Cardiovascular DiseaseKinesiology 2115

Overview of CVDCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the USSedentary lifestyle and high fat diet major factorsEvery 26 seconds someone will suffer a cardiac event with 2150 dying each dayCVD affects any or all parts of the CV system-heart, blood, blood vesselsCoronary heart disease (CHD) is most commonNarrowing of coronary arteriesPeripheral vascular diseaseStrokeRheumatic heart diseaseAtherosclerosis

Signs and Symptoms of CVDAngina pectorisChest pain during exertion Lack of blood to heart muscle due to narrowed arteries

Myocardial infarctionBlood supply to part of heart is cut off leading to tissue deathWarnings include:Uncomfortable, squeezing pressure or pain in chestPain that radiates to left shoulder/arm and neckProfuse sweatingShortness of breathDizziness and/or fainting

StrokeLack of blood supply to brainCaused by narrowed arteries and/or blood clot in brainWarning signs includeDizzinessTemporary weakness or numbness on one side of the bodyTemporary loss of speech or vision

Your Risks for CVDPrevention is the key to reducing risk of CVDLifestyle determines susceptibilityMajor contributors to CVDSmokingHypertensionHypercholesterolemiaPhysical inactivityObesityDiabetesMinor contributorsStressGenderHeredityAgeRace

Smoking#1 cause of CVDSmokers 2.5 times more likely to develop CVDSmokers more likely to die from CVD than cancerCarbon monoxide in smoke competes with oxygen for hemoglobin attachment greatly increasing the workload of heart

HypertensionMost significant risk factor for stroke and major risk factor for CVDKnown as the Silent KillerConsidered a disease in itselfFactors contributing to hypertensionHeredityObesitySodium sensitivityAlcohol consumptionAgeRaceCaffeineSedentary lifestyleStressIncreases workload of the heart and arteries50 million Americans have hypertensionMost prevalent among elderly, African Americans and obese

HypertensionIs diagnosed if individual has repeated measurements above optimal levelsBlood Pressure Classification

BP ClassificationSystolic BPDiastolic BPNormal 100

HypercholesterolemiaToo much fat in the bloodstreamContributes to plaque deposition on artery wallsHigher lipid levels, increased risk of CVDHDLGood cholesterolBetter predictor of CVD than total cholesterolLDLBad cholesterolAdheres to arterial wallsTriglyceridesDirect relation between TGs and body composition

Classification of LDL, Total, & HDL Cholesterol, & Triglycerides*(Expressed in mg/dl. Obtain after 9-12 hour fast)*LDL Cholesterol 190Very high

HDL Cholesterol< 40Low> 60High

Total Cholesterol 240High

Triglycerides 500Very High

Controlling HypercholesterolemiaIncrease aerobic exerciseRecommend 1000 calories/week at moderate intensityModerate to high intensity needed to increase HDLLow intensity lowers total cholesterol, LDL and TGs, must also lose weight (fat)Alter eating habitsReduce saturated fat consumption

Physical Inactivity1993- American Heart AssociationIdentified inactivity as major risk factorRanks same as smoking, hypertension, and high cholesterol/TG~60% of U S population at risk due to inactivityDecrease risk by increasing energy expenditure

Obesity10% above ideal fat percentageIndependent risk factor for CVD but may be caused by other risk factors associated with obesityHigh blood lipidsHypertensionDiabetes

DiabetesType I, Juvenile OnsetPancreas does not produce insulin, or produces very littleMust take insulin injections daily10% of all diabeticsType II, Adult OnsetInsulin is produced, but cant be used properly90% of all diabetics85% were obese at time of diagnosisDiet high in fiber and aerobic exercise reduces risk of Type II diabetesBlood Glucose Guidelines: (obtain after 9-12 hour fast)< 100 mg/dldesirable100-125 mg/dlpre diabetes> 126 mg/dldiabetes

StressFight or Flight responseIncreased heart rate, blood pressure, glucose levelsMust act to reduce catecholamine levelsExercise is best way to relieve stress and breakdown catecholaminesReturns HR, BP and glucose levels to pre-stress levels

Gender/HeredityMen 3 times more likely to develop CVDAfter menopause, women just as likely to develop CVD and 2 times more likely to die from a heart attackYounger women, due to higher estrogen, have higher HDL cholesterol which is CVD protectiveAfter menopause, women lose that protective factorFamily history increases riskNo gene has been identified as CVD carrierInherit family lifestyle and eating habits

Age/RaceCVD risk increases with agePartly attributed to decreased physical activity, poor nutrition and obesitySlow down physical aging by managing risk factorsAfrican-Americans and Mexican-Americans more likely to have hypertensionAsian-Americans have lower risk but it is increasing due to adoption of American lifestyle