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Kinesiology 406
Motor control, motor learning and skilled performance
Useful information
Associate Professor, Dr. John Buchanan
Web page: http://bucksplace.tamu.edu Syllabus handouts by section Articles etc.
Useful information - Grading Exams and quizzes
6 quizzes 3 major exams 1 comprehensive final
Questions: MC, short-answer, Fill-in-the-blank, Essay, true-false, labeling-drawing
graphs, Computations
Assignments: Lab exercise: required
Class project Experimental participation
3 experimental sessions and 1 write-up
Review paper An 8 page review of literature on a specific topic, based on 4 articles
Chapter 1 The Classification of Motor Skills
As a scientific discipline, the area of motor control …
Motor control: definition
As a scientific discipline, the area of motor learning …
Motor learning: definition
Degrees of freedom: the problem of motor control? (the outflow side) What can a muscle do?
How many muscles in the human body?
How many possible muscle activity patterns are there?
How many nerve cells in the brain?
Sensory-perceptual processes as part of the problem of motor control? (the inflow side)
What is the role of our sensory systems in controlling our actions and learning?
What does it mean to perceive something?
What does it mean to remember or recognize something?
Why is paying attention important for learning?
How can the problem be approached?
Physical mechanisms
Abstract processes
Theoretical (representing information)
Similarities and differences
Which of these two actions are the most similar and why?
11
Basic Terminology
Voluntary control
Movements (and kinematics)
An action (or motor skill)
12
Classifying actions based on muscles
Muscle size Fine actions
Gross actions
13
Classifying actions based on starting, stopping, and rhythm
General action type Continuous
Discrete
Serial (sequential)
14
Classifying actions within the environment
Action initiation and context stability Closed motor skills
Open motor skills
Chapter 2The Measurement of Human
Performance
16
Experiment: Participants
Populations
Samples
Selecting a sample
17
Experiment: manipulating, measuring, and baseline
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Control condition
Experimental condition
18
Dependent variables: performance outcome (goal-action) measures
Temporal measures Reaction time (RT):
Movement time (MT):
Spatial measures
19
Dependent variables: performance production (movement) measures
Kinematics
Electromyography
Brain signals
20
How do you record outcome and production measures?
Computers Keypads Joystick or mouse
How do you record kinematic production measures?
Computers and motion analysis system
Sampling the action over time
Viewing kinematic data
Stick figure representation of movements and actions
23
Plotting kinematic data: time series and angle-angle plot
extension
flexion
Flex Elbow extend
Fle
x
Wris
t
exte
nd
Wrist angle
Elbow angle
60 deg
24
Displacement and velocity
30 cm
0
Vel
(cm
/s)
Time (sec)
0 1.75.5
Vel. =
Speed. =
25
Displacement and EMGS
Targets
1 sec
De
gre
e
EM
G(m
V)
0
1 00
200
300S m a ll T arge ts
-20
-10
0
10
20 B ice ps
Deg
ree
EM
G(m
V)
0
100
200
300
-20
-10
0
10
20 T ricep s
near
far
How is muscle activity related to limb movement?
26
Analyzing performance and outcome measures: mean = (x)/n
Arithmetic mean: elbow-wrist flexion-extension task
(x)/n = (x)/n =
Why is the mean important?
elbow (flx-ext)5959606160615961
wrist (flx-ext)5758626364665461
27
Computing errors for outcome and performance measures
The task has a specific goal and the participant receives a score.
Constant error (CE)
Absolute error (AE)
Variable error (VE)
28
Constant error (CE): directional bias
Goal: elbow-wrist flexion-extension task – 60 degrees of rotation
ElbowDeg. Error1) 592) 593) 604) 615) 606) 617) 598) 61
WristDeg. Error1) 572) 583) 624) 635) 646) 667) 548) 61
start: CE = end: CE =Mean CE = Mean CE =
29
Absolute error (AE): accuracy
start: AE = end: AE =Mean AE = Mean AE =
Goal: elbow-wrist flexion-extension task – 60 degrees of rotation
ElbowDeg. Error1) 592) 593) 604) 615) 606) 617) 598) 61
WristDeg. Error1) 572) 583) 624) 635) 646) 667) 548) 61
30
Variable error (VE): consistency
Wrist angle dataMnCE score (Mn-sc) (Mn-sc)2 (Summed)/n sqrt 3.375
x/n = VE =
Goal: elbow-wrist flexion-extension task – 60 degrees of rotation
31
Analyzing performance and outcome measures: mean (x)/n
Arithmetic mean: simple reaction time (RT) scores
RT (sec.).500.450.525.475.370.600.510.490
RT (sec.).210.215.225.205.202.222.217.208
Constant error (CE): directional bias
Goal: learn to complete an action in a specific time, MT=1.5 secs
Start of practiceMT Error1) 1.2 sec2) 1.9 sec3) 1.3 sec4) 1.1 sec5) 1.1 sec
End of practiceMT Error1) 1.6 sec2) 1.7 sec3) 1.7 sec4) 1.6 sec5) 1.8 sec
start: ce = end: ce =Mean CE = Mean CE =
End of practiceMT Error1) 1.6 sec2) 1.7 sec3) 1.7 sec4) 1.6 sec5) 1.8 sec
Start of practiceMT Error1) 1.2 sec2) 1.9 sec3) 1.3 sec4) 1.1 sec5) 1.1 sec
Absolute error (AE): accuracy
start: ae = end: ae =Mean AE = Mean AE =
Goal: learn to complete a movement in a specific time, MT=1.5 secs
Variable error (VE): consistency
Start of Practice data CEMnCE score (Mn-sc) (Mn-sc)2 (Summed)/n sqrt
VE =
Goal: learn to complete a movement in specific time, MT=1.5 secs
Root mean square error (RMSE)tracking task
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9 T10
10
0
20
36
Root mean square error
10 targets1) 92) 203) 94) 185) 86) 167) 78) 149) 6.510) 6
10 scores1) 9.1 2) 223) 44) 205) 56) 187) 6.58) 199) 5.510) 5
RMSE1) 2) 3)4)5) 6) 7)8)9)10)
RMSE =
T1
T2
T3 S 1
S 2
S 3
37
Brain recordings and imaging
EEG
fMRI
PET
38
fMRI: functional MRI - BOLD
Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD)
deep
surface
39
Kandel, Schwartz, Jessel (1991). Principles of Neuroscience, Figure 22-5, pp .315
top - nose
Figure 2C
radioactive tracer – sugar (surface and deep structures)Level of tracer in neurons
Positron emission tomography:PET scan - rCBF
40
Kandel, Schwartz, Jesse (1991). Principles of Neuroscience, Figure 22-6, pp .316
PET scan and visual stimuli
Chapter 4Neuromotor Basis of Motor Control
42
Types and Functions of Neurons
Three types of functional neurons
Where does an action start and where does it end?
43lateral view
Cerebral hemispheres
Left right
dorsal view
eye
fa ce
lips
ja w
ton gueswa llow
brow
neck
thumbfingers
handwrist
elbowarm
shoulder trunk
hip
knee
toes
44
p harynxto ngue
jawgum steeth
lips
fa ce
no see ye
thu m bf ingers
h andforea rm
elb owarmh ead
n ecktrun kh iplegto es
Somatotopic maps: commands to muscles and body sensation to cortex
Penfield and Rasmussen (1950)
45
Electroencephalography (EEG): movement preparation
46
Motor cortex to muscles
Crossing over of control signals
Left-H.
Right-H.
Connectivity and surface area
47
Motor planning and sequencing areas
48
B.
A.
C.
Anatomy and function: MRI and PET
49
Continuous and discrete actions
Schaal et al. (2004). Right wrist flexion-extension motion 4 actions (Fig. 1A and 1B)
ext
flx
ext
flx
ext
flx
ext
flx
50
Continuous and discrete actions: brain activity patterns
Schaal et al. (2004). Figure 2C
Bilateral activity
Unilateral (contra-) activity
51
Subcortical structures
Basal ganglia – 4 components
Caudate
Basal Ganglia pathways
PutamenGlobus Pallidus
Substantia nigra
53spinal cord
Brain stem and cerebellum
54
Cerebellum and timing
Ivry et al., (2002). Spencer et al., (2003).
Discrete tapping
Continuous motion
55
Dorsal
Ventral
Spinal cord: sensory-motor information flow
56
Alpha (a) motor neuron
Input
Conduction
output
57
Muscle fibers and motor neurons
Alpha()-Gamma () co-activation
A) Alpha MN activates:
A B
B) Gamma MN co-activated:
59
Features of the motor unit
420,000:
252,000,000:
Average ratio
Force output
30-50%
Time (sec)
1
2
3
4
5
Force production: The size principle and motor unit activation
61
Spinal circuitry and Final common path
Reflexes
Interneurons
62
100Time in msecs
Muscletension
Patellartendonstruck
Knee Jerk
Muscleefferent
Muscle spindleafferent
0
Stretch reflex: mono-synaptic
Sensorycell
Motorneurons
extext
63
Inter-neurons and information divergence
Painfulstimuli
sensoryinput
Crossed-extensor reflex: divergence
Extensorsinhibited
Flexorsexcited
Extensorsexcited
Flexorsinhibited
+ excitation- inhibition
inter-neuron
Motorneurons
Sensory cell axon
extflx
65
+-
+
Descending Signal
Information feedback: inhibition
66
motor neuron
Final common path: information convergence
67
Hierarchy of the Motor System
Strategy (planning) PMC, SMA, basal ganglia
Tactics (setting parameter for execution) MC, cerebellum, basal ganglia
Execution Brain stem and spinal cord
Chapter 9Attention as a limited capacity
resource
69
Two main aspects of attention
Splitting attention
Focusing of attention
70
Information processing model
3 stage model of cognitive motor processes
CNS
71
Splitting attention
Dual task paradigm
SP RS RP
SP RS RP
72
Splitting attention: a simple motor task
Force output and attention (Leob, 1886)
The dual task
Variables
Finding
Splitting attention: Gait and Parkinson’s disease O’Shea et al. (2002)
Primary task
Secondary task
Splitting attention: Gait and Parkinson’s disease
Walking speed
Stride length
Controls PDs Controls PDs
Motor (coins)
Cognitive (count)
o Look at the standing task that was also done with this experiment.
75
Splitting attention: a clinical setting
Geurts and Mulder (1994) – relearning
What is an appropriate Dual task?
Variables
8 weeks of rehabilitation therapy
76
CoP (sway) and attentionC
oP V
eloc
ity
2 weeks 8 weeks
77
Cell phone and drivingWhy talking and driving don’t mix!
Reaction time
Red lights
Cell phone – bigger impact than!
Brain activity
78
Central-resource capacity: Flexible allocation (Kahneman 1973)
Rules of allocation
Cognitive effort
79
Multiple-resource theories (Wickens 1992)
80
Arousal, attention and performance
Levels of arousal low, optimal, high
arousal
Perf
orm
ance
lowpoor
high
best
81
Focusing Attention
Width
Direction
Switching
Automaticity – skill level
82
Neural basis of attention
Reticular activation system (red lines) Emerges from the reticular formation in brainstem
83
Visual selective attention
Visual selective attention
Shank and Haywood (1987)
Kato and Fukuda (2002)
85
85
Chapter 10
Memory components, forgetting, and strategies
86
Principles of human remembering and forgetting
What are the functional roles of memory?
How are memories encoded, stored, and recalled based on these functional roles?
Comparison of verbal and motor memory
87
Multiple memory model
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
Baddeley (1986, 1995)
Working Memory Long-term memory
88
Working memory (WM) static characteristics
Duration
Capacity
Action example - Ille and Cadopi (1999)
89
Increasing WM capacity: subjective organization (chunking)
Starkes et al (1987)
Who remembers the most (produces the most) under a given condition?
Why do the experts remember more in the structured condition?
90
Long-term memory (LTM) characteristics
Functional LTM systems
Knowledge
Capacity and Duration
91
Neural aspects of LTM memory formation
H.M. (1950’s) suffered from epilepsy
Mirror Tracing
Mirror
Hand blocked from view
Mirror tracing
Retention tests
93
Remembering and forgetting
Encoding
Retrieval
Forgetting
94
sliding handle
Encoding: Categorization of actions
Magill and Lee (1987)
Free recall:
95
Encoding: verbal cues and actions
Shea (1977) - lever positioning task – without vision
3 verbal cues labels
3
12
2
111
10
Recall interval
96
Verbal cues as mnemonics for movements
5 sec 60 sec
AE
(d
eg
)
Retention interval (sec)
5
6
7
8
9
97
Proactive interference: WM
Location and distance
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Experimental group Control group
98
Retroactive interference: WM
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Experimental group Control group
99
Retroactive interference: motor task
Stelmach and Kelso (1970)
A
100
Interfering with motor consolidation
Muellbacher et al (2002) – TMS study
Task:
Goal
Issue:
101
TMS immediately after practice
Hypothesis:
Experimental group
Control group
3 Practice sessions P3P2
1.0
2.5
0.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
P1
1.0
2.5
0.0
1.5
2.0
0.5N
orm
aliz
ed A
ccel
erat
ion
Motor cortex
Occ. cortex
Pre-frontal
rTMS1 rTMS2
102
TMS long delay after practice
Hypothesis:
Experimental group
Control group
1 Practice session
rTMS
1.0
2.5
0.0
1.5
2.0
0.5Nor
mal
ized
Acc
eler
atio
n
1.0
2.5
0.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
P2P1
6-hr
res
t
103
Attention, memory, and learning
Foerde et al. (2006).
Dual task paradigm – shape sorting task
fMRI data
104
Neuro-anatomical regions and memory
No-distraction:
Secondary task
Multitasking
Material for Test #1Chapters 1, 2, 4, 9, and 10