STATES OF MATTER

STATESOFMATTERKinetic Theory of MatterMatter is anything that has mass and takes up space.Mass is the amount of matter in an object.Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.

STATES OF MATTERThe Five States of MatterSolidLiquidGasPlasmaBose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)

STATES OF MATTERBased upon particle arrangementBased upon energy of particlesBased upon distance between particles

STATES OF MATTERSOLIDS

Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.

Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume.

HeatSTATES OF MATTERLIQUIDParticles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.

Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume.

HeatSTATES OF MATTERGASParticles of gases are very far apart and move freely.

Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

HeatPHASE CHANGESDescription of Phase ChangeTerm for Phase ChangeHeat Movement DuringPhase ChangeSolid to liquidMeltingHeat goes into the solid as it melts.Liquid to solidFreezingHeat leaves the liquid as it freezes.PHASE CHANGESDescription of Phase ChangeTerm for Phase ChangeHeat Movement During Phase ChangeLiquid to gasVaporization, which includes boiling and evaporationHeat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.Gas to liquidCondensationHeat leaves the gas as it condenses.Solid to gasSublimationHeat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

Two states of matter they didnt teach you about in schoolUntil Now!

But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levelsbetween 1000C and 1,000,000,000C ?Will everything just be a gas?NO!If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (ionized particles), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get

The 4th state of matter:PLASMA

STATES OF MATTERPLASMAA plasma is an ionized gas.A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

Plasma is the common state of matter

Some places where plasmas are found1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

5. StarsStars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe.Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.4. Neon lights

66. Clouds of gas and dust around stars

But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to100 nano degrees above Absolute Zero (-273C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?Not Necessarily!In 1924 (90 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.

EinsteinBose+The 5th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate

Finally, in 1995 (only 19 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time.

Ketterle and his studentsIn 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:

The Nobel Prize

In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals.

Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein CondensatesSTATES OF MATTER

SOLIDLIQUIDGASPLASMATightly packed, in a regular patternVibrate, but do not move from place to placeClose together with no regular arrangement.Vibrate, move about, and slide past each otherWell separated with no regular arrangement.Vibrate and move freely at high speedsHas no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

The five states of matter:LIQUIDSSOLIDSGASESHigher TemperatureLower Temperature

PLASMAS(only for low density ionized gases)

BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATEWhat is Matter?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYFAj50c7xM

States of Matterhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v12xG80KcZw