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IGES International Workshop on a CoBenefits Approach Cobenefits of energy efficiency in the context of climate change mitigation Kenichi Wada Kenichi Wada Systems Analysis Group, February 13, 2012

Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

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Page 1: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

IGES International Workshop on a Co‐Benefits Approach

Co‐benefits of energy efficiency in the gy ycontext of climate change mitigation

Kenichi WadaKenichi Wada

Systems Analysis Group,  

February 13, 2012

Page 2: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Contents

1. Introduction1. Introduction

2. Potential of Energy Efficiencygy y

3. Efficiency Gap and Barriers

4. Co‐Benefits of Energy Efficiency

5. Policy Instruments

6. Conclusion

1

Page 3: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Introduction

• Global CO2 emissions are growing rapidly and can double by 2050 ith t i t li t h iti ti2050 without appropriate climate change mitigation measures.

• Energy efficiency contributes to reducing energy use and CO2 emissions with negative or very low cost.

• However, most of the opportunities to invest in energy , pp gyefficiency are left behind.

• Why our society cannot achieve the optimal level ofWhy our society cannot achieve the optimal level of efficiency? What are the policy implications?  How to realize this significant potential through the deployment of morethis significant potential through the deployment of more efficient technologies? 

2

Page 4: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Potential of Energy Efficiency in 2020

CCS: from coal or gas power plant into oil well by EOR operation, deep saline aquifer, depleted y p , p q , pgas well etc.

CCS: from coal power plant into oil well by EOR operation

Efficiency improvement of ICEVDiffusion of HEVDiffusion of  biofuel ICEV

f

Efficiency improvement of coal and gas power plant

Improvement of transport infrastructure Wind power

Nuclear power

coal and gas power plant

Efficiency improvement of coal and gas power plant (energy saving)Fuel switching from coal to gas (energy saving & fuel switching)

Diffusion of CDQ, TRT, etc. Efficiency improvement of air‐conditioner [S ] RITE

386% increase 42% increase

High efficiency BF‐BOF/Scrap‐EAFEfficiency improvement of air‐conditioner, television and various appliances

relative to 2005 level relative to 2005 level 

[Source] RITE

Page 5: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Global CO2 Emissions Trajectory with Different Carbon Prices

45000

50000

35000

40000n [M

tCO2/yr]

20000

25000

30000

CO2 Em

ission

TF Scenario

10000

15000

20000

nergy‐related  TF Scenario

$0/tCO2$20/tCO2$40/tCO2$60/tCO2

0

5000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

En

$60/tCO2$80/tCO2$100/tCO2

• About 70% of the reduction potential can be captured under the $20/tCO2. The incremental volume of reduction potential gets smaller as the carbon 

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

price increases. 4

Page 6: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Payback Period and IRR of Efficient Appliances

Replacement Payback Period(year)

IRR(%)From To

RefrigeratorLow‐Eff. Middle‐Eff. 4.4 22

Middle‐Eff. High‐Eff. 11.8 3

Small Low‐Eff. Small High‐Eff. 3.2 31Television

Small Low Eff. Small High Eff.

Large Low‐Eff. Large High‐Eff. 6.2 14

Lighting

Small Incandescent Small CFL 3.6 28

Mid‐Eff fluorescent High‐Eff fluorescent 4.1 24Lighting Mid Eff. fluorescent High Eff. fluorescent 4.1 24

Mid‐Eff. HID High‐Eff. HID 11.0 7

Air ConditionerLow‐Eff. Middle‐Eff. 4.1 23

Middle Eff High Eff 8 5 8Middle‐Eff. High‐Eff. 8.5 8

• Investing in energy‐saving technologies involves a trade‐off between higher initial capital costs and future energy cost savingsbetween higher initial capital costs and future energy cost savings. 

• Average payback period is about 6 years (shorter than lifetime) and IRR i d 18% (hi h th i t t t )

5

average IRR is around 18% (higher than interest rates).

Page 7: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Energy Efficiency in Power Sector

• Wide gap exists in efficiency i

40

45Australia

Canada

France

Germany across countries.  

30

35

cien

cy (%

LH

V) Germany

Japan

UK

US

EU27

25

30

Effic

Russia

Korea

China

India

201990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

World

0

60

% L

HV

)CoalOil d G

Efficiency of Coal‐fired Power PlantsEnergy Efficiency by generation type

30

40

50ge

nera

tion

(% Oil and GasAverage

10

20

ncy

of p

ower

• The technology is there, but  efficiency gap exists…

6

0

US

Can

ada

UK

Fran

ce

Ger

man

y

Japa

n

Aus

tralia

Kor

ea

Chi

na

Indi

a

Rus

sia

Effi

cie n

Page 8: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Efficiency Gap

• Conceptually all opportunities for cost‐effective conservation h t d i th ffi i tare exhausted in the efficient economy. 

• In reality, most of the opportunities to invest in energy efficiency are left behind… 

• Why?  There are a lot of reasons; transaction costs, capital y ; , pconstraints, lack of information about the available options, misplaced incentives, flaws in market structure, future uncertainties in energy prices, principal‐agent problems in energy usage and bounded rationality in decision making, such as the loss aversion bias 

7

Page 9: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

High Investment Hurdle for Low Income Household

80%

90%

100%Relationship between income level and implicit discount rates of goods

Rate

60%

70%

80%cit Discoun

40%

50%

Implic

10%

20%

30%Source: Train (1985), Hausman (1979), 

0%

10%

$0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000

Beggs (1980), ADL (1984) .

Household Income

• Low‐income households (or developing countries) tend to have high discount rates due to the high risk premium in the financial

Household Income

high discount rates due to the high risk premium in the financial market, the high leverage of debt, and political instability.

8

Page 10: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Loss Aversion undervalues Efficiency Gain   

value

Due to high initial capital requirements, seemingly expensive price of energy‐

loss gain

seemingly expensive price of energyefficient technologies relative to normal technologies can be a key barrier to investment. 

• Behavioral economics research has identified a number of instances in which consumers’ choices are not consistent with strict utility maximization.

• Asymmetric responses to loss and gain.  Potential losses are weighted more heavily than potential gains and the probability of loss is exaggerated.

9

Page 11: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Efficiency Improvement contributes to Mitigation

The New Policies Scenario takes account of both existing government policies and declared

• Efficiency gains and deployment of existing low‐carbon energy 

Source: IEAgovernment policies and declared policy intentions.

y g p y g gyaccounts for most of the savings.

• The scale of this reduction underlines the importance of strongThe scale of this reduction underlines the importance of strong policy action to ensure that potential efficiency gains are realized

10

Page 12: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Regional Emission Reduction Potential 

7000 

8000 

9000 n relative to

 O2/yr]

$80/tCO2 ‐ $100/tCO2

$60/tCO2 ‐ $80/tCO2

$40/tCO2 ‐ $60/tCO2

[Relative to the TF scenario in 2020]

5000 

6000 

ission

 Red

uctio

nn Scen

ario [M

tCO

$20/tCO2 ‐ $40/tCO2

$0/tCO2 ‐ $20/tCO2

< $0/tCO2

2000 

3000 

4000 

‐related

 CO2 Em

chno

logy

‐Frozen

1000 

ative

mistic

 

ative

mistic

 

ative

mistic

 

ative

mistic

 

ative

mistic

 

ative

mistic

 

ative

mistic

 

ative

mistic

 

ative

mistic

 

ative

mistic

 

ative

mistic

 

Energy

‐Te

Conserva

Optim

Conserva

Optim

Conserva

Optim

Conserva

Optim

Conserva

Optim

Conserva

Optim

Conserva

Optim

Conserva

Optim

Conserva

Optim

Conserva

Optim

Conserva

Optim

US, Canada EU 27 CIS, other Europe

Japan Aus, NZ China India Other Asia Middle East South & Central

AfricaEurope Central 

America

• Regional abatement potential differs across regions due to differences in current energy efficiency levels, industrial structures, potential of renewable 

11

gy y , , penergy resources, and expected future economic growth.

Page 13: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Climate policy does not necessarily serve Energy Security

8 000

10,000

dex

ALPS A-Baseline (2050)

ALPS A-CP4.5 (2050)

Vulnerable

6,000

8,000gy

sec

urity

in ALPS A-CP3.0 (2050)

2 000

4,000Ene

rg

0

2,000

US W Europe Japan China SE Asia India and SUS W. Europe Japan China SE Asia India and S. Asia

igasii

gas

ioilii

oil SrTPESc

SrTPES

cESI 2,

2,

r : Political risk rating for country i, S : The percentage share of each supplier i in the international market

• Ambitious reduction targets do not necessarily increase energy security.

• Most of Asian countries get vulnerable as carbon constraints are tighten

r : Political risk rating for country i, S : The percentage share of each supplier i in the international market

• Most of Asian countries get vulnerable as carbon constraints are tighten due to replacement from domestic coal to imported gas

12

Page 14: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Efficiency Improvement helps Securing Energy SupplyOil Export Flows from Middle East and Major Strategic Maritime Channels

the Straits of Hormuz 

th St it f M l

Source: IEA

the Strait of Malacca

• Asian countries heavily depend on Middle Eastern oil.  Crude oil from the Persian Gulf to East Asian countries goes through some chokepoints.

• Increasing energy efficiency is critical to reducing oil dependence.   

13

Page 15: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Policies to accelerate Energy Efficiency

uiva

lent

Carbon PriceCarbon Price

Preferences,Preferences,

or c

ost e

qu perceived riskperceived riskBoundedBoundedrationalityrationality

TransactionTransactiontt

Cos

t

FuelFuel

costscostsSearch costsSearch costs

FuelFuelFuelFuel

St d d Effi i t

CapitalCapital CapitalCapital

Standardtechnology

Efficienttechnology

• One solution would be pricing carbon, which makes investment on efficient  technology attractive relatively.

14

gy y

• Another approach would be removing barriers to bring the actual circumstances closer to the ideal situation.

Page 16: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Need more Energy Efficiency Projects

2%Supply side EE

3%Supply side EECERs issue# of CDM Projects

8%3%

2%

17%

Demand side EE

HFCs, PFCs & N2O

5%6%Demand side EE

HFCs, PFCs & N2O17%

Renewables

CH4 & Cement & 

18% Renewables

CH4 & Cement & 

66%

Coal mine/bed Fuel switch

Afforestation&

68%Coal mine/bed Fuel switch

Afforestation&Afforestation & ReforestationTransport

Afforestation & ReforestationTransportSource: UNEP Database

• Current mechanism is not enough to support energy efficiency. More flexible scheme, such as bilateral trading, may accelerate efficiency improvement.  

15

Page 17: Kenichi Wada - iges.or.jp · plant into oil well by EOR ... Effi Russia Korea China India 20 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 World 0 60 % LHV) Coal Oil d G Efficiency

Conclusion

• There is huge potential for energy saving, especially in developing countries Improving energy efficiency brings about multiplecountries. Improving energy efficiency brings about multiple benefits, including CO2 emissions reductions and secure energy supply.pp y

• People in developing countries can have a much higher discount rate than those in developed countries. Institutional and behavioralrate than those in developed countries. Institutional and behavioral barriers also make it difficult to exploit full potential.

• A range of policy instruments not only carbon pricing but alsoA range of policy instruments, not only carbon pricing but also  removal of fossil fuel subsidy, the energy labeling program, and recognition of  co‐benefits of energy efficiency, would be needed to accelerate the diffusion of highly efficient technologies. 

16