Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Fakulti Kejuruteraan dan Alam Bina

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

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KKKH 4284

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING

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KAJANG LOCAL PLAN FOR

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

MEMBERS: MATRIC NO.

JULIANIZA ARIFFIN A 132737

NURHAYATI BINTI ABDUL RAZAK A 133731

AQILAH MADIHAH SHAMSUDIN A 132885

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 OBJECTIVES 4

3.0 CURRENT ISSUES IN KAJANG 4

4.0 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLE

4.1 Quality of Development 6

4.2 Integrating Transport and Development 8

4.3 Minimum environmental impact due to surge in travel demands 12

4.4 Development Access: Pedestrians, disabled people, cyclists,

public transports, private transport 15

4.5 Parking 21

4.6 Urban Design Principles 32

4.7 Context: compatible with existing landforms and natural

features, retain, and where possible enhance important existing

urban spaces, townscape, parkland, natural or historical features;

respect the existing layout of buildings within the street space,

integrate into the local community 38

4.8 Safety and Security 43

4.9 Landscape and Biodiversity 48

4.10 Renewable Energy 50

4.11 Air Quality 52

4.12 Water Quality and Drainage 54

5.0 CONCLUSION 58

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

History of Kajang

Kajang, the district capital of Hulu Langat is a town in the eastern part of Selangor, Malaysia.

It is located 21 kilometres from Kuala Lumpur. The total population of Kajang has grown

rapidly in the past few years, with estimated population growth of 9% per annum which

contributes to high population density. Currently, Kajang's population of 342,657 consists of

60.4% Malay, 19.3% Chinese, 9.7% Indians, and 10.6% other ethnic groups. Among

Kajang's main population centres are Sg. Kantan, Sg.Jelok, Sg.Ramal, Sungai Chua, Sg.

Sekamat, Bandar Mahkota, Jalan Reko, Jalan Bukit, Bandar Sungai Long, Bandar Tun

Hussein Onn, Cheras Perdana.

The first settlement in Kajang was established in 1709. In 1807, Kajang was founded

after the Klang War. Because of its central location, it was made the district capital of Hulu

Langat. Kajang as a modern town owes its rise in particular to the coffee estates which were

opened up around it in the 1890s. One of the famous coffee estates were Inch Kenneth Estate

managed by the Kindersley brothers who were among the first to plant rubber in the country

on a commercial basis. Another was Perang Besar (Great War) Estate, opened by some

British ex-servicemen led by Colonel Henry Gough, who was the pioneer of bud-grafting of

rubber trees in the country.

Many historical buildings can be found in Kajang where most of the colonial-era

buildings were constructed around 1920s to 1930s. The architecture of these shop houses is a

combination of traditional Chinese and European designs.

The concept of the early development in Kajang seems to loosely resemble our urban

sustainable concept, mixed-use development where people live closer to work and have

easy access to shopping, dining and entertainment. The ground floor was used mostly for

commercial activities and the upper floor as the family living quarter.

One of Kajang's landmarks is Stadium Kajang which is situated in the heart of the

town. Another landmark is the Kajang Mosque or Masjid Kajang, which is easily

recognisable by its bright yellow facade.

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Figure 1.1 Kajang in the early 1970s

Figure 1.2 Area of Sungai Chua which now turns into a flyover

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Concept of Development

The general idea of our concept is to introduce a sustainable development for Kajang

city without compromising the community and future needs. Kajang city is already equipped

with basic amenities such as commercial center, housing, government offices, road network,

industries and public facilities. It is currently seen to possess high potential for further

development. However, from our opinion the development of Kajang city is not properly

planned which results in heavy traffic jam, flash floods, pollution, funding shortage and

social problems. To redevelop Kajang into a sustainable city, the following suggestions shall

include:

1. Quality of Development

2. Integrating Transport and Development

3. Minimum environmental impact due to surge in travel demands

4. Development Access: Pedestrians, disabled people, cyclists, public transport, private

transport

5. Parking

6. Urban Design Principles

7. Context: compatible with existing landforms and natural features, retain, and where

possible enhance important existing urban spaces, townscape, parkland, natural or

historical features; respect the existing layout of buildings within the street space,

integrate into the local community

8. Safety and Security

9. Landscape and Biodiversity

10. Renewable Energy

11. Air Quality

12. Water Quality and Drainage

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2.0 OBJECTIVES

The objectives to redevelop Kajang into a sustainable city are as follows:

i. To stimulate a more effective economic growth.

ii. To ensure the physical development of the city is in equilibrium with the

environmental needs.

iii. To upgrade and improve the social needs of the local community.

iv. To implement a modern, competitive and more systematic urbanization.

3.0 CURRENT ISSUES IN KAJANG

Kajang as one of the area in Selangor has developed the region with provides a facility which

has characteristic itself with sufficient land use. Developing Kajang city has marked by

arranging city pattern which marked by highways network development for vehicles,

residential, offices and another facility like a commercial area. However, Kajang is now

facing many problems. They are:

A congested town with traffic jams during peak hours

Comprised of majority of immigrants (legal and illegal)

The downtown is a breeding ground for rats and pesticides

High criminal rates

Air pollution in downtown

Lack of awareness in environmental issues

Figure 1.3 Traffic congestion in Kajang

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Figure 1.4 Lack of awareness in town cleanliness

Figure 1.5 Illegal immigrants in Kajang

Figure 1.6 Air pollution in Kajang

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4.0 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES

4.1 QUALITY OF DEVELOPMENT

Quality of life encompasses the fulfilment of all human needs such as satisfactory standard of

material life, health, education, security, the satisfaction of living in a clean environment as

well as the enjoyment of the aesthetic and the spiritual. For the individual, a prerequisite of a

good quality of life is an adequate income, sufficient to permit access to the facilities that the

city can provide.

Kajang has a number of new and old shopping complexes. The Billion Shopping

Center in Kajang town has been around for more than 20 years. It was located in the heart of

Kajang town. Metro Kajang and Metro Point are other shopping complexes in Kajang. There

has been a recent boom of new hypermarkets in Kajang. Giant was the first hypermarket in

Kajang. Tesco Kajang, which is located at Saujana Impian, nearby Giant hypermarket, was

the second hypermarket. Also, Jusco Balakong is around 5minutes away from Jalan Cheras of

Saujana Impian.

Metro Kajang MetroPoint Kajang

For the facilities and amenities in Kajang, as we can see, public hospitals found within

and around Kajang town are Hospital Kajang, and Hospital Putrajaya. There are also medical

centres functioning 24 hours such as Kajang Plaza Medical Centre (KPMC) and Kajang

Specialist Hospital (KPJ).

For education, Kajang is a town surrounded by many schools, mainly SMAP Kajang,

Kajang High School, SMK Yu Hua Kajang, SMK Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Kajang and many

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more. Kajang High School is reported to be one of the oldest schools in Kajang. There are

also few private schools located within Kajang namely Sri ABIM, Al-Amin, and Sri Ayesha.

Kajang also has a few institutions of higher learning. One of the universities located near

Kajang is Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN). Another, National University of Malaysia

(UKM) is nearby Bangi, is one of the largest national universities.

In line with the vision of a World-Class City, the objectives related to quality of life

are to:

Provide opportunities and facilities for residents to attain economic and social

progress.

Provide a clean, pleasant, and save living environment and access to high quality

community and cultural facilities as well as public services that are supported by

efficient infrastructures.

Safe living environment

Create different types of public transport. For example, boat to encourage people to

use public transport than private cars.

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Boats

4.2 INTEGRATING TRANSPORT AND DEVELOPMENT

Integrated transport planning is concerned with the development of broad plans that

address all aspects of the transportation system including benefits and impacts from transport

and impacts within the community. This plan sets the broad policy agenda required to

establish continuous improvement towards a sustainable transport system. Integrated

Transport Plans priorities and schedule project such as bicycle plan, walking networks,

education initiatives alongside car and truck based policy. These planning scheme outcome to

create urban town, neighbourhood and an activity centre, bringing people closer to shops,

services and job reducing the need to travel long distances and using a car.

A good traffic management is aimed to optimizing the existing infrastructure and

improving the flow capacity at the city. Strategies that can be applied in Kajang City centre

are:

1. Encouraging people to use public transport instead of their own public

transport. To do so, the services of public transport such as busses, taxi need to

be improved. The local authorities or the government should take a serious

consideration into providing a safe environment at the bus stop, surrounding

the city, the waiting area and the sidewalk zone.

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An enclosed bus shelter

A safe sidewalk

2. Upgrading the road systems by widening and implementing the smart grid

system for the transportation systems.

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A smart grid system for road

3. Provide a new Bus Rapid Transit system (BRT). A true BRT system generally

has specialized design, services and infrastructure to improve system quality

and remove the typical causes of delay. Sometimes described as a "surface

subway", BRT aims to combine the capacity and speed of light rail or metro

with the flexibility, lower cost and simplicity of a bus system. To be

considered BRT, buses should operate for a significant part of their journey

within a fully dedicated right of way (bus way) to avoid traffic congestion. In

addition, a true BRT system will have most of the following elements:

Alignment in the centre of the road (to avoid typical curb-side delays)

Stations with off-board fare collection (to reduce boarding and alighting delay

related to paying the driver)

Station platforms level with the bus floor (to reduce boarding and alighting

delay caused by steps)

Bus priority at intersections (to avoid intersection signal delay)

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A Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System

4. Provide subway to encourage people to consume public transport. Modern

services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between

stations typically using electric multiple units on rail tracks, although some

systems use guided rubber tyres, magnetic levitation, or monorail. The stations

typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains, requiring

custom-made trains in order to avoid gaps. They are typically integrated with

other public transport and often operated by the same public transport

authorities, but does not exclude a fully segregated light rail transit. It is

unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over

short distances with little use of land. There are many benefits of

implementing this subway such as:

Saves you money

Helps protect the environment

Reduces traffic congestion

Offers convenience and easy access

Saves energy

Safer than driving

Strengthens communities and improves livability

Increases property values

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Subway or underground train

4.3 MINIMUM ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DUE TO SURGE IN TRAVEL

DEMANDS

Kajang already exhibit many problems associated with unmanaged urbanization such

as pollution, inadequate water supply, weak sewerage infrastructure, waste disposal, high

crime rates, foreigners, and traffic congestion. Population growth and migration has also

result in the premature conversion of productive agriculture land, for residential and other

urban users.

Most of the facilities are available at the centre of the City which makes people focus

on the Kajang Town. This situation will cause high density of private cars which result on

traffic congestion, noise, and air pollution. Same goes to the poor drainage system in Kajang,

the attitude of some people throwing out the rubbish into the drain will consequently clog up

the drain. Due to that, flooding will occur during the heavy rain pour in the city.

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Flooding occurred due to poor drainage system

Air pollution by the burning of car fuels

The clogged drain in Kajang

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In order to enhance the problems, some measurements need to be practiced:

Do maintenance on the sewerage system to prevent flood from occurring

Maintaining the flow capacity of the river and ensuring there is no clogging

The feasibility of constructing gross suspended solid traps upstream and at

other strategic locations to collect waste and reduced clogging should be

investigated to provide more effective long-term measures to prevent flooding

Improve the transportation system by providing a friendly user, safe, and

punctual public transport so that people will be redirected towards using

public transport instead of using their own. This can help to reduce the traffic

congestion as well as reducing the burning fuels into the air.

Encouraging people to practise the 3Rs concept which are reduce, reuse and

recycle. More recycling centre should be provided and more campaigns on

gaining awareness on environmental issues among the people should be held.

Recycling centre

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4.4 DEVELOPMENT ACCESS

Walking and bicycling are two most environmental friendly modes of transportation that

enhance both personal and social well-being. They are also very important travel modes that

provide a seamless transportation system that includes other modes of transportation such as

buses and commuter rail. In addition to transportation, these two modes of travel provide

many public access, health and economics.

Effective pedestrian and bicycle network depends on several factors such as

accommodating pedestrian and bicyclist on arterial and collectors streets, selecting

appropriate facilities, creating and maintaining a system of closely-spaced interconnected

local streets and lastly overcoming barriers such as highways crossing, intersection, railroads

and rivers. Accessibility for people with disabilities means many things raging from physical

access to services and the built environment. The main provision measure is to adapt rail, bus

and taxis for easy access and adaptation of toilet and waiting room.

There are many issues regarding the accessibility in Kajang. All these issues are

contributing to the unsustainability of the city. They are:

1. The high travel demand has increased due to private transportation especially private

cars. As the consequences, the congestion had worsened during peak hour where the

capacity is very high. This also might be due to the population which have been

grown rapidly by the past few years due to the incoming of the legal and illegal

immigrant.

High population causes high travel demand

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2. In Kajang, the pedestrian networks were not progressively implemented in the town.

There are no single pedestrian bridges in town. There were also no zebra crossings

around the town. These make it hard for the people to cross the road during peak hour.

Plus, the security is very loose and illegal immigrant seems to be anywhere near the

backstreet where that is the only ways to the Plaza Metro Kajang if the people use the

public transport.

Road with no crossings for pedestrian

3. Cycling has been incorporated into the housing area and recreational areas. But in the

town of Kajang, bicyclists are rarely seen. The conditions make it hard for the people

to cycle under the hot burning sun. Sometimes, only the construction workers were

seen using the bicycle. Furthermore, cycling in Kajang are quite dangerous. With all

those buses and private transport on the roads, plus the unreliable condition on the

road, making it dangerous for to use bicycle in Kajang town.

4. In Kajang, there were not much seen the facility for the disabled people. In using the

public transport, there are no landing ramps for the disabled people. There were still

using steps, this make it harder for the people with wheelchair or cane stick. Besides

that, there are no brailles sign for people with low visual impairment.

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In order to overcome all these problems in Kajang, some of these measures need to be carried

out. They are:

Redirecting the movement pattern of using the private transport to the public

transport.

Comparison of using public transport and private transport

Improving the quality and as well as extending the services for public transport

especially commuter trains and local buses

The construction of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) project

Improve the traffic management system by implementing the smart system.

Lower the traffic speed limits

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Smaller corner turning radii

Turning radii

Cultivation of green strips and green trees.

Green strips and green trees

Improve the existing transportation infrastructure for shared use of streets and roads

by bicycle and motor vehicle

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Shared roads

Integrating local streets, shared use path and rail-trails into the bicycle network.

Bicycle network

Putting ramp instead of steps

Ramps for the disabled

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Provides layers, well defined signs for people with a visual impairment

Road directories for people with visual impairment

Improving the access to toilet or washing facilities.

Ticker gate at commuter station for the disabled.

Ticker gate for the disabled

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4.5 PARKING

Park and ride systems

Park and ride was aims to reduce vehicle trips and commute emissions. To encourage

employees to give student a try, government can offers incentives in the form of rebates on

train tickets, discount on Student, University Pass or Golden citizen membership, campus

shuttle service, occasional parking permits, and guaranteed rides home.

Transportation and distribution services should be created so they can offers a number of

sustainable commuting options including carpool matching services, vanpools, subsidized

bus passes, rebates on train tickets, and other convenient, cost-effective options that can

significantly reduce your monthly transportation expenses. All Sustainable Transportation

programs include employee incentives for a number of complimentary daily permits on those

rare occasions when you drive alone, and a guaranteed ride home program for unexpected

emergencies.

These actions will leads to :

Minimal investment and transportation cost

Zero parking fees

Combining exercise with travel

Dependable & predictable transportation

Sustainable Transportation Permits

To aid with the rare need to drive to campus, schools and workplace, Sustainable

Transportation can offers occasional daily Sustainable Transportation Permits.

1. Graduate students who are employed by the campus, student of nearby university or

institution and scholars may register for incentives at this permits for parking fees

discount and workers to distant workplace can registered this permit which can be

access using self-parking machine.

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2. Guaranteed Ride Home

All registered participants also may receive a Guaranteed Ride Home in case of

illness or emergency. Transportation and Distribution Services will arrange

transportation to the employee's home or other destination free of charge once every

six months. Taxi service at the expense of a student or employee may be arranged if

something occurred.

3. Park 4 Free

If four or more students or workers get together in a carpool, they can park for free.

4. Commute by shuttle bus and vanpool at drop-off station in front of the multi park

building

Parking system

Cuurent situation in Kajang centre is worsened each day.

In the Kajang city centre area, where congestion occur because of parking habits of buses and

car in order to wait and drop passenger, should change.

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The sides parking lane for drop of and adequate bus stops should be built. Besides, widening

the road and thus spare a special lane at the road centre provide safety for crossing over as

they have time to wait for car to passing by.

Parking design

Parking lots are a familiar part of modern life, providing the starting and ending point of a

visitors experience with a site. Characterized by black top surfaces, minimal landscaping,

and pole lighting, these open spaces dominate many urban and suburban landscapes. Since

most parking lots are designed to maximize parking space, they lack extensive landscaping,

and there are generally very few trees. The metal mass of numerous vehicles sitting on the

black top surfaces collects and radiates heat, creating a less than pleasant experience for the

driver and passengers. In fact, the heat collected by vehicles and the black top surface itself

create heat island effect, a serious consequence of modern infrastructure that can damage

micro-climates.

Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas that capture and retain the suns

energy into the evening. UHIs can increase the magnitude and duration of heat waves within

cities, which can lead to increased heat wave mortalities. Cars sitting on cement bring grease

to the lot, which is captured by storm water runoff that contaminates municipal collection

systems, and pole lights, along with other urban lighting, create an unpleasing urban effect

that makes the stars in the night sky invisible.

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Several method recommended for sustainable parking lots in Kajang :

1. Rainwater infiltration

Parking lots are a primary contributor to storm water runoff in our cities due to their

scale and impervious character. Parking lots, unless they are low-frequency use

parking lots, must have a certain level of imperviousness to them for the functional

aspect of vehicle movement.

Porous technique is recommended design to be adopted in parking system in Kajang.

Besides, grass parking is the most recommended to be adopted especially in the high

spots area which attracting many visitors such as Kajang stadium, Sate Kajang,

UKMs field, fair market, and road shoulder.

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Grass parking able to withstand a very weighted vehicle where a set of

foundation made from high durable plastic will be planted on soils and turf with grass.

This method beautifies the environment and reduce runoff water in Kajangs area.

Parking lots also designed with curbs, curbs opening and plant at the same or

lower grade than the parking surface. Then, rainwater which is often disregarded and

redirected towards storm water sewer will be utilize to watering the plantation and

trees nearby the area. This, in future will help reducing the heat island effect which is

common with parking lots.

2. Solar Parking

In the sustainable future, while more efficient public transportation might reduce the

role of passenger vehicles to some extent, both vehicles and parking lots are on a

parallel road to positive environmental friendliness. Parking lots can be transformed

from blighted and uncomfortable spaces into pleasing forests of shade structures

that produce clean energy to power buildings and reduce peak demand loads on

existing infrastructure and charge electric vehicles, capture storm water run-off, and

reduce the heat gain of parked vehicles. Lighting can be contained beneath a canopy

for a more pleasing effect without light pollution in the night sky. Parking lots can be

sustainable spaces. In fact, by foresting parking lots with Solar Trees, parking

lots can be beautified and elevated to a higher and better land use, with an improved

and integrated customer experience.

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Solar power projects that utilize photovoltaic shade structures in surface

parking lots or on the top levels of parking garages create a seamless integration of

renewable energy into the built environment that is beautiful, efficient, and useful. By

activating vehicle parking areas with pleasing shade structures, communities will

achieve massive deployment of highly visible renewable energy projects that create

clean energy through sustainable design. In addition, they enhance the use of the

land, creating a positive parking experience that can provide shade, shelter, beauty,

and electric vehicle infrastructure. In the sustainable future design precepts and

conventions are questioned and new possibilities are considered. Utilities can be

beautiful and parking lots can be sustainable and visually pleasing.

Modern photovoltaic (PV) equipment, which produces electricity from the

energy contained in sunlight, is a proven technology that has been in use for more

than 30 years to produce energy. Historically, PV modules have been installed on

building rooftops. These rooftop systems are designed to be hidden from end-user

view and experience. They are designed to be back-of-house infrastructure in the

same category as air conditioning equipment or electrical panels.

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Transitioning a solar array from a static rooftop location to the top of a parking

shade or shelter structure activates an amenity for the end-user of the site. Customers

benefit from shade and shelter. The use of a customers vehicle becomes a more

pleasant experience without the solar gain that results from exposure to the sun, and

because photovoltaic panels absorb the heat of the sun and provide shade for the metal

mass of the vehicle parked beneath them, the installations have a positive impact on

heat island effect.

Furthermore, photovoltaic shade structures create electric vehicle

infrastructure that enables a customer to charge their plug-in electric vehicle while it

is parked at the site, utilizing the clean energy generated by the photovoltaic on the

roof of the shade structure. The automotive industry is at a crossroads, with every

major auto manufacturer having announced plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

initiatives. General Motors targets an aggressive inaugural year sales of 10,000 units

in 2010.

Historically, the question of how to charge electric vehicles once their use

becomes widespread has revolved around home outlets or gas station type charging

stations, and concerns have been raised about the impacts to the grid of daytime

charging activities. However, in the sustainable future, electric vehicle charging

stations do not require the inconvenience of a fueling stop. In fact, they are available

where people park their cars in parking lots beneath shade structures. With charging

activity transitioned from an inconvenient fueling experience and integrated into the

parking experience, the reach of electric vehicles is expanded. Furthermore, by

ensuring that charging is powered with photovoltaic energy, concerns about over-

taxing the electrical grid are addressed.

Unlike traditional shade structures, Solar Trees, like trees in nature, have a

trunk, branches, and a shade canopy. The shape makes parking easier because the

support post, or trunk, is located at the front of the parking space rather than between

parking spaces. Semi-translucent panels provide filtered light beneath the canopy in

the same way that sunlight filters through the leaves of a tree. In both projects, Solar

Trees generate clean energy and activate the parking lots with iconic structures that

provide shade and electric vehicle infrastructure; at the Kyocera Solar Grove, bio-

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swales were added to the medians and rain water is directed to these areas to

minimize run-off.

3. Multi-Level Parking Lot

There will be approximately 800 spaces available, with the remainder of the garage in

the building. Workers, staff, and visitor parking will be available on levels one and

two. Commuter/graduate parking will be available on levels three, four, and five. A

valid university parking permit will be required. This garage, aimed to be located in

the UKM commuter and Kajang parking lot , has many features that enhance the

sustainability of the town and was also designed with the involvement safety in mind.

This parking was designed to be very open with large spaces on every floor

and on all four sides of the building. The ceiling height was also designed to be as

high as possible which allows the maximum amount of fresh air to pass through,

creating natural ventilation of the vehicle fumes. The amount of daylight that will be

allowed in through these openings will also decrease the amount of time needed for

the interior lights to be on.

The parking levels of the deck have been outfitted with LED light fixtures.

These lights will reduce energy consumption due to their use of significantly less

power for operation. In addition, they have a longer life expectancy than their metal

halide counterparts keeping them out of our landfills.

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Many non-volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were used for adhesives,

sealants, primers, and paints. In addition, painting in general should be limited, which

require less painting and repainting in the future to maintain the structure. Many

parking garages are painted white for better reflectance but a lighter color concrete

was selected in order to avoid the need to paint the new deck.

Many more green features will be included during the construction phases.

Some of those initiatives include solar panels and also new landscaping with grass

and trees surrounding the garage that will actually decrease the amount of impervious

surfaces in the area prior to construction.

The open structure design contributes to sustainability initiatives but also

serves a safety purpose. The daylight will allow users maximum visibility and will

also allow those outside of the structure to be able to see inside which eliminates the

secluded feeling that is often associated with parking structures.

The four stairwells, one located at each corner of the building, and two

elevators, located in each south tower next to the stairwells, will be enclosed in glass.

This design feature was selected to allow maximum transparency, both in and out of

the stairwells.

The environmental benefits of the LED lights are easy to realize but this

lighting style has an additional bonus to the campus community which is safety. The

quality of light that is emitted is a very bright, white light which eliminates many

shadows that are common in parking garages and increases visibility allowing those

using the garage to be fully aware of their surroundings.

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4. Personal underground parking level

This type of parking is aimed for the medium and higher wealth level community. As

the price of Kajang will raised over the years, less parking area shall give satisfaction

for those who dreamed of large house with lower price.

The beautiful part of this is applications of multilevel parking lots underground with

the area of one vehicles only.

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5. Bicycle parking area at university and commercial building

To encourage Malaysian for riding bicycles to the destinations daily, a great facilities

need to be prepared first. Bicycle parking aimed at commercial area and university

area will attract riders to ride if parking is available. Besides, size of a bicycle is

smaller than cars. Thus this multi level perking lots need a narrow parking space

which is recommended to be transparent.

This idea created to minimized electric usage and maximize daylight usage during the

day and also for safety option. Lift is provided for those riders.

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4.6 URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Planning to effectively meet the conditions and realities of a Post Carbon, Climate

Responsible world will require a shift in our current understanding of what constitutes good

urban design and planning. Many of the practices that we now take for granted, such as

planning cities around automobile transportation, and zoning for single uses, will no longer

be economically, environmentally, or culturally viable. To address the changes in urban

design and planning, we are putting forward the following principles for resilient urban

planning and design in a post-carbon, climate-responsive building environment.

Density, Diversity and Mix

Kajang Cities and neighbourhoods will need to embrace density, diversity and mix of uses,

users, building types, and public spaces.

Creating resiliency and reducing the carbon footprint of urban development requires

us to maximize the active use of space and land. A single use low density residential

neighbourhood or suburban business parks, are typically underutilized during long periods of

time. A vibrant and sufficiently densely populated urban environment, by contrast, is well

used round-the-clock, all days of the week, and during all seasons. This results from a closely

knit mix of uses (e.g. offices, residences, coffee shops etc.), with sufficient density, and

which are accessible to a diversity of users (e.g. children, youth, seniors, high-income, low-

income,etc.). Dense mixed use neighbourhoods also allow for the effective functioning of all

types of business, social and cultural activities with very low inputs of energy for

transportation and logistics, thus increasing the resilience of these neighbourhoods.

Encourage Padestrian

Kajang cities and neighbourhoods will prioritize walking as the preferred mode of travel, and

as a defining component of a healthy quality of life.

Reducing car-dependency is a key objective and imperative. Luckily, the alternative

modes of transportation namely walking, cycling, and transit result in more sustainable

urban environments, and in an improved quality of life. It are the cities and neighbourhoods

that have prioritized walking, that have created desirable locations to live, work, play, and

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invest in. (The term pedestrian, as used in these principles, includes persons with

disabilities.)

Good Transportation Option

Kajang cities and neighbourhoods will develop in a way that is transit supportive.

After walking and cycling, transit is the most sustainable mode of transportation.

Resilient cities will need to re-orient their way of thinking, by shifting from car oriented

urban patterns (e.g. cul-de-sacs and expressways) to transit oriented urban patterns and

developments (e.g. mobility hubs, intensified corridors, and TODs). Not only will pedestrian,

and mass transportation friendly planning increase the quality of life of a cities, as fuel prices

rise after Peak Oil, only cities that are viable without heavy dependence on the car will have

the best chances of economic and social success.

Production Town

Kajang cities and neighbourhoods will focus energy and resources on conserving, enhancing,

and creating strong, vibrant places, which are a significant component of the neighbourhoods

structure and of the communitys identity.

All successful cities and successful neighbourhoods include vibrant places, with a

strong sense of identity, which are integral to community life and the public realm: parks,

plazas, courtyards, civic buildings, public streets, etc.

A resilient post-carbon community, which reorients city-life to the pedestrian scale (a

500 m radius), must focus its efforts to creating a number of local destinations, which attract

a critical-mass of users and activities. Sprawl, for example, has very little place-making. A

traditional village or an urban downtown, by contrast, have innumerable nocks and crannies,

grand public spaces, gorgeous streetscapes, which make them desirable, successful, and

sustainable.

Heritage resources buildings, structures, and landscapes represents a significant

opportunity for place-making (i.e. through their cultural significance and identity), as well as

a significant environmental investment (i.e. through their embedded energy) that should be

conserved and leveraged.

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Variety of Communities

Kajang neighbourhoods will provide the needs of daily living, within walking distance (a 500

m radius).

Resilient communities, will reduce their carbon footprint by ensuring people opt to

walk or cycle, instead of using a car. To achieve this, destinations must be accessible within a

pleasant walking distance people should be able and willing to walk from home to work, to

school, to shop, to recreate, and to engage the activities of their everyday life. Longer

distances should be achievable through transit.

Connectivity is central to making an area pedestrian oriented. Streets and pedestrian

walkways must be enjoyable to walk, must link key destinations, and must operate at a fine

scale. Communities must also be compact and concentrate a critical-mass of people and

activities to support walking, and to support animated and vibrant place-making.

Prudent of Natural Sources

Kajang cities and neighbourhoods will conserve and enhance the health of natural systems

(including climate) and areas of environmental significance, and manage the impacts of

climate change.

Our individual and collective health is intricately tied to the health of air, water, land,

and climate. How we choose to live, how we choose to move around, how we develop land,

all have an impact on the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the weather

we experience. Cities and neighbourhoods need to develop in a way that conserves and

enhances the quality of the water flow and supply, likewise for the quality of air and land.

Climate is, increasingly, a key driver to transforming our development patterns and living

choices. Action on this front is imperative.

The health and integrity of wildlife and vegetation are also a priority. Protecting

existing biodiversity, indigenous or endangered species, wetlands, the tree canopy,

connectivity, are all a necessary aspect of securing healthy natural systems.

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Integrated Technical and Industrial Systems

Kajang Cities and neighbourhoods will enhance the effectiveness, efficiency and safety of

their technical and industrial systems and processes, including their manufacturing,

transportation, communications and construction infrastructure and systems to increase their

energy efficiency, and reduce their environmental footprint.

The economic health and vitality of cities is inextricably bound up with the

effectiveness, efficiency and safety of its technical and industrial systems and processes. The

importance of reducing negative environmental impacts of economic activities and processes,

as well as reducing their dependence on fossil fuels will require us to develop more integrated

and more highly efficient industrial processes and technical systems that ensure a maximum

of efficiency in the use of both materials and energy resources, as well as the elimination of

all wasteful and potentially harmful bi-products.

Technical and industrial uses need to be integrated into the city in ways that allow

them to make the most efficient and synergistic connections and associations with similar

and complementary uses that will design for waste products from one industry or

technical process (such as heat energy) to be effectively used as a beneficial input in another

industry or technical process, thus increasing the overall efficiency of the city as a

system, while reducing the creation of harmful and/or wasteful bi-products.

The health and integrity of the neighbourhoods that these technical and industrial

systems are part of is also a priority for the Resilient City. The strategic integration of

industrial and technical systems into mixed use neighbourhoods should be planned so as to

produce not only better economic performance, but also to create easily accessible and safe

working environments, healthy surrounding neighbourhoods, and no negative impacts on the

natural environment.

Local Sources

Kajang regions, cities, and neighbourhoods will grow and produce the resources they need, in

close proximity (200 kilometre radius).

The environmental cost of the movement of goods and energy increases every day,

and the potential for price increases in transportation fuels as a result of Peak Oil increase the

future costs of non-local sources. Thus, populations must seek to satisfy their consumption

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needs from local and regional sources. The 100-mile diet and local-food movement has

increased awareness of the importance of consuming local products, to decreasing our carbon

footprint. The same principle that applies to food, also applies to the manufacture of goods,

the production of energy (e.g. district energy, district heating), recreation needs (i.e. 100-mile

tourism), waste disposal, water management, and any other resources which we consume.

Engaged Communities

The development of resilient cities and neighbourhoods will require the active participation

of community members, at all scales.

From the seemingly trivial activities of everyday life (e.g. using a plastic bag) to the

overtly transformational (e.g. growing the city), citizens have a role to play and a

responsibility. It is only through the sum total of individual choices, of individual actions,

that change will come about.

Residents and stakeholders must be part of planning and designing their cities and

their communities. They must also be part of delivering a new vision: by choosing to walk,

by engaging each other, by generating awareness, and by demanding higher standards.

Redundant and Durable Infrastructure System

Kajang Cities and neighbourhoods will plan and design for redundancy and durability of their

life safety and critical infrastructure systems. Planning and design of these systems will aim

for levels of redundancy and durability that are commensurate with the increasing

environmental, social, and economic stresses associated with the impacts of climate change

and peak oil.

The physical, social and economic health of the Resilient City and its citizens is

directly connected to the citys ability to maintain the effective functioning of its key life

safety and critical infrastructure systems especially during episodes of intense

environmental stress (such as during severe storms, floods, or other weather related events).

Key infrastructure systems such as drinking water supply, electrical power, and residential

heating in winter, and key life safety systems, such as police, fire, and emergency response

services and their support systems, must be planned and designed for a level of redundancy

and durability that will allow them to be durable enough to resist present and future

environmental stresses, as well as to have enough redundancy built into their design to allow

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the system as a whole to remain sufficiently functional and intact that if one or

more constituant parts of the system is compromised, the system as a whole will nevertheless

remain operational and able to provide the necessary outputs or services.

Operation

Kajang cities and neighbourhoods will develop building types and urban forms with reduced

servicing costs, and reduced environmental footprints.

Urban sprawl is extremely expensive to service and maintain the amount of land,

roads, pipes, and infrastructure required per capita is disproportionately large. A compact,

mixed-use urban environment, by contrast, is far more efficient in its demand for municipal

services and infrastructure requirements. Resilient cities will not subsidize inefficient forms

of development (e.g. building roads and assuming operating costs) and instead prioritize city

patterns and built forms that have a reduced footprint on the environment and a reduced

burden on municipal resources (e.g. directing growth to where services exist: infill).

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4.7 CONTEXT OF SETTING AND HISTORICAL BUILDINGS

The setting of a historic structure can incorporate a range of factors,

not all of which will apply to every case. These include:

current landscape or townscape context;

visual envelope, incorporating views to, from and across the historic structure;

key vistas, framed by rows of trees, buildings or natural features that give a

structure a context, whether or not intentional;

the historic structures prominence in views throughout the surrounding area;

There are three stages in assessing the impact of a development on

the setting of a historic structure:

Stage 1: identify the historic structures that might be affected by a proposed

development.

Stage 2: define the setting by establishing how the surroundings contribute to the

ways in which the historic structure is understood, appreciated and experienced.

Stage 3: assess how any new development would impact upon that setting.

Stage 1: identify historic structures

A desk assessment of existing historic environment records and other sources of

information should be used to gather baseline information. The baseline information should

identify all the potentially affected historic structures and their settings, including information

on scheduled monuments, archaeological sites and landscapes, listed buildings, parks,

gardens and designed landscapes, World Heritage Sites, conservation areas and designated

wrecks. This assessment should not be constrained to those historic structures that fall within

a pre-defined zone. A precautionary approach is recommended: more distant structures

should also be included at the initial stages and only discounted after an assessment of their

setting has been made. The engagement of a suitably qualified historic environment

consultant to undertake this identification and assessment should be considered.

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Stage 2: define and analyse setting

The setting of a historic structure comprises a combination of what survives of its original

setting, subsequent historic developments and modern changes. As outlined above, setting

can incorporate a number of factors, all of which should be considered. The following are

examples of issues that should be addressed:

How do the surroundings contribute to our ability to appreciate and understand a

historic structure?

When the historic structure was developed or in use, was it located to be seen

from a distance, perhaps from other sites or buildings?

Was it intended to have wide views over the landscape?

How does a historic structure contribute to its surroundings: for instance, is it a

prominent or dominant feature in the landscape?

The curtilage, or property boundary, of a structure may be an important element in

understanding its original function and design, but the setting and curtilage of a structure

should not be assumed to be the same.

Key viewpoints to, from and across the setting of a historic structure should be

identified. Often certain views are critical to how a historic structure was approached and

seen, or understood when looking out. These views were sometimes deliberately

manipulated, manufactured and/or maintained. Depending on the historic structure in

question these could include: entrances, specific points on approaches, routeways, associated

farmlands, other related buildings, monuments, natural features, etc.

Sometimes these relationships can be discerned across wide areas and even out to

distant horizons. In other cases they can occur in a more restricted view, defined and enclosed

by relatively closed topographical or built features. For some historic structures both

immediate and distant points of visual relationship are crucial to our understanding of them.

Many historic structures have been altered over time. Understanding changes in

setting through time is important to understanding the history of a structure. Historic

Landscape Assessment techniques may be useful for identifying these changes.

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When assessing setting it is important to look at changes in the landscape since the

historic structure was built, and the contribution of the historic structure to the current

landscape. Modern development is part of how a historic structure is experienced today.

In some cases the surroundings will contribute to a sense of place, or how a historic

structure is experienced when viewed or visited. Historic structures have a setting whether

they are visited or not. However, the use of a historic structure as a visitor attraction may be

relevant in a planning authoritys wider consideration of an application.

Stage 3: assess the impact of new development

As the impact of a development on the setting of a historic structure can be a material

consideration in determining a planning application, thought must be given to whether new

development can be incorporated sensitively. Depending on the nature of the historic

structure, relatively small changes in the wider landscape may affect its setting.

Certain types of development require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

Assessment of the impact of the development on the setting of a historic structure may be

necessary as part of the EIA.

An understanding of the impact of a proposed development on setting should not be

confined to whether key views to and from the historic structure are interrupted, but should

also assess whether the proposed development would dominate or detract in a way that

affects our ability to understand and appreciate the historic structure. For instance, a new

development could form a backdrop to, or be skylined in, key views. In some cases it will be

necessary to consider whether the proposed development will significantly alter the character

of the landscape. A development can, in certain situations, improve the setting of an existing

historic structure.

Factors to be considered in assessing the impact of a new development on the setting of a

historic structure include:

the visual impact of the proposed development relative to the scale of the historic

structure and its setting;

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the visual impact of the proposed development relative to the current place of the

historic structure in the landscape;

the presence, extent, character and scale of the existing built environment within the

surroundings of the historic structure and how the proposed development compares to

this;

the magnitude and cumulative effect of the proposed change sometimes relatively

small changes, or a series of small changes, can have a major impact on our ability to

appreciate and understand a historic structure;

the ability of the landscape, which comprises the setting of a historic structure, to

absorb new development without eroding its key characteristics;

the effect of the proposed development on qualities of the existing setting such as

sense of remoteness; evocation of the historical past; sense of place; cultural identity;

spiritual responses.

Below shows Kajang settings :

Broga Hills Kajang Stadium

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Sungai Langat Kajang Satay

Kajang Prison Kajang Downtown

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4.8 SAFETY AND SECURITY

In order to achieve a sustainable city, it is suggested that compact urban forms are spatially

sustainable, environmentally sound, efficient for transport, socially beneficial and

economically viable. Spatially urban areas are kept within clear boundaries, discouraging the

spread of low density suburbs. This form has the benefit of preserving valuable agricultural

and amenity land, and ensuring that land in existing urban areas is used more efficiently.

Home, work and leisure activities are likely to be in closer proximity, reducing the need to

travel, particularly by car, and that more sustainable and equitable modes of transport such as

walking and cycling are encouraged. Transport and environmental benefits can then result.

Reduced dependence on car travel reduces harmful greenhouse gas emissions and

pollution. The higher densities found in compact forms mean that public transport becomes

more economically viable. More people concentrated in an urban area help sustain local

businesses, facilities and services, and the shorter travel distances mean these functions are

more easily and equitably accessed by all who live there. But there still remain questions

about the concepts validity. For every positive claim, there can be negative impacts. Higher

densities may lead to perceptions of overcrowding, more traffic, and such areas may not be

the favoured choice for residents. Also, the relationships between social and economic factors

and urban form tend to be indirect: many other factors are more important in achieving social

and economic sustainability, such as poverty, for example.

Nevertheless, compact urban form has provided a model that is rapidly being

implemented, with higher density mixed use forms, interconnected streets, socio-economic

diversity, equity and inclusion, a variety of transport choices with walkable neighbourhoods,

the use of renewables and recycling and low, even zero, energy design.

Food security (spatial sustainability)

The aim of the sustainable city to prevent sprawl, preserve agricultural land, and use existing

urban land more carefully, may enable food to be grown locally, and communities to be

involved in growing it. In developing countries a high proportion of the population depends

on urban and peri-urban agriculture for their nutrition. For example, 40% of households are

involved in urban agriculture in Havana, involving communities and aiding self-sufficiency.

Small scale food production on the urban peripheries, integrating urban agriculture in social

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housing projects, ensuring there are green corridors in cities, and also more intensive food

production (e.g. hydroponics) on small sites have been suggested as ways of bringing food

closer to communities, and providing potentially cheaper and more locally secure supplies.

And the need, or desire, to grow food locally in cities, is not restricted to developing

countries.

Energy security (environment and transport)

The aim of the sustainable city, through higher density compact forms, to reduce journeys

and the use of cars, inevitably puts a focus on the local community, where work, leisure and

living are closer together. The nearness of local facilities, and public transport stops, may

encourage more to walk, cycle or take a bus, and this has advantages of more equitable

access, as it reduces dependency on private cars which are not possible for all to afford

(Fig.5). How successful this strategy is has been assessed through measuring proximity in

numerous research studies.

In addition to the reductions in carbon emissions due to the use of more sustainable

modes of transport, there is the possibility of local power generation, combined heat and

power systems and, more interestingly, community control over the supply of energy. It has

been noted that in the UK, some 60% of fuel is wasted in centralised power stations, and,

furthermore, the profits leave the local area. There is an increasing interest being taken in

community action, through initiatives such as the transition movement, cooperatives and

social enterprise companies, and good guidance is available for communities to set them up.

For example one small local community, Wadebridge in Cornwall, with a population of some

10,000, aims to generate 30% of its electricity and return 200,000 per annum back to the

community. Community ownership of the energy supply provides significant benefits, not

just of involvement, but also of more affordable energy, helping some out of the trap of fuel

poverty. All, of course, should go hand in hand with energy saving and energy efficient

building.

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Security from crime (social and economic sustainability)

There may be no direct or causal link, but a measure of security from crime may accrue from

initiatives, such as those above, and from more community engagement. But many problems

arise especially where young people have little to do. Loss of open space and, in the UK,

sports fields being lost to housing development, and places such as parks and other areas

closed or re-designed to stop youth hanging around compound the problems. Often this is

also associated with surveillance and robust policing, giving rise to feelings of victimhood

and distrust. Such disengagement and withdrawal from society, either in disadvantaged areas

or behind the walls of gated wealthy communities, has negative effects on the economy and

environment. It is the building of trust and social capital, or as Halpern notes the economy of

regard that can help communities come together, and maybe reduce anti-social behaviour

and some crime.

Initiatives at the community level respond to problems such as youth with nothing to

do, but which require considerable effort and community involvement. The sustainable city

aim to ensure that facilities are accessible, and within walking distance of a neighbourhood,

are not always on a private developers agenda, nor necessarily affordable by local

authorities. More often than not, where facilities are needed, funds need to be raised. One,

perhaps fairly typical example in the UK is the small town of Falmouth, which has areas with

significant levels of multiple deprivation, an area in the Penwerris ward called the Beacon

Estate. Problems of crime, low educational achievement, unemployment, low incomes, lack

of access to housing and a poor living environment, and poor health, were all identified and

mapped by the local council. In 1997 the community raised funding to set up the Beacon

Community Regeneration Partnership to develop sustainable projects that aim to improve

the social, economic, physical and environmental quality of life for the whole

community.(see http://bcrp.org.uk/content/our-strategy-2008-2018). Over a decade later, the

local community raised 1.4million of funding to build the Dracaena Centre providing a

sports centre, community and training rooms, and computer facilities, run by full-time staff

and volunteers (see http://www.dracaenacentre.org/). Actively bringing people together and

providing support and physical facilities to address real needs has, in this case, made a

positive difference, and has turned a problem area into a more positive and connected

community with more resilience in dealing with its deprivations. Such community init iatives

may help reduce crime, but more may be required. This is especially so where community

involvement is less than these examples, and then design for defensible spaces will also be

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needed. The need for policing is not denied, as crime in cities will take many forms from fear

of crime, anti-social behaviour to serious, disruptive and organised crime. Even at its most

serious, cities can turn around, witness Medellin, which after heavy military and policing

activity had removed the drugs cartels, has become a more inclusive, connected and safe city.

A general review, a broad patchwork of sources and some examples of local

initiatives, of course proves little, but it does give some pointers that are worth consideration.

Security, when viewed in a wider context, crosses many boundaries, and is likely to involve

many more stakeholders. The complex and interrelated factors involved in achieving a good

quality of life and a sustainable environment require processes of integration and cooperation,

especially when faced with competition for increasingly scarce resources. It needs good

governance that is open and creates a balance between the strategic and urban level, and the

empowerment of local communities to become more self-reliant and to care for their

environment. Some of the examples discussed above show that this can happen positively and

beneficially when communities get involved.

Security, or lack of it, appears throughout the literature to be closely associated with

inequalities. Whether it is food, energy, crime, it is the disconnected, deprived and

disadvantaged communities that suffer most. This can be compounded when combined with a

lack of trust, something that seems to be prevalent in some countries such as the USA and

UK, which also turn out to be amongst the least equal societies in the developed world. The

reflection of distrust in the physical environment, through defensible space, and some aspects

of security in design do little to bring communities together. It can reinforce fragmentation

and separation, and often geographically discriminate and make inequalities more visible.

Distrust breeds distrust, and unless action is taken to escape from a vicious circle, problems

such as crime will prosper. Policies set by governments at national and local levels need to

recognise the need to build social capital, and to enable citizens to engage. In the UK, the

belief appears to be that localism will do this, but as we have seen, in relation to planning

this empowerment it is highly constrained. At the same time economic policies are pushing in

the opposite direction, with the belief that markets are efficient, and that wealth will trickle

down to the poorer sectors of society. There is little evidence for this, but rather the evidence

suggests that it increases inequalities. Yet the small scale initiatives touched on in this article

offer some rays of hope. People do take initiatives, can be trusted, and generally what they do

results in something positive. Community engagement and local involvement in meaningful

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ways are thus vital components in achieving a more secure environment, and providing a

better quality of life for all.

The suggestion is that the sustainable city might provide the best potential to achieve

this. Balancing social, economic and environmental sustainability, backed up with good

governance, addresses many concerns, providing a context within which communities can

help themselves. Planning and design of the sustainable city works best if it is well

connected, where at the neighbourhood level there are facilities within walking distance.

This, alongside good public transport, means that access is more equitable, not depending on

the need for a car, which for many is unaffordable. Where the uses are mixed, and there is

sufficient green space to allow for recreation and leisure, urban areas may be more engaging.

And the process of development or regeneration should allow for participation, which as seen

from some of the examples above, leads to neighbourhoods, towns and cities that offer a

better quality of life.

But this does not occur in a vacuum, or in the absence of higher level involvement. To

happen, compact or sustainable cities need the commitment of both local and central

government, to give visionary leadership, drive policy, regulate and give guidance and

direction to strategic planning. Processes should be transparent and inclusive, and there

should be a clear understanding of roles and responsibilities, and should open the way for

communities to engage meaningfully.

In the final analysis it is about living together on a small planet, and recognising that

where resources are finite, cooperation rather than competition may be the best strategy if

everyone is to live harmoniously. Whether this can happen or not, will depend on the

direction that international governance and national governments take. The implication in this

article is that the current dominant model of market liberalisation, consumption and

unrestrained growth which drives division and inequalities, needs to change more towards

green growth, sustainability-led and conservation-minded governance, and one that seriously

tackles inequalities.

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4.9 LANDSCAPE AND BIODIVERSITY

Introduction

Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land, including the physical elements

of landforms such as (ice-capped) mountains, hills, water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds

and the sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, human elements

including different forms of land use, buildings and structures, and transitory elements such

as lighting and weather conditions.

Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life. This can refer to genetic variation,

species variation, or ecosystem variation within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial

biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm

climate and high primary productivity. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in

the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in mid-latitudinal band in

all oceans. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing

through time but will be likely to slow in the future.

Existing issues in Kajang

Landscape

There are lacks of landscape area in Kajang city center. Even there are some area reserved for

landscape such a kids play ground in Kajang town but most of the area are not well

maintained. There are overgrown grass and unmanaged rubbish in the area. This will lead to

ugly view of landscape in Kajang town.

Diversity

Genetic diversity is divided by two parts which are flora and fauna. Some of plants become

disappeared when the city become bigger and progressive. Same with plants, animal also

gradually disappeared when the city become larger. The forest was intruded which indirectly

disturb their habitat.

For ecological diversity, Kajang has a small of species of plants means less variety of

crops and small species of animals not ensure that the ecosystem is naturally sustained. These

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flora and fauna have no place to go and most of the place was replaced with building and

roads or other facilities.

In order to overcome the issues, we should

Residents should held gotong-royong frequently.

Relevant body should take action to illegal deforestation activity and improve

enforcement law.

We should replanting trees in Kajang area to balance back the biodiversity of Kajang

Provide more space for landscape and maintained it well.

Manage the waste in proper

Unmanaged playground in Kajang

Bad waste management in some Kajang area

Should increase gotong royong activity

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4.10 RENEWABLE ENERGY

Introduction

Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are

naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and

geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas:

electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy

services.

About 16% of global final energy consumption presently comes from renewable

resources, with 10% of all energy from traditional biomass, mainly used for heating, and

3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar,

geothermal, and biofuels) account for another 3% and are growing rapidly. At the national

level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more

than 20% of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to

grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond. Wind power, for example, is growing at the

rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 282,482 megawatts (MW) at the

end of 2012.

Existing issues in Kajang

Renewable energy still not widely used in Kajang town. There is only small area such as

research center roadside between UKM and Kajang town Renewable Energy Research Center

that used the technology but still not been used commercially. This might because of there are

no renewable energy sources in the area. Besides that, the residents do not know about

renewable energy and there is no place or space to recycle the energy provided in Kajang

area.

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In order to overcome the issues, we should

Built more renewable energy research center in Kajang

Use solar power to heat water and pools, cook, and light homes and buildings

Educate residents, industry and commercial activity on renewable energy

Proposed renewable energy system to be install

in Kajang

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4.11 AIR QUALITY

Air pollution comes from many different sources: stationary sources such as factories, power

plants, and smelters and smaller sources such as dry cleaners and degreasing operations;

mobile sources such as cars, buses, planes, trucks, and trains; and naturally occurring sources

such as windblown dust, and volcanic eruptions, all contribute to air pollution. Air Quality

can be affected in many ways by the pollution emitted from these sources. These pollution

sources can also emit a wide variety of pollutants.

Reducing air pollution will improve the quality of life for everyone. Reducing air pollution

often means using less fuel and energy which indirectly save money. The main source of

pollution in the Kajang city center is from road traffic. By using public transportations,

sustainable house system and providing more green areas, it could help in improving the state

of air quality in Kajang city center.

Existing issues in Kajang

Based on the Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2006, the Air PollutantIndex (API)

showed that the air quality for Kajang is moderate (API 51-100) most of the time. Planner

must ensure that the infrastructure, environment, city, management and cultural, social

community facilities meet the highest expectations of the majority of its residents, visitors

and investors.

Unhealthy air quality conditions were occasionally recorded in Kajang and were

mainly due to presence of high levels of ozone, formed by the reaction of nitrogen oxides

(NOx) and volatile compounds (VOCs) emitted from motor vehicles and industrial resource,

react in the presence of sunlight and heat.

In order to overcome the issues, we should:

Reducing emissions that cause poor air quality, ozone depletion and climate change

requires teamwork. Individuals, communities, industry and business, and governments

all contribute to pollution so we can all be part of the solution.

Addressing one air quality issue can often help to reduce other kinds of pollution.

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Particulate matter, for example, is mainly released by fossil fuel and wood burning.

Cutting down on this combustion will not just reduce particulate matter. It will

decrease many other emissions, such as carbon dioxide (in vehicle exhaust), which is

the main cause of global climate change.

The rewards of addressing air pollution include improved human health, increased

productivity and reduced health costs and a healthier, more productive environment. In turn,

these benefits will result in a healthier, more sustainable economy.

Smoke emission from factory in Kajang

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4.12 WATER QUALITY AND DRAINAGE

Introduction

Water quality refers to the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water. It is a

measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species

and or to any human need or purpose. The most common standards used to assess water

quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact and drinking water. The

growth of the major cities and the increase in per capita consumption of water reached the

point where there is a crisis in the capacity to meet the demand.

The profligate attitude to water consumption has had the effect of creating a serious

problem of drainage in urban areas. As areas become more built-up, the volume of water

draining off can acute local flooding and can cause massive pollution in the receiving

waterways because of the material transported by the surface water.

Existing issues in Kajang

Poor Water Quality

On 2009, the water quality for Sungai Langat was rated as Class IIB (suitable for recreational

use without treatment), and this rating is targeted to be raised to Class IIA (suitable for use as

water supply with conventional treatment) by the year 2014. But currently, the water quality

in Sungai Langat still not reaching the targeted class. Sungai Langat have massive

suspended solid

Loading as is evident from their muddy colour. A major contribut ion to

the situat ion is the discharge of silt from construction site. Water Quality Index for Sungai

Langat is in poor condition that requires special treatment

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View of Sungai Langat

Flood prone area

Flooding has been a regular occurrence in Kajang Town whenever there is a heavy downpour

especially in City Centre. These frequent flash floods disrupt the City functioning,

damage property, and threaten human lives. On 2012, flash floods inundated houses and

submerged cars in the Kajang and Serdang districts in Selangor, which were described by

residents as one of the worst that they have experienced so far. The development of structures

within the river reserves has further reduced the flow capacity of the city rivers thus,

increasing the likelihood of flooding.

Image of flash flood at Kajang Town

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Poor Drainage System

Inadequate infrastructure and poor drainage system was the real cause of the floods. Clogged

drains also contributed to the flood incident as the water could not flow smoothly. One of the

reason contribute to this problem is the attitude of some people who liked to throw rubbish

that caused the drain clogged up

In the other hand, we cannot put the blame on the residents alone in the issue. The

Local Authorities also should know their role. The drain is not cleared, rubbish uncollected

and garbage bins not provided. So if this place is properly maintained clean and beautiful,

residents will not litter.

In order to overcome the issues, we should

Do maintenance to the sewerage system to prevent from flood problem.

We should maintain the flow capacity of the rivers and ensuring there is no

clogging.

The most important is to reduce consumption through education and consequent

moderation of the behavior of present residential, industrial and commercial water-

users.

Drainage system in Kajang Town

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Improving drainage system works in Kajang Proposed drainage system

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5.0 CONCLUSION

The process of redevelopment of Kajang is a decision made to improve the lifestyle as well as

the sustainability of Kajang residents and adapting the land use to enhance the citys value.

The choices of building that should be conserved and reused or just demolished for the area

of land it occupies will depend on the importance and adaptability of the building and the

site. Some of the determining criteria include:

1. The societal value of a given site that is, the importance of the community of the use

of a site by community members or visitors.

2. The potential for the reuse of a particular site; the physical damage sustained to the

site and its support of future use, the character of the existing site in terms of the

proposed reuse.

3. The historical importance of the site; in terms of both the physicality of the streer-

scape and the area, as well as the role of the site in the communitys understanding of

the post.

4. The natural ecological conditions of the site whether the site is suitable climatically or

can support the proposed environment work needed in the site.