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WHAT IS RESEARCHWHAT IS RESEARCH

DESIGN ?DESIGN ?

Task of defining the research problemTask of defining the research problem

is the preparation of the researchis the preparation of the research

project, popularly known as theproject, popularly known as the

research design".research design".

Decisions regardingDecisions regarding what, where,what, where,

when, how much, by what meanswhen, how much, by what means

concerning an inquiry or aconcerning an inquiry or a

research study constitute aresearch study constitute a

research design.research design.

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Meaning of research designMeaning of research design

A research design is theA research design is the

arrangement of conditions forarrangement of conditions for

collection and analysis of data incollection and analysis of data ina manner that aims to combinea manner that aims to combine

relevance to the researchrelevance to the research

purpose with economy inpurpose with economy in

procedure.procedure.

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Research design haveResearch design have

following partsfollowing parts

Sampling designSampling design

Observational designObservational design

Statistical designStatistical design Operational designOperational design

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Sampling designsSampling designs

Which deals with the methods ofWhich deals with the methods of

selecting items to be observedselecting items to be observed

for the study.for the study.Observational designObservational design

Which relates to the conditionWhich relates to the condition

under which the observation areunder which the observation are

to be create.to be create.

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Statistical designStatistical design

Which concern the question ofWhich concern the question of

the ofthe ofHow the informationHow the information

and data gathered are to beand data gathered are to beanalyzed ?analyzed ?

OperationalOperational designdesign

Which deals with techniquesWhich deals with techniquesby which the proceduresby which the procedures

satisfied in sampling .satisfied in sampling .

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Features of a good researchFeatures of a good research

designdesign

A research design appropriate for a particularA research design appropriate for a particularresearch problem, usually involves theresearch problem, usually involves thefollowing features.following features.

The mean of obtaining information.The mean of obtaining information.

The availability and skills of the researcherThe availability and skills of the researcherand his staff, if any.and his staff, if any.

The objective of the problem to be studied.The objective of the problem to be studied.

The nature of the problem to be studied .The nature of the problem to be studied .

The availability of time and money for theThe availability of time and money for theresearch work.research work.

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Important concepts relating toImportant concepts relating to

research designresearch design

Dependent and independentDependent and independentvariables:variables:

a concept which can take ona concept which can take ondifferent quantitative values isdifferent quantitative values iscalled a variable.called a variable.

A phenomena which can take onA phenomena which can take on

different qualitatively valuesdifferent qualitatively valueseven in decimal value areeven in decimal value arecalled continues.called continues.

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Extraneous variablesExtraneous variables

That are not related to theThat are not related to the

purpose of the study but maypurpose of the study but may

effect on the dependenteffect on the dependent

variables are termed as thevariables are termed as the

extraneous variablesextraneous variables

For e.g.:For e.g.:--

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Example of thisExample of this

Suppose a researcherSuppose a researcherwant to test thewant to test thehypothesishypothesis that there is athat there is a relationshiprelationshipbetween children gains in social studiesbetween children gains in social studiesachievement and their self concept.achievement and their self concept.

In this case selfIn this case self--concept =independentconcept =independentvariablevariable

Social studies achievement =dependentSocial studies achievement =dependentvariablevariable

Intelligence may as well affect on the socialIntelligence may as well affect on the socialachievement.achievement.

But it is not related to the study undertaken byBut it is not related to the study undertaken bythe researcher so it is athe researcher so it is a ExtraneousExtraneousvariablevariable

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ControlControl

One important characteristic of aOne important characteristic of a

good research is to minimize thegood research is to minimize the

influence or effect. The terminalinfluence or effect. The terminal

term used when we design theterm used when we design the

study minimizing the the effectstudy minimizing the the effect

of extraneous independentof extraneous independent

variablevariable

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Conformed relationshipConformed relationship

When the dependent variable isWhen the dependent variable is

not free from the influence ofnot free from the influence of

extraneous variable .Theextraneous variable .The

relationship between therelationship between the

depended and independentdepended and independent

variable is said to be confusedvariable is said to be confused

by an extraneous variableby an extraneous variable

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Research hypothesisResearch hypothesis

The researcher hypothesis is aThe researcher hypothesis is a

predicative statement thatpredicative statement that

relates an independent variablerelates an independent variable

to dependent variable.to dependent variable.

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Experimental and nonExperimental and non--

experimental hypothesis testingexperimental hypothesis testing

When the purpose of research isWhen the purpose of research is

to test a research hypothesis, itto test a research hypothesis, it

us termed as hypothesis testingus termed as hypothesis testing

research .research .

It can be experimental or nonIt can be experimental or non--

expermantalexpermantal

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Experimental and controlExperimental and control

groupsgroups

When a group is exposed toWhen a group is exposed to

usual conditions, it is termed asusual conditions, it is termed as

aa control group.control group.

But when the group is exposedBut when the group is exposed

to be some special condition, itto be some special condition, it

is termed asis termed as Experimental groupExperimental group

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TreatmentsTreatments

The different conditions underThe different conditions under

which Experiment and controlwhich Experiment and control

groups are put up usuallygroups are put up usually

referred to as treatment.referred to as treatment.

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ExperimentExperiment

The process of examining the truthThe process of examining the truth

of a statistical hypothesis, relating toof a statistical hypothesis, relating to

some research problem, is known assome research problem, is known as

an Experiment.an Experiment.E.g.:E.g.:--

we can conduct an Experiment towe can conduct an Experiment to

examine the usefulness of a certainexamine the usefulness of a certain

newly developed drug.newly developed drug.

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Different research designDifferent research design

In case ofIn case of

ExploratoryExploratory

researchresearchstudystudy

in case ofin case ofdescriptivedescriptiveandand

diagnosticdiagnosticresearchresearch

In case ofIn case ofhypothesishypothesis--testingtestingresearchresearch

studiesstudies

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Research design in case ofResearch design in case of

exploratory research designexploratory research design

exploratory research method areexploratory research method are

also termed as formulativealso termed as formulative

research studied.research studied.

The main purpose is that of formulateThe main purpose is that of formulatethe research problem .threethe research problem .three

methods aremethods are

1.1. The survey of concerning literatureThe survey of concerning literature

2.2. The experience surveyThe experience survey

3.3. The analysis of insideThe analysis of inside--stimulatingstimulating

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1.The survey of concerning1.The survey of concerning

literatureliterature

This is most simple and fruitfulThis is most simple and fruitful

method of formulating themethod of formulating the

research problem .research problem .

Hypothesis is taken earlierHypothesis is taken earlier

workers and their usefulness beworkers and their usefulness be

evaluating as a basis for furtherevaluating as a basis for further

Research.Research.

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2. The experience survey2. The experience survey

The experience survey meansThe experience survey means

the survey of people who hadthe survey of people who had

practical experience .practical experience .

The object is to obtain newThe object is to obtain new

ideas relating to the researchideas relating to the research

problem.problem.

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3.The analysis of inside3.The analysis of inside--

stimulatingstimulating

It is also a fruitful method ofIt is also a fruitful method of

suggesting the hypothesis. It issuggesting the hypothesis. It is

particularly suitable in the areasparticularly suitable in the areas

where there is little experiencewhere there is little experience

to serve as a guide.to serve as a guide.

In this method the existing recordsIn this method the existing records

may be examined .may be examined .

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In case of descriptive andIn case of descriptive and

diagnostic researchdiagnostic research

in case of descriptive researchin case of descriptive researchstudystudy one those studied whichone those studied whichare concerned with describingare concerned with describing

the characteristics of a particularthe characteristics of a particularIndividual , or a group.Individual , or a group.

In diagnostic research studyIn diagnostic research study

determine the frequency whichdetermine the frequency whichsome thing occursome thing occur

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Difference betweenDifference between

formulative= descriptive/diagnosticformulative= descriptive/diagnostic

Flexible designFlexible design

JudgmentalJudgmentalsamplingsampling

No preNo pre--determineddetermineddesigndesign

No fixedNo fixed

decision aboutdecision aboutthe operationalthe operationalproceduresprocedures

No flexibilityNo flexibility

RandomRandomsamplingsampling

PrePre--determineddetermineddesign fordesign foranalysisanalysis

AdvancedAdvanced

decisionsdecisions

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In case of hypothesisIn case of hypothesis--testingtesting

research studiesresearch studies

hypothesishypothesis--testing researchtesting researchstudies known as experimentalstudies known as experimentalstudies are those researcherstudies are those researcher

tests the hypothesis of casualtests the hypothesis of casualrelationship between variables.relationship between variables.

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