KINGDOM PLANTAEVascular Plants Vascular Plants

Phylum TracheophytaPhylum Tracheophyta

SeedsSeeds

Subphylum Subphylum SpermopsidaSpermopsida

Seeds Seeds ‘naked’‘naked’

Seeds Seeds enclosedenclosed

Class Class GymnospermidiaGymnospermidia

Class Class AngiospermidiaAngiospermidia

Phylum TracheophytaPhylum Tracheophyta: : the vascular plants

Completed their evolution to land by:

1. Protective cuticlecuticle to prevent dessication

2. Evolved tissuestissues to conduct and support

a)a) xylemxylem: thick rigid tubes that conduct water and minerals from the soil (roots) to all parts of the plant. Also provides support (skeleton).

b)b) phloemphloem: thin walled tubes that conduct the products of photosynthesis (food) to all of the non-photosynthetic parts of the plant (ie: fruit, roots).

XYLEMXYLEM

Moves water from soil to plant

Moves food from leaf to roots…PHLOEMPHLOEM

3. 3. True rootsTrue roots: their roots contain xylem and phloem, and can be much longer (no longer rely on diffusion).

4. Developed Leaves: do4. Developed Leaves: do photosynthesis ONLY

5.5. Specialized sex Specialized sex organs.organs.

6. Don’t need water to distribute offspring (except for ferns).

KINGDOM PLANTAEKINGDOM PLANTAEVascular Plants Vascular Plants

Phylum TracheophytaPhylum Tracheophyta

SeedsSeeds No SeedsNo Seeds

FernsFerns

Seeds Seeds ‘naked’‘naked’

Seeds Seeds enclosedenclosed

Sub Phylum Sub Phylum SpermopsidaSpermopsida

Class Class GymnospermidiaGymnospermidia

Sub Phylum:

Lycophyta (club & spike moss) Sphenophyta (equisitem) Pterophyta (ferns) Psilophyta (whisk ferns)

Subphylum Spermopsida Subphylum Spermopsida (seed bearing plants)

• True roots (with vascular tissue)

• Reproduction without water

• Protective covering around embryo (seed) – can survive winter

• Improved conducting tissue: thicker and stronger xylem. Became taller.

Class Gymnospermidia ‘naked seeds’Class Gymnospermidia ‘naked seeds’ (conifers – cone bearers)

1. Evolved in the early Mesozoic in cooler, isolated areas.

2. Adapted to cool, dry climatescool, dry climates; dominant type of tree type in Canada.

3. Leaves = needlesLeaves = needles. Don’t freeze and carry sap; This allows conifers to continue on with photosynthesis in the winter.

4. Superior (very thick) Superior (very thick) xylemxylem; allows for tall growth

Sequoia TreeSequoia Tree Redwood TreesRedwood Trees

5. Cones for reproductionCones for reproduction; protects the seeds through the winter. Airborne pollen eventually pollinates the egg.

6. The seed The seed develops scalesdevelops scales and when mature, the scales open and the seed is distributed by the wind.

FEMALE CONEFEMALE CONE

With ovules (X)With ovules (X)

MALE CONES MALE CONES (with pollen X)(with pollen X)

•The cone is made up of a very short branch with many small, rounded,  leaf-like structures (scales) attached to a central stem.

•A female cone lives and grows for several years, becoming much larger than a male cone.

•An ovule develops on each scale of a female cone.  Inside the ovule, an egg cell is produced. 

•If fertilization occurs, an embryo grows inside the ovule.  The ovule hardens, becoming a seed.

•Eventually the scales spread, allowing the seeds to fall.  If conditions are favourable where it falls, the embryo inside the pine seed will grow into a new tree.

Adult sporophyte (2N)

Seedling sporophyte (2N)

Gametophytes

http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html

LIFE CYCLE LIFE CYCLE ANIMATIONANIMATION

• Remove CO2 and add O2 to atmosphere

• Food and shelter for animals: insects, birds, squirrels, rabbits…

• Provide 85% of all wood used in building and furniture

• Help control flooding by absorbing rainwater and preventing erosion

• Pulp and paper industry uses millions of tonnes annually

• Varnishes, turpentine, disinfectants, fuels, medicines (taxol, ephedrine)

• Christmas trees

Juniper Berries are used to make different kinds of gin and are also a good diuretic.

Diuretic: 1 oz. of Juniper Berries per 1 quart of water is effective for treating dropsy. Because it is a powerful diuretic, PREGNANT WOMEN SHOULD NOT USE JUNIPER BERRIES.

Promotes Menstruation: Juniper Berries are useful in stimulating uterine muscles and are often used to help start menstruation.

The CycadsThe Cycads (ancient gymnosperms)

• Believed to have been the main nourishment for the herbivorous dinosaurs.

Eaten by some indigenous tribes. Tribal people grind and soak the nuts to remove the nerve toxin, which makes it safe to eat. The toxin comes from the blue green algae which live with the roots.

People who eat bush meat may also face a health threat, as some of the animals may eat cycad nuts and have toxins in their body fat. It is also believed that the regular consumption of starch from cycads is a factor in causing Lytico-Bodig disease which causes symptoms similar to Parkinson’s and ALS.

WHERE THEY ARE FOUND

The GingkoesThe Gingkoes(‘living fossils’)

• Only species of its division that has survived

                     

               

Gingko Biloba ExtractUsed to treat:1)Alzheimer's & dementia.2)Cardiovascular Disease:3) Depression, memory and mental performance, reaction times, and dizziness.4) Premenstrual syndrome5) Vertigo/Equilibrium Disorders  4) Tinnitus (ringing in the ear).5) Liver Fibrosis: helps to stop the progress of liver disease in people with chromic hepatitis.6) Long distance vision in people with macular degeneration.

Gingko Nuts

Japanese people eat this delicacy.