TAXONOMY OF RUST CAUSING FUNGI

The rust causing species belonging to a number

of genera are arranged a lp h ab etically and are appended

with b r ie f d iagnostic d esc r ip tio n s .

A . AECIDIUM

1 . Aecidium spp: Host : Berberis lycium

A ecia aec id io d , c h ie fly hypophyllous, yellow ish

(X.or orange, p e r id ia te , p e r id ia l c e lls angular, hyline

A

27-39 x 15 - 24 /a , inner wall verrucose, 3 to 4 ju

thick, outer wall 6-75 yU th ick , aeciospores oblong

or angularly globoid , ye llow ish orange, 18-30 x

15-21 ja th ic k verrucose, wall uniform ly 1 .5 ja th ick .

Loc, Harwan Kashm ir. No : K8 3*6

Date of co lle c tio n ^-5*-85 F ig : X

2 . Aecidium pseudoum bellata; sp . nov.

H ost: Berberis pseudoumbellata

A ecia on adaxial side o f le a f , crowded in

groups, each group 3-4 mm across, erumpent, aecia

p e r id ia te , p e r id ia l c e lls angular, aeciospores

yellowish orange, produced in chains , angularly

globoid, 21-24 x 14-20 ja wall uniform ly 1.5- 3 ja

thick .

Loc, Harwan Kashm ir. No: K 8 3 I 8

Date of co llectio n F ig : H

Aeciospores of BerberIs lyciuc

Aeciospores of Berbris pseudoumbellat^

#

imF IG I

\

* # #

&

1J

B - PHRAGMIDIUM

3 . Phraqmidium b u tle r i Syd. Ann. Mycol

7 ,5 0 1 , 1907 o

H ost: On the l iv in g leaves of Rosa

macrophylla

U red in ia and t e l ia are present.

U red in ia hypophyllous, orange, minute,

scattered and paraphysate ( paraphyses numerous,

h y alin e , c lavate , curved, 50 u long, 12-16 ja b r o a d ) .

Urediniospores globose sub globoae or e l l ip s o id ,

18-24 x 10-14 wall l- l05yu thick m inutely verrucose,

germ pores 5-7 scattered in d is t r ib u t io n .

T e lia hypophyllous, spots minute, sparse

black , teliospores c y l in d r ic a l , 5-7 septate , commonly

6 or 7 not constricted at the seption , 60-74 x 21-26j a

wall chestnut brown, 3 to 4 / i th ick , A pical p a p illa

present, ped ical hyaline or pale yellow p ersistant

up to 55-70 yli long .

Loc, Harwan Kashmir,, Pi No: 2

Date o f co lle c tio n 85 F ig : I

4 . Phraqmidium rubi Pers„ VJint* Rabh. krypt.

F t . ed 2 (7) 2 3 0 o 1884

Host: On the l iv in g leaves o f Rubus

u lm ifo l iu s .

U red in ia l and t e l ia l stages are

p resen t .

Fig I , . . . . , .Teliospores of Phragmldimn feutleri

Fig I I , . . . . .Teliospores of Phrag rubl

Fig III*....Teliospores of Phrag rosae cf moschatr

Plate 2

FIG I

V

FIGI]

FIGIfl

I-1.

U red in ia hypophyllous/ scattered yellow ,

minute, paraphysate urediniospores globoid or

e ll ip s o id , 13-19 x 10-13 u, wall 1-1.5 u th ick ,

hyaline pale yellow , sparsely echinulate germ

pores 2-40

T e lia hypophyllous scattered brow nish ,

pulverulent, teliospores c y lin d er ic e , usu ally 6

celled , not constricted , rounded above with a

hyaline p a p illa upto 12 u , 60-75 x 24-30 u, wall

cinnamon brown or pale yellow 5-7 u th ick , coarsely

warted 2-4 germ pores in each c e l l , ped icel p ersisten t

upto 150 u lo n g c

Loc, Harwan Kashm ir. 91 No: Z

Date o f c o lle c tio n . F i g : H

5 . Phraqrnidium rosae cf moschatae Dieto Hedwigia

44 , 126-132, 1

1905 o

H ost: On the l iv in g leaves of Rosa inoschata

Uredial and t e lia l stages present.

U red in ia hypophyllous, sparse, spots minute,

yellow and paraphysate h y aline , curved, c lavately

cy lin d r ic a l 30-45 x 10-16yi» Urediniospores globose,

sub globose or e l l ip s o id , 20-25 x 11-16 j a , wall

pale yellow 1-1.3 ja th ick , minutely verrucose germ

pores 5-8, scattered in d istr ib u tio n *

T e lia hypophyllous, sparse, minute black

teliospores c y lin d r ica l 70-110 x 24-33yu, 5-9 septate

usually 7septa not constricted a t 'th e septum,

rounded at the base, wall 4-5 u thick Orange

brown, densely verrucose, apex p a p illa t e , h y alin e ,

5-11 u, pedical hyaline or s lig h tly coloured and

p ersid tant .

Loc, Harwan Kashmir. Pi Ko: 2.

Date of c o lle c tio n . ^-S'g5' F i g :I H

(C) PUCCINIA

O j6 . Puccinia calcitrap ae v a r . centuraceae

.......... .. 1 ......... 1 ■ 1 1 * ■— .......A 1,1 1 , 1

( DC ) Cumms. Mycotaxon 5 ,4 0 2 . 1977

Syn . Puccinia centaurea D c . F lo ra . F r . 5 ,5 9 .1 9 1

H ost: On the liv in g leaves of Centaurea spp.

U redinia and t e l ia are present,

Uredinia amphigenous, cinnamon brown, urediniospores

24-27 x 21-24 j a , broadly obovoid, or e l l ip s o id , wall

1.5_yu thick at the hilum , 3 05 u thick , golden brown,

achinulate , except for a small zone above the hilum ,

germ pores ( 2- ) 3 ( -4 ) equatorial in d is t r i

butio n .

T e l ia amphigenous, exposed b lack ish brown

pulverulent, teliospores ( 24- ) 30-42 ( -45) x

18-24 ( -27 ) j a mostly e ll ip s o id , wall verrucose,

pore of the upper cell apical and lower cell

depressed. Pedical colourless upto 54y a but

generally broken at hilum 0

Loc, Harwan Kashmir. pj£ N o ;3

Date of c o lle c tio n . 6 - ~7 B S F i g :I

Pig I , ............... Teliospores of Puccinla cent jure aFig I I . . ............Teliospores of Puccinla coronata

Pig I I I , ............Teliospores of Puccinla menthae

Pig IV,........ . .Ure&ospores of Puccinla polygon! 1Pig V ................Teliospores of Puccinla tanacetlFig VI,............Teliospores of Puccinla vlolaeFig V I I , T e l i o s p o r e s of Pucclnia watt Lana

Plate 3

f ig vf i g iv

FIG VI

FIG V I I

7 . Puccin ia coronata Corda. Icon , Fung 6 , 1 837 ,

Syn . Puccin ia l o l i i N e ils 1875

H o st : S tip g , spp

U redinia and T e lia are seen .

U redinia amphigenous, yellow or cinnamon brown,

Uredospores broadly e l l ip s o id 18-23 x 22-26yU. Wall

pale cinnamon brown 1- 1 .5 j a th ick , f in e ly echinulate ,

pores 4-6, scattered .

T e l ia amphigenous, chestnut brown. Teliospores

e llip s o id or oblong 18-24 x 30-36yu rounded or somewhat

narrowed at each end and constricted at septum, wall

chestnut brown l- le5 th ick at sides 2-4 ja th ick

a p ic a lly . Pedicel co lo urless , same or twice the

length of spore.

Loc, Dachigam Kashm ir: Q l No: 3

Date o f collection ,, 5"-T 86 Fig dL

8 . Puccin ia menthae Pers . SydQ Moth. Fung.

227 . 1801

Host: Origanum vulqare

U redinia and t e l ia are p resen t .

Uredosori hypophyllous, round and cinnamon, uredospores

e llip s o id 20-25 x 12- 17 j x , wall 1.5-2 j a th ic k , echinulate

with 3 equatorial germ p o res .

Teleutosori are dark when compared with uredosori

Teleutospores sub globoid to obgloboid, rounded at both

ends dark brown 26-32 x 19-23 ja , wall smooth 1.5-2yu thick#

septa usually s lig h tly constricted , pore

of upper c e ll a p ical, of lower cell close to

the septum, p a p illa broad and h y a lin e . Pedicel

hyaline slender and f r a g i l e , -

Loc, Pahalgam Kashm ir,

Date of co llectio n l5’,'7- 8&

91 No: 3

Fig;HIl

9© Puccin ia polyqoni Alb & Schw,

H o st : Polygonum am plexicaule

Only uredin ia seen ,

Uredosori mostly hypophyllous, scattered , rounded

pulverulent, brownish, uredospores mostly globoid ,

but sometimes e llip s o id or obovoid 17-30 x 15-22j a ,

wall d is t in c t ly ech inu late , 1- 1,5yu th ick , pale

yellow to brown with 2 or sometimes 3 supra

equatorial po res ,

Loc, Duksum Anantnag, Pi No; 3

Date of co llectio n I8 -T86 F ig :I2

1 0 , Puccin ia tanceti DC , F I , Fr» 2 , 2 22 , 1805

S y n . Puccinia a b s in th ii DC, Lam, E n cyl, Meth,

Bot, 8 , 245 ( 1808 )

Puccinia a r t e m is ie lla . P & H„ Sydow, Manogr.

Ured 7, 1 4 , ( 1902 )

Uredo a b s in th ii ( Hedwf ) DC, F I . F r 0 5 , 56 ( 1815)

H o st : Artem esia absinthium

Uredosori and te lio so r i present,,

Uredosori hypophyllous, cinnamon brown, and

scattered , Uredospores e l l ip s o id , 24-30 x 20-22jol,

wall l c5-2ya thick echinu iate with 3 equatorial

pores.

Teleutosori also hypophyllous but black

and sp arse , Teleutospores e ll ip s o id , septa

generally co n stricted . P a p illa te ap ical p a p illa

broad ( 38- ) 40-46 ( -52 ) x ( 16- ) 20-24

( -26 ) _yu, wall 2-3yd t h ic k . Pedical p e r ista n t ,

hyaline up to 60 u long and 10 jo . th ick ,

Loc, Baramulla Kashm ir. pfi.No:3

Date of co llectio n IO-1-85- Fig:"SZ

Puccin ia v io lae ( Schum ) DC. F I . F r , 6 ,6 2 1 8 1 5 ,

Syn Puccin ia alqra Grove 1883

Puccin ia densa DC ( S .H ) 1897

Puccin ia depaoperans ( V ize ) Syd 1903

Acedium v io lae Schum 1803 ,

Acedium depauperals V ize 1876

Dicaeoma v io lae Ktze 1898 .

Uredo violae Schum 1803

H ost: V io la spp

U red in ia and t e l ia are presen t.

Uredospores c h ie fly hypophyllous, pulverulent ,

minute and scattered* Uredospores globoid to

e ll ip s o id , 22-28 x 18-23 / 1, wall cinnamon brown,

1 . 5 -2 / i th ick , echinulate pores 2, equato rial*

Teleuto so ri hypophyllous, pulverulent,

minute rounded and dark brown0 Teleutospores

e llip s o id or oblong, generally rounded at each

end but occassio nally s lig h t ly attenuated at

the b ase , 22-36 x 17-23 / jl, s ligh t or no cons trico t ion

at the septum, wall chestnut brown, fa in t ly

verrucose, 1 .5 to 2 * 5 j a th ick with hyaline p a p il la .

Pore of the c e ll is a p ic a l , while the pore of

lower c e ll is at the septum. Pedicel colourless

short and fra g ile *

Loc, Dachigam Kashm ir. pjl N o :"3

Date of co llectio n 86 Fig I’VE

12* Puccinia w attiana B arclay . J . A s ia t ic

So c . Bengal 58 , 109* 1890

H o st : Clematis spp*

U red in ia and t e l ia are p resen t .

U redinia generally amphigenous, sometimes

hypophyllous, round and sparse 0 Uredospore

globose to e ll ip e o id , 21-24 x 19-23j x cinnamon

brown 1 .5- 3 j a th ick germ pores obscure0

The t e l ia are also amphigenous, black

and sori occur in groups. Teliospores oblong,

s lig h tly constricted at the septum, 36_44 x 20-24 j a ,

wall 2-4yu th ick , smooth cinnamon brown#

p a p illa at the apex broad, single pore seen

in each c e l l .

Loc, Dachigam Kashm ir. N o j^

Date of co llectio n FigsSL

(D) UROMYCES

1 3 . Uromyces euphorbiae Cke and Pk in Peck

A nn . Rept.

M . Y State Mus. 25, 90 1 8 7 3 ,

Syn . Uredo proemineus DC. F I . F r . 2, 235 . 1805

Uredo proemineus Pass in Rebh« F un gi.

Euv. Exsic

( Ed Nov ) No . 1795- 1875)

( T e lia not described )

Hosts On Euphorbia spp.

U redin ial and t e lia l stages are seen .

U redinia amphigenous, cinnamon brown. Urediniospores

globoid 15-21 x 18-24yU . W all pale golden brown

1.5- 2y a th ick ech inu late , germ pores 3-6, scattered

in d is t r ib u t io n .

T e l ia amphigenous, cinnamon brown, teliospore

e l l ip s o id , 1»5-21 x 18-27, wall cinnamon brown,

uniform ly 1-5y a thick m inutely verrucose with a

hyaline p a p illa at the apex, pedical short hyaline

and f r a g i l e .

Loc, Gulmarg Kashmir. PJLNo j M

Date o f co llectio n 15“- 6 - 8 7 F ig :T

Pig I • .Teliospores of Uromyces euphorbia*

Fig I I . ............ Teliospores of Uromyces aexlcanus

FIG I I

1 4 0 Uromyces mexicanus D ie ls Holw in Holway„

Bot. Gaz„ 24 1897»

H ost: Demodium eleqans

U redinia amphigenous, pale cinnamon brown and

scattered . Urediospores 18-22 x 15-18yU, mostly

broadly e l l ip s o id wall l- le5 j i th ic k . uniform ly

echinulate# pores 2 or 3 eq u a to ria l„

T e lia dark brown exposed. Teliospores

24-28 x 17-20yu wall 1-5-2 ju th ick at s id e s ,

3-4 yU a p ic a lly chestnut brown and smooth,

pedical hyaline -20-25yu in lenght*

Loc, Dachigam Kashm ir„ Pfi. No:^J

Date of co llectio n I0) !- 86 F i g i H

Discussion

The b asic terminology for the spore states

of rust fungi was proposed by Tulsane de~ Bary,

Arthur ( 1905 , 1925 ) Cunnigham ( 1930 ) , Cummins ( 1959 )

Hiratsuka ( 1973 ) , Laundon ( 1967 , 72 ) and Sav ile ( 1968 )

The two systems of taxonomical descriptions normally

used to id e n tify the various spore forms ares (a) the

morphological system ; and (b) the ontogenic system.

In the morphological system ( Laundon 1967 ) the

morphology of spores whereas in the entogenic system

( Cummins, 1959 ; H iratsuka 1973b , 1975 ) the po sitio n

of spore states in the l i f e cycle of fungi are the

basis for d escrib in g various ta x a .

In the present study Laundon 's system ( 1967 )

emphasizing the use of morphological characters has

been used, as the b a s is for describin g the various

species collected so fa r .

In In d ia Payak ( 1963 , 1965 ) has reported

aecia on three species of Berberis ( B . a r i s t i t a 0 DC,

B. .jaeschkeana C .K , Schw and B . lycium Royle ) ,

from the western Himalaya p a rt ic u la rly from the Lahaul

valley and Narkhanda ( a l t . 2800 m ) in S im la .

According to Cummins and Greene ( 1966 ) m ajority

of the rusts p a ra s it iz in g on the members of fam ily

1

Festucodeae produce aecia on d iffe r e n t species of

Berberis i . e . P uccin ia brachypodii Otth v a r c brachypodii

produce aecia on B , v u lq a ris , B a ristata and B lycium .

Payak ( 1965 ) however is doubtful about the occurrance

of B .vulgaris in Western Him alaya. 0 C ultural work

done by him has proved that aecia produce^on Berberis lycium

are related to P . brachypodii var b rach y p o dii.

Bilqram i et al ( 1979 ) have recorded aecia

( four species ) on various species of berberis in

India on the b as is of culture work carried out by

Payak ( 1965 ) .

Berberis lycium and B . a r is ta ta on which aecia

are* very commonly produced have been considered as

alternate hosts for Puccin ia brachypodii a rust on

Brachypodium sylvaticum by Bilgram i et al ( 1979 ) #

Sim ilarly aecidium on Berberis jaeschkeana have been

shown to belong to Puccinia poae nem oralis. Thus

out of four species of a e c id ia , on various species

of Berberis only two have been correlated w ith P u c c in ia .

So far aecia on Berberis pseudoum bellata have not

been collected and as such i t is considered as an

anamorjjh, t i l l its primary host is ascertained by

carrying out culture work.

The rust in fected specimen of Phraqmidium b u tle r i

was collected by Inayat ( 1907 ) from Kumaon Him alaya.

E arlier D ie e ls ( 1905 ) had described Phraqmidium rosae

moschata based on a specimen sent to him by B u tle r .

In the u red in ia l characters both resemble each other

but teliospore characters show d if fe r e n t ia t io n .

The teliospores are longer in P . rosae moschatae

and the wall colour is paler when compared to that of

P . b u t le r i . P„ rubi is an autoecius macrocyclic

rust fungus. A ll phragmidium species are autoecious

and occur on species of the Rosaceae.

Puccin ia comprises the larg est genus of rusts

occuring on many fam ilies of angiosperms worldwide,

and m ajority of important p lant d iseases are caused

by species of this genus«

The rust on Centaurea, P B calcitrapae was f ir s t

reported as occurring in In d ia by Sydows ( 1912 )„

Their id e n t if ic a t io n was based on a specimen collected

by Butler from Harwan, Kashm ir, S in ce^th is rust has not

been reported from other parts of India,, According

to Cummins ( 1979 ) , the author of P . centaurea is

Augustin pyramus de-Condolle ( DC ) and not H e inrich

Von M arlius ( Marrt )» In add itio n to the s lig h t

variation in the s ize of spore forms of P . centaurea

it does not warrant the ju s t if ic a t io n of species and

as such Cummins treated it as a variety of P . c a lc itr a p a e .

Puccini a coronata in fects Stip a spp.

According to Bilgram i et al ( 1979 ) the uredo and

t e l ia l stages on the leaves of Stip a spp. had

been collected from Mussorie ( U . P . ) in 1 91 1 .

Cummins ( 1979 ) stated that d iffe r e n t species of

Puccin ia in fe c t various species of S tip a and

Arthur recognised ju s t three species of Puccin ia

in fe c t in g S t ip a . Presently P . coronata on Stipa

has been co lle cted from Dachigam .

P uccin ia menthae co llected from Pahalgam,

Kashmir on Origanum vulqare is an autoecious

m acrocyclic rust fungus. Guchet ( 1906 ) as a

result of h is experiments considered the form on

Origanum as b io lo g ic a lly d is t in c t as the spores

were capable of in fe c t in g the same species only

and fa ile d to in fe c t other three species of M entha.

Puccin ia polyqonii on Polygonum am plexicaule

is a heteroecious macrocyclic rust fungs with the

spermogonial and aecial stages produced on Geranium

spp0 The stages on Geranium have been collected

from Kupwara Kashm ir.

The rusts on Artem esia and Chrysanthemum were

un ited generally under a s ingle species by e a r lie r

w riters like Plowright due to the lack of c le a r

morphological d iffe ren ces between them,. Later

Fischer , Sydows, Grove, W ilso n , Bisby and

others separated them into two d is t in c t species

P . a b s in th ii on Artem *sia and P . chrysanthem ii

on Chrysanthemum.

Treboux ( 1912 ) found that P . tanaceti

may overwinter on Artem esia maritima by mean of

uredosporeso In the present study P . tanaceti

was found to overwinter in the t e l ia l stage on

Artemesia absinthium*

The rust Puccinia v io la e on the leaves of

V io la is known from Sim la ( H„ P . ) , and MUssori

( U . P . ) and Ranipheit ( Kumaon Himalaya ) on

V io la serpentis Sydow and Butler ( 1907 )*

Barclay ( 1890 ) f ir s t described P„ w attiana

on Clematis qouriana Roxbe Later Sydow and

Butler ( 1906 ) reported the same species from

Dehradoon. P a til and Thirum alachar ( 1971 )

reported the same on a new host Clem atis tr ilo b a

from N asik and presently this has been collected

from Dachigam.

Uromyces comprises the second largest

genus of rusts ( about 600 species ) and occurs

worldwide on a wide variety of angiosperm h o sts .

The pathogenic genra in fe c t mostly members of

Gramineae, Leguminosae and Com positae. Uromyces

d iffe rs from Puccin ia in having u n ice lle d teliospores

Uromyces euphorbiae is an autoecious

macrocyclic rust fungus. Arthur ( 1934 ) based

eon culture work recognised four v a r it ie s in i t .

Uromyces mexicanus on Desmodium eleqans

has not been reported from In d ia . Cummins

recorded the species p a ra s itic on various species

of Desmodium,, They are (a) Uremyces antiquanus

(b) Uromyces hedysari p a n ic u la ti (c) Uromyces

mexicanus (d) Uromyces te n u is t ip e s .

The u red in ia l and t e l ia l stages of Uromyces

euphorbiae and Uromyces mexicanus collected in

Kashmir from d if fe r e n t places almost resemble

each other.

le v to t h e species of Acedlum

Acoia chiefly hypophyllous, yellowish orange ;

Acclospores oblong or angularly globoid ;

18-30 x 15 - 2 V i ; wall 1 thick A«lycium

Aecia chiefly on adaxial surface, crowded in

groups ; Acciospores angularly globoid ;

21-24/ i x 14 - 20yu ; wall upto 3j a thick.

A«Pseudoumbe-lla*a

1t urediniospores globoid or ellipsoid ;

fJaraphysis numerous, clavate,

2 0 - 3 0 x 10yU ; germ pores 2-4* P.rubi

oUredlnispores globose to subglobose or

A

ellipsoid ; paraphysis hyaline, clavate,

30-50yu x 10-16 yu germ pores 5-8.

2. Teliospores cylindrical, usually 6-celled

constricted, 60-75 x 24-30j x , with 2-4

pores per cell# Pwbutleri.

tov to the speoies of Phragmidium

Teliospores cylinderical, 7-septate, 70-110 x

24- 32/ x ; germ pores absent.

£• rosae cf moschata

1« Uredosori hypophyllous, rounded, cinnamon

brown, scattered.

Uredospores mostly globoid or obov/oid ;

17-30 u x 15-22yU , wall 1-1,5>u with 2 or

3 equatorial germ pores P. Folygoni

2. Uredospores ellipsoid or globoid ;

20-30 u x 12 -23yU , wall 1. 5-2 ■ with 2-3

equatorial germ pores*

3, Teleutosori Papillate, hypo)>hyllous

Uredospores with 3 germ pores ;

Teleutosori black, sparse; 40-46ja x 20-24j i

wall 2-ĵ * ; apical papilla broad,

P. tanaceti

uredospores with 2 germ pores ;

Teleutosori dark brown, 30-42yU x 18 -24yu,

wall 3 ,5 yU ; papilla hyaline, P ,Violace

Teleutosori non-papiliate, ellipsoid,

26-3Z ja x 19-23yu» wall 1,5-2yU j uredospores

with 3 germ pores, P,>«enthae

Uredosori anphigenous, globose to^ovoid

or ellipsoid, yellow or cinnamon browa. ,

Teleutosori papillate, ; Uredospores

globose to ellipsoid ; 21-29yu x 19-22^ai,

wall 1 ,5 - 3 ' J 1 » germ pores obscure.

P .wattiana

Key to the species of Puccinia

28

Teleutosori non papillate*

Uredospores broadly obovoid or ellipsoid ;

24-27yU x 21 -24ja ; wall 1.5-3.5yU with

2-3 (-4) germ pores. P . calcitrapae

Uredospores broadly ellipsoid ; 18 -23 u x 22 -

26yu , wall 1-1*5yU with 4 -6 scattered

germ pores. P.coronata

29

Kev to the species of Uromyces

Uredospores globoid pale golden brown ;

15-21 x 18 - 2k ja ; wall verrucose with

3-6 scattered pores u .euphorbiae

Uredospores ellipsoid, echinulate,

18-22 x 15-18/U ; wall uniformly echinulate

with 2-3 equatorial pores, U«anexicanus

30