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Kingdom Plantae. Introduction. Plants are placed into 2 groups based on structural and functional similarities, but all plants share the following characteristics. A. Eukaryotic B. Multicellular C. Have organs and organ systems E. Have cell walls composed of cellulose - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
IntroductionPlants are placed into 2 groups based on structural
andfunctional similarities, but all plants share the
followingcharacteristics.A. EukaryoticB. MulticellularC. Have organs and organ systemsE. Have cell walls composed of celluloseF. Are autotrophicG. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast of plant cells
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2
H. All are non-motile Special adaptations are therefore required for reproduction
Plant Structure and Growth
A. Roots – Functions: Anchor the plant Absorb water and minerals Transport these materials to the
stem Some plants store food in roots Each root has root hairs, increase
surface area for water absorption
Plant Structure and Plant Structure and GrowthGrowth
B. Stems – Functions: SupportSupport for the plant Transport waterwater and mineralsminerals ModifiedModified stem for storage of foodfood
Example: PotatoPotato
Plant Structure and Growth
C. Leaves – Functions: Main organ for photosynthesis Large surface area for maximum light absorption
Plant Structure and Growth
Structure of Leafa.) Cuticle: waxy covering to prevent water lossb.) Epidermis: Outermost layer of cells; prevents injury, infectionc.) Mesophyll: Photosynthetic layer of leaf1. Palisade layer: upper portion of mesophyll with closely packed cells; site
of most photosynthesis2. Spongy layer: Underside of leaf; loosely – packed cells allow for gas
exchange of CO2 and O2
d.) Vein: xylem and phloeme.) Stomata: Opening in underside of leaf that allows CO2
(carbon dioxide) to enter and O2 (oxygen) to exitf.) Guard cells: Control the size of stomata. Work to preserve
balance between allowing for gas exchange without losing too much water. “Plant sweat” is known as transpiration.
Plant Structure and Growth
D. Plant TransportThe 2 types of vascular tissue:
1. Xylem: transports water and minerals from the root to
the rest of the plant2. Phloem: transports “food” (glucose) from the leaves to
the rest of the plant
Plant Structure and Growth
E. Plant growth1. Primary growth: Life long
growth occurs at the tip of the stem and the end of
the roots
2. Secondary Growth: Trees and some other plants
have a second type that allows
them to grow in width or girth.
Plant Structure and Growth
F. SeedsA seed consist of an embryo
surrounded by a tough protective coat.
Dicot Seed
Plant ClassificationPlants are classified into 2 basic groups
based on whether they contain vascular tissue.
Plant Classification
A. Bryophytes – No vascular tissue present
Depends on water for reproduction
No vascular system, therefore no tallerthan 20 cm
Examples: mosses, hornworts, liverworts
mosses
hornworts,
liverworts
Plant ClassificationB. Tracheophytes – contain vascular tissue
Grow taller Live in drier climates
The tracheophytes are further subdivided based on the presence
or absence of pollen, seeds and fruit.1. Pterophytes2. Gymnosperms3. Angiosperms
Pterophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Plant ClassificationPlant Classification1. Pterophytes – commonly called fernsferns
No pollen No seeds No fruits Found predominantly in moist climates
because the sperm must swim to the egg cell
Plant ClassificationPlant Classification2. Gymnosperms – 2. Gymnosperms – “naked seed”“naked seed”
Have pollenHave pollen Have seeds not protected by fruitHave seeds not protected by fruit No fruitNo fruit ConesCones present present Example: Largest group is the Example: Largest group is the conifersconifers
which includes which includes pines, spruce, cedarpines, spruce, cedar Have common characteristic leaves called Have common characteristic leaves called
needlesneedles, which are modified to , which are modified to prevent water prevent water lossloss and and minimize ice build – up minimize ice build – up
Have “flying sperm” or Have “flying sperm” or pollenpollen, so they are no , so they are no longer tied to longer tied to waterwater for reproduction for reproduction
Plant Classification3. Angiosperms
Most complex and adaptable Most successful Have pollen Have seeds Have fruit
Mature ovary Contains one or more seeds Provides embryo with
protection Increases seed dispersal
Plant ClassificationAngiosperms cont.
Have flowers It enhances pollination Parts of the flower
Stamen – male reproductive organ Anther – where pollen is produced, which contain
the sperm cells Filament – holds up the anther
Pistil – female reproductive organ Stigma – sticky to hold pollen Style – holds up the sigma Ovary – where the egg is produced and fertilized
Petal – colorful and / or scented to attract pollenators
petal
filament
anther
stigma
style
ovary
ovule
Carpel
{Stamen
Class Monocots One cotyledon – seed leaf Parallel veins on leaves Fibrous roots Flower parts in multiples of 3 Ex.: grasses, corn, lilies
Class Dicot Two cotyledon Branching veins on leaves Tap roots Flowering parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Ex.: roses, oak trees, etc.
Monocots and Dicots