdeoo \d ' rond j p , , \ - 6 . c f bJ Rc . Lp .1o , B !omnun . r -tion). A 3.rnan adtrlr mite trng netr x snall hitlocr wes,rprcached 6r Ie o rd r , r , . \ h i , t 4 r cd { 1 " f t q t q rh . ,p . ,n , { . p f scd (n f pu . , n .

ho ,s \ .o h rd r bu , rh ! . r , ond .h .e ,e1 o , to1 0 ' - I r , , B s + e t , T H o " - " , t < , o r r , n r e d r o h d , e ,q r \ , op 'n8 o \1 ' he .op o r " . \ . t o . d . {h - f hp \ ^ ou , o t r i s l . o f , ' r i 1 . . .che.rxh, *hich then moved ovei and sheherd under r bush. sanc houislsrer thc siruerion appe'rtd not ro have cMnged; tbe second chftbh w*{ r nqr ibe bp ot the hiltdck, troitins sround ther, y,ppnrs uro nc {s

n ld .o1 , i | ( ' n n t sudder J r . , r . r L . " L - -noRo . . \ o t sh - 1 . . . " - sa i r . oTe r .db \ s , / . t h bJ r t . bFLe i reh . . t " - s {' \ . q - , , h - l d1 "nd . , , - . t t t - i , ! , . h f n l o . f p4q H . rhen mo . .d un r ro' r , Jh . t i i r \ . pp rs rd p r i s Ah rua5 .he ru i t s r s r \ f o1 r \ i s1 - ,dituci confr.nhrion, n is renpring ro beti.ve rh rh. second .hcoirh d*-Fhced the fi6t and rh'r ihe ca ins, po$uins snd urinc sprsyins.n the hillbp reprd.nrd I dontninc€ displl\. Atthoush tm hrh i5 {runn loourche{ab behxviour r sener{t ,id the.rture of;nrcrmete relrionnrps inr n ' r l r , 1 r . " 0 b . 1 n ' a d 1 \ r , t ? i l d e n r . s , \ d r . " i i 3 r . r . , t . . " , "4 0 . 1 . n h i . , e . r i ' h + \ 1 , t - r h s , o J q \ a h \ r

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n mte groups njv be more,N{un rninorhta (\lci- !ht,D. 1e7o; schrIer, ,e7:b). Chcdrh

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