J.W. Dold and A.K. Kapila- Comparison Between Shock Initiations of Detonation Using Thermally-Sensitive and Chain-Branching Chemical Models

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/3/2019 J.W. Dold and A.K. Kapila- Comparison Between Shock Initiations of Detonation Using Thermally-Sensitive and Chai

    1/10

    COMBUSTION AND FLAME 8 5 : 1 8 5 - 1 9 4 ( 19 9 1) 1 85

    C o m p a r i s o n B e t w e e n S h o c k I n it ia t io n s o f D e t o n a t i o n U s i n gT h e r m a l l y -S e n s i t iv e a n d C h a i n - B r a n c h in g C h e m i c a l M o d e l sJ . W . D O L DSchool of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 ITW, United Kingdom

    a n d

    A . K . K A P I L ADepartment o f Mathematical Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590, USAT h i s a r t i c l e s h o w s t h a t , u n l i k e t h e s i t u a t i o n i n m a n y o t h e r c o m b u s t i o n p r o b l e m s , t h e p r o g r e s s t o w a r d s d e t o n a t i o nb e h i n d a n i n i t ia t i n g s h o c k w a v e w h e n t h e c h e m i s t r y i s m o d e l e d u s i n g a ra d i c a l c h a i n - b r a n c h i n g m e c h a n i s m i sf u n d a m e n t a l l y d if f e r e n t f r o m t h e p r o g r e s s f o u n d w h e n a g l o b a l o n e - s t e p m o d e l i s u s e d . I n t h e l a tt e r c a s e , au n i f o r m l y s u p e r s o n i c ( s h o c k l e s s ) w a v e o f c h e m i c a l a c t i v i t y i s f o u n d t o e m e r g e a t t h e e n d o f a n i n d u c t i o n p r o c e s s .O n l y a f t e r t h i s " i n d u c t i o n f l a m e " s l o w s d o w n s i g n i fi c a n t ly is it p o s s ib l e f o r a g e n u i n e p r o p a g a t i o n m e c h a n i s m t oc r e a te a Z e l d o v i c h - v o n N e u m a n n - D S r i n g d e t o n a ti o n s t ru c t u re . W h e n d o m i n a t e d b y c h a i n b r a n c h i n g , th e r e a c ti o nw a v e p r o d u c e d b y t h e i n d u c t i o n p r o c e s s i s s u b s o n i c , a n d c a n t h e r e f o r e b e i n fl u e n c e d b y p r o p a g a t i n g t h e r m o d y n a m i cd i s t u r b a n c e s ( a s o ri g i n a l ly p o i n t e d o u t b y S tr e h l o w ) . T h e r e s u l t i n g c h e m i c a l - h y d r o d y n a m i c in t e r a c ti o n c a u s e s a na c c e l e r a t i o n o f t h e w a v e p r i o r t o t h e e m e r g e n c e o f t h e d e t o n a t i o n . I t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e e x i s t e n c e o f th e s e t w od i s t in c t f o r m s o f i n it i a ti o n m a y p r o v i d e a m e a n s o f t e s t i n g f o r t h e r e l a t iv e i m p o r t a n c e o f p o s s ib l e c h a i n - b r a n c h i n ga n d s t a t e - s e n s i ti v e m e c h a n i s m s in t h e i n i ti a t io n o f d e t o n a t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y w h e r e l it tl e k i n e ti c d a t a a r e y e t a v a i l a b l e( a s , f o r e x a m p l e , i n c o n d e n s e d e x p l o s i v e s ) .

    I N T R O D U C T I O NR e c e n t a s y m p t o t i c a n a l y s e s o f t h e i n i ti a ti o n o fd e t o n a t i o n u s i n g a l a r g e - a c t i v a t i o n - e n e r g y , o n e -s t ep m o d e l f o r th e c h e m i s tr y [ 1 - 4 ] h a v e r e v e a l e da n i n t e r es t in g s e q u e n c e o f e v e n t s , b u t o n e t h a t isn o t a l w a y s in q u a l i ta t iv e a g r e e m e n t w i t h e x p e r i -m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s [ 5 , 6 ] . I n s e e k i n g a n e x p l a n a -t i on , one f i nds t ha t qu i t e d i f f e r en t phys i ca l even t sc a n b e p r e d i c t e d i f a ra d i c a l c h a i n - b r a n c h i n gm o d e l f o r t h e c h e m i s t r y i s i n v o k e d . T h i s a r t i c l es eeks t o i nves t i ga t e t h i s d i f f e r ence and t o po i n to u t i t s i m p l i c a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g b o t h t h e u s e o fg l o b a l , o n e - s t e p c h e m i c a l m o d e l s f o r d e t o n a t i o np r o b l e m s a n d t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n o ft h e c h e m i c a l k in e t i c s o f e x p l o s i v e s . S o m e d i s c u s -s i o n o f t h e u n d e r l y i n g p h y s i c a l a n d c h e m i c a l r e a -s o n s f o r t h e d i f fe r e n c e i s a l s o p r e s e n t e d .

    I f a s t r o n g p i s t o n - d r i v e n ( o r r e fl e c te d ) s h o c kw a v e r a is e s t he t e m p e r a t u r e o f a m e d i u m t h at i sr e a c t i n g v i a a s i n g l e e x o t h e r m i c t e m p e r a t u r e - s e n -s i t i v e c h e m i c a l s t e p t o a p o i n t a t w h i c h t h e r e a c -t i on becom es s i gn i f i can t , t hen du r i ng an i n i t i a li nduc t i on s t age , t he r eac t i on - r a t e i nc r eas es r e l a -t i v e l y s l o w l y a s a t h e r m a l r u n a w a y b e g i n s t o s e t

    i n . A f t e r a w h i l e , t h i s i nduc t i on p r oces s l eads t o ar ap i d and s ubs t an t i a l ene r gy r e l eas e t ha t s t a r t s a tt h e p i s t o n f a c e a n d a l w a y s m o v e s a s a s u p e r s o n i cw a v e o f c h e m i c a l a c ti v i ty i n to t h e c o m p r e s s e dm e d i u m .

    T h i s w a v e i s n o t , h o w e v e r , a Z e l d o v i c h - v o nN e u m a n n - D S r i n g d e to n a ti o n . In t h e m a n n e ri d e n t i f i e d b y Z e l d o v i c h a n d K o m p a n e e t s [ 7 ] ,C l a r ke [ 8 ] , and o t he r s [ 4 , 9 ] , i t r ep r e s e n t s a " f a s tf l a m e " t h a t i s d o m i n a t e d t h r o u g h o u t i t s s t r u c t u r eb y r e a c t i v e a n d s u p e r s o n i c a l l y c o n v e c t i v e p r o -c e s s e s . A s s u c h , t h e f l o w t h r o u g h t h e w a v e i n -v o l v e s n o s h o c k a n d t h e w a v e a s s u m e s t h e f o r mo f a w e a k d e t o n a t i o n ( a t l e a s t t o b e g i n w i t h ) .A l t h o u g h Z e l d o v i c h a n d K o m p a n e e t s i m a g i n e ds u c h a w a v e a s b e i n g i n i t i a t e d b y a r a p i d l y m o v -i ng s ou r ce o f i gn i t i on ( s uch a s a ve r y f a s t s e -q u e n c e o f s p a r k s ), n o s u c h " t h o u g h t e x p e r i m e n t "i s r e q u i r e d t o e x p l a i n t h e r e a c t i o n w a v e t h a te m e r g e s i n t h e p r e s e n t c o n t e x t .D i f f u s i ve e f f ec t s be i ng i n s i gn i f i can t , t he w aves h o u l d a l s o n o t b e c o n f u s e d w i t h a n y o t h e r , l a m i -na r o r t u r bu l en t , f l am e t ha t i s s u s t a i ned by t he r -m a l a n d m a s s t ra n s p o r t . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h er e a c t i o n w a v e t h a t i n i ti a ll y a p p e a r s f o r a o n e - s t e p ,

    C o p y r i g h t 1 99 1 b y T h e C o m b u s t i o n I n s t i tu t eP u b l i s he d b y E l s e v i e r S c i en c e P u b l i s h in g C o . , I n c . 0 0 1 0 - 2 1 8 0 / 9 1 / $ 3 . 5 0

  • 8/3/2019 J.W. Dold and A.K. Kapila- Comparison Between Shock Initiations of Detonation Using Thermally-Sensitive and Chai

    2/10

    1 86 J . W . D O L D A N D A . K . K A P I L A

    t e m p e r a t u re - s e n s it iv e m o d e l o f t h e c h e m i s t ry s i m -p l y t r a v e l s t o o f a s t f o r i t s m o t i o n t o b e a t -t r i b u t a b l e t o a n y p r o p a g a t i o n m e c h a n i s m - - i t i s aw a v e o f c h e m i c a l a c t i v i t y t h a t m o v e s f a s t e r t h a na n y a c o u s t i c s i g n a l w i t h i n t h e s y s t e m .I n s te a d , t h e m o v e m e n t o f t hi s f a s t fl a m e a p -p e a r s b y v i r t u e o f t h e f a c t th a t c h e m i c a l a n d f lu i di n t e r a c t i o n s d u r i n g a n i n d u c t i o n p r o c e s s c a u s ed i f f e r e n t p o i n t s w i t h i n t h e r e a c t i n g m e d i u mr a p i d l y t o r e l e a s e t h e i r c h e m i c a l e n e r g y a t d i f f e r -e n t t i m e s . T h i s i s s o m e w h a t a n a l o g o u s t o Z e l -d o v i c h ' s l es s p r e c i s e c o n c e p t o f a " s p o n t a n e o u sf l a m e " [ 1 0 ] , w h i c h i s n o t i o n a l l y d e f i n e d o n l y i nt e r m s o f h o m o g e n e o u s i n d u c t io n t im e s t h at a r ec a l c u l a t e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r e v e r y p o i n t b a s e d o n l yon in i t i a l da ta .

    B e c a u s e i t t h e r e f o r e e m e r g e s f r o m a s p a t i a l l yv a r y i n g i n d u c t i o n p r o c e s s , a n d n o t t h r o u g h a n ym e c h a n i s m f o r p r o p a g a t i o n , i t m a y b e a p p r o p r i -a t e t o r e f e r t o t h i s p a r t i c u l a r r e a c t i o n w a v e a s a ninduction flame. T h i s t e r m i s i n t r o d u c e d p u r e l yf o r conven i ence a t t h i s s t age i n o r de r t o f ac i l i t a t ed i s c u s s i o n s b e l o w c o n c e r n i n g t h e d e t a i l e d n a t u r eo f r e a c t i o n w a v e s t h a t e m e r g e w i t h i n t h e s h o c k e dm e d i u m . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e t e r m i s u s e d t o e m p h a -s i z e t h e r o l e o f in d u c t i o n , r a t h e r t h a n a n y p r o p a -g a t i o n m e c h a n i s m , i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e n a t u r e a n dm o v e m e n t o f a w a v e o f c h e m i c a l a c t iv i ty . T h et e r m h a s a l s o b e e n u s e f u l l y a p p l i e d e l s e w h e r e i ns t u d y i n g t h e i n d u c t i v e i n i t ia t io n o f c o m b u s t i o nw i t h d i f f u s i v e r a t h e r t h a n c o m p r e s s i b l e i n t e r a c -t ions [11 , 12] .

    F o r a s i n g l e - s t e p , t e m p e r a t u r e - s e n s i t i v e c h e m -i s t r y , t he s pee d o f the i ndu c t i on f l am e i s ac t ua l l yf o u n d t o b e i n fi n it e a t it s m o m e n t o f b i r th n e a r t h ep i s t o n f a c e ( s o t h a t n e i g h b o r i n g p o i n t s e x p l o d ea l m o s t s im u l ta n e o u s l y ) . T h e f l a m e a l s o c o n t in u e st o m o v e s u p e r s o n i c a l l y - - a f t e r o n e p o i n t e x -p l o d e s , t h e s i g n a l t h a t i t p r o d u c e s d o e s n o t h a v et i m e t o r e a c h a n y o t h e r p o i n t b e f o r e i t t o o e x -p l o d e s. H o w e v e r , t h e fl a m e d o e s s lo w d o w n a s i tm o v e s f o r w a r d s , u n t i l i t s s p e e d r e a c h e s t h e C h a p -m a n - J o u g u e t d e t o n a ti o n s p e e d w i th r e s p e c t t o th ec o m p r e s s e d , u n b u r n e d m e d i u m a h e a d o f it. T h i sw o u l d t y p i c a l l y h a p p e n w e l l b e f o r e i t c a t c h e s u pw i t h t he i n i t i a t i ng s hock - w ave [ 13 ] .

    A t t h i s s t a g e , a c o u s t i c i n f o r m a t i o n b e g i n s t ot r ave l f a s t e r t han t he i ndu c t i on f l am e in t he ho t t e s t ,b u r n e d p a r t o f t he m e d i u m , c a u s i n g a s h o c k - w a v et o f o r m s o m e w h e r e n e a r th e e n d o f t h e c h e m i c a lr e a c t i o n . A s t h i s s h o c k w a v e o v e r t a k e s ( a n d d e -

    s t r o y s ) th e n o w s l o w e r i n d u c ti o n f l a m e , i t fu r t h e ri n c r e a s e s t h e s o u n d s p e e d i n i t s w a k e a n d s om a i n t a i n s a m e c h a n i s m f o r p r o p a g a t i o n . A s h o r tbu t quas i - s t eady t r ans i en t l eads t o t he e s t ab l i s h -m e n t o f an u n d e r d ri v en Z e l d o v i c h - v o n N e u -m a n n - D S r i n g d e to n a ti on .

    A b r i e f o u t li n e o f t h e m o d e l a n d t h e e s s e n ti a lso f t h e t h e o r e t ic a l d e s c r i p t io n o f t h is s e q u e n c e o fe v e n t s a r e p r e s e n t e d b e l o w , g r e a t e r d e t a i l b e i n ga v a i l a b l e i n r e f e r e n c e s [ 1 - 4 ] . R e c e n t n u m e r i c a la n a l y s e s o f d e t o n a t i o n s i n it ia t e d b y p i s t o n - d r iv e ns h o c k w a v e s i n m e d i a t h a t r e a c t v i a a o n e - s t e pe x o t h e r m i c r e a c ti o n o f m o d e r a t e ly l a r g e a c t i v a -t i o n e n e r g y a r e i n e x c e l l e n t a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h i sdes c r i p t i on [ 14 , 15 ] .T h e f a c t t h a t s o m e e x p e r i m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s ,b o t h i n g a s e s a n d c o n d e n s e d e x p l o s i v e s [ 5 , 6 ] ,r e v e a l a q u a l i ta t i v e ly d i f f e r e n t s e q u e n c e o f e v e n t s ,s u g g e s t s t h a t a d i f f e r e n t m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l i sr e q u i r e d t o e x p l a i n t h e a c t u a l p r o g r e s s t o d e t o n a -t i o n i n s o m e m a t e r i a l s . I n t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s , t h ew a v e o f s t r o n g c h e m i c a l a c t i v i t y t h a t e m e r g e sa f t e r a n i n d u c t i o n s t a g e i s n o t f o u n d t o b e s u p e r -s o n i c . D i s t u r b a n c e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e o b s e r v e df l a m e a r e t h u s g e n u i n e l y a b l e t o s e l f - p r o p a g a t ea n d m a y b e a b l e t o s t e e p e n s u f f i c i e n t l y t o f o r m as e c o n d a r y s h o c k w a v e b e f o r e c a t c h i n g u p w i t ht he l ead i ng o r i n i t i a t i ng s hock .

    B y e x a m i n i n g a f a i r l y s i m p l e t h r e e - s t e p m o d e lf o r t he chem i s t r y , a des c r i p t i on t ha t i s qua l i t a -t i v e l y c l o s e r to t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t a l f in d i n gs c a n b eo b t a i n e d . A n u m e r i c a l s t u d y o f a s i m i l a r s y s t e mw a s f i r s t c a r r i e d o u t b y S t r e h l o w a n d c o - w o r k e r si n t he con t ex t o f r e f l ec t ed s hock i n i t i a t i on , and as u m m a r y o f th e i r r e su l ts a p p e a r s i n S t r e h l o w ' st e x t b o o k [ 6 ] . O u r m o r e g e n e r a l i z e d m o d e l c o n -s i st s o f t w o r a d i c a l - p ro d u c i n g t e m p e r a t u r e - s e n s i -t i v e r e a c t i o n s ( t h a t m a y b e e n d o t h e r m i c ) , r e p r e -s en t i ng an i n i t i a t i on s t ep and a cha i n - b r anch i ngs t e p . T h e t h i r d r e a c t i o n i s a n e x o t h e r m i c r a d i c a l -c o n s u m i n g s t e p o f n e g l i g i b l e a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g yt h a t c o m p l e t e s t h e c h e m i c a l c h a n g e .

    T h i s s c h e m e a d m i t s s o m e u s e f u l a s y m p t o t i ca n a l y s i s a n d q u a l i t a ti v e l y m i m i c s s o m e o f th ef e a tu r e s o f h y d r o g e n - o x y g e n a s w e l l as h y d r o -c a r b o n c o m b u s t i o n . A s y m p t o t i c s o l u t i o n s a r e o b -t a in e d f o r th e e a r l y b e h a v i o r o f t h e r e a c t i o n - w a v et ha t em er ges . Th i s i s s u f f i c i en t t o dem ons t r a t e t hem a n n e r i n w h i c h p r o p a g a t i o n m e c h a n i s m s c a no p e r a t e a n d l e a d t o a n a c c e l e r a t io n o f t h e f la m e .T h e d i s t in g u i s h e d r o l e s o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s i -

  • 8/3/2019 J.W. Dold and A.K. Kapila- Comparison Between Shock Initiations of Detonation Using Thermally-Sensitive and Chai

    3/10

    S H O C K I N IT I A T IO N O F D E T O N A T I O N 187

    t iv i t ie s o f e a c h r e a c t i o n a r e a l s o e a s i l y u n d e r -s tood . I t i s wor th no t ing tha t wh i l e t h i s r eac t ionm o d e l a n d a n a l y s is a r e o p e n t o f u r t h e r g e n e r a l i z a -t i on , t hey a r e su f f i c ien t t o e s t ab l i sh t he p r inc ipa lob jec t ives o f t h i s a r t i c l e i n a r e l a t i ve ly s imp lew a y .

    S i n c e t h e r e s u l t s b r o a d l y a g r e e w i t h s o m e e x -p e r i m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s f o r d e t o n a t i o n i n i t i a t i o n[ 5 ], t h e y m a y p r o v i d e s o m e c l u e s a b o u t th e a c t u a lc h e m i c a l p r o c e s s e s t h a t t a k e p l a c e i n s o m e c o n -densed exp los ives , f o r wh ich l i t t l e k ine t i c da t aa r e y e t a v a i la b l e , F o r i n s t a n c e , i t is b y n o m e a n sc l ea r , a p r io r i , t ha t any in t e rmed ia t e r eac t an t s i ns u c h e x p l o s i v e s w o u l d b e p r o d u c e d v i a a c h a i n -b r a n c h i n g ( s e lf - c a ta l y z i n g ) p r o c e s s r a t h e r t h a n( s a y ) t h e r m a l d e c o m p o s i t i o n . I n d e e d , b e a r i n g i nm i n d t h e e n o r m o u s p r e s s u r e s i n v o l v e d i n t h ed e t o n a t i o n o f c o n d e n s e d e x p l o s i v e s , o n e m i g h ta n t ic i p a te a m e c h a n i c a l e l e m e n t in t h e d e c o m p o s i -t io n o f l a r g e r m o l e c u l e s , m o r e s e n s it iv e t o th et h e r m o d y n a m i c s t a t e ( i n c l u d i n g p r e s s u r e ) t h a n t ot h e p r e s e n c e o f a c t i v e r a d i c a ls . T h e m o d e l e x a m -p l e s o f m o l e - p r e s e r v i n g , t h e r m a l l y s e n s i ti v e , a n dc h a i n - b r a n c h i n g r e a c t i o n s , w h i c h a r e s t u d ie d h e r e ,s e r v e p r i m a r i l y t o i ll u s tr a te t h e b e h a v i o r a t o p p o -s i t e e n d s o f a s p e c t r u m o f p o s s i b l e c h e m i c a lp a t h w a y s .

    A f t e r b r i e f l y o u t l i n i n g t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h e a p -p e a r a n c e o f a s u p e r s o n i c i n d u c ti o n f l a m e t h r o u g ha s i n g l e t e m p e r a t u r e - s e n s i t i v e c h e m i c a l s t e p , w ed i s cu s s t h e n a t u r e o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f l a m ea r is i n g a s a r e s u l t o f t h e t h r e e -s t e p s c h e m e . O n l yi n o n e s p e c i a l c a s e , f o r w h i c h t h e c h a i n - b r a n c h -i n g r e a c t i o n i s i n s e n s it i v e to t e m p e r a t u r e , d o e st h i s f l a m e r e p r e s e n t a n i n d u c t i o n f l a m e - - i t s p a t ha n d c h e m i c a l s t r u c t u r e b e i n g d e t e r m i n e d o n l y b ys p a t i a l l y v a r y i n g c h e m i c a l k i n e t i c i n d u c t i o n p r o -c e s s e s a n d n o t b y a n y p r o p a g a t i o n m e c h a n i s m , i nsp i t e o f t he f ac t t ha t i t t r ave l s su bson ica l ly . H ow -e v e r , i f th e r e a c t i o n i s s e n s i t iv e t o t e m p e r a t u r e ,t h e n t h e r m a l c h a n g e s b r o u g h t a b o u t b y t h e p r o p a -g a t i o n o f p r e s s u r e w a v e s i n c r e a s i n g ly i n f l u e n c et h e m o v e m e n t o f t hi s f la m e f r o m t h e m o m e n t o fi t s b i r t h a t t he p i s ton f ace .

    W i t h n e i t h e r t h e o n e - s t e p n o r t h e t h r e e - s t e pm o d e l d o w e t a k e t h e a n a l y s i s a s f a r a s c o n s i d e r -i n g th e b e h a v i o r o f th e f l a m e s a s t h e y a p p r o a c ht h e i n it ia t in g s h o c k - w a v e . R a t h e r , t h e m a i n i n t e n -t i o n o f t h is a r t i c le i s t o m a k e u s e o f a s y m p t o t i ca r g u m e n t s t o h i g h l i g h t t h e t w o f u n d a m e n t a l l yd i f fe r e n t p o s s i b l e t y p e s o f r e a c t i o n w a v e s t h a t c a n

    e m e r g e a t t h e e n d o f a n i n d u c t i o n p e r i o d f o rd i f f e r en t k ine t i c mode l s . Pa r t i cu l a r ly fo r con -d e n s e d e x p l o s i v e s , t h i s m a y o f f e r a n e x p e r i m e n t a lm e a n s o f e x a m i n i n g th e r e l a ti v e i m p o r t a n c e o fr ad i ca l s e l f - ca t a lyz ing ( cha in -b ranch ing ) r eac t ionsa n d g l o b a l t h e r m o d y n a m i c s e n s it iv i ty .M O D E LF l u i d -D y n a m i c E q u a t io n sI n o r d e r t o m o d e l t h e n o n l i n e a r p re s s u r e , v e l o c i t yand the rma l i n t e r ac t ions t ha t t ake p l ace i n a de to -na t ing m ed iu m i t i s conven ien t t o focus a t t en t iono n t h e E u l e r e q u a t i o n s f o r i d e a l g a s - d y n a m i cin t e r ac t ions . F o r va lue s o f t he ad i aba t i c coe f f i-c i en t 3 , a s h igh a s t h r ee o r more , i t i s be l i evedtha t t hese equa t ions p rov ide a qua l i t a t i ve ly ade -q u a t e m o d e l f o r d y n a m i c i n t e r a c t i o n s i n c o n -densed exp los ives [16 ] . A t t he h igh ve loc i t i e s andshor t t ime- sca l e s fo und in de tona t ions , i t i s h igh lyrea l i s t i c t o i gnore d i f fus ive e f f ec t s , excep t pe r -haps wi th in t he i n t e rna l s t ruc tu re o f s t rong shockwaves [17 ] . Fo r t hese i t i s adequa te t o u se Rank-i n e - H u g o n i o t s h o c k j u m p c o n d it io n s .

    A l s o a s s u m i n g t h a t t h e c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s p r e -s e r v e s th e n u m b e r o f m o l e c u l e s , th e s e t o f d im e n -s i o n le s s e q u a t i o n s b e c o m e s

    7 - 1P T t - - - P t + P q t ,"7" Y - ' P t + P P U v , = P q t , (1 )u t + " r - l p , ~ = 0P = a T ,i n wh ich p is t he dens i ty , P t he p re s su re , T thea b s o l u t e t e m p e r a t u r e , u t h e v e l o c i ty , a n d q t h ea m o u n t o f e n e r g y r e l e a se d b y t h e c h e m i s tr y . S u b -sc r ip t s a r e u sed to deno te pa r t i a l d i f f e r en t i a t i on .T im e i s r ep rese n ted by t wh i l e ~k r ep resen t s aLa gran gea n (mass ) co o rd ina t e de f ined by ~b =f ~X tp dx . T h e s e c o n d o f t h e s e e q u a t io n s ( r e p r e -s e n t in g t h e e f f e c t s o f c o m p r e s s ib i l it y ) c a n b e d e -r i v e d f r o m t h e m a s s c o n s e r v a t i o n e q u a t i o n P t +p2 u~ = 0 by us ing the f i r s t ( ene rg y conse rva t ion )equa t ion and the l a s t ( gas s ta t e ) equa t ion to e l imi -na t e P t a n d T T h e re m a i n i n g ( t h ir d ) e q u a t i o nd e s c r i b e s m o m e n t u m c o n s e r v a t i o n .

    W e s u p p o s e t h a t a s o l id p i s to n o f c o n s ta n t

  • 8/3/2019 J.W. Dold and A.K. Kapila- Comparison Between Shock Initiations of Detonation Using Thermally-Sensitive and Chai

    4/10

    1 88 J . W . D O L D A N D A . K . K A P I L A

    dimens ion le s s ve loc i ty u i d r i v e s a s h o c k - w a v e o fi n it ia l M a c h n u m b e r m i > 1 in to t he co ld s ta t i on -a r y u n r e a c t e d e x p l o s i v e m e d i u m . C h o o s i n g t h ei n it ia l s ta te o f t h e m e d i u m b e h i n d t h e s h o c k - w a v et o b e t h e r e f e r e n c e s t a t e f o r n o n d i m e n s i o n a l i z a -t ion (so tha t T = P = p = 1 a t the in i tia l ins tantb e h i n d t h e s h o c k w a v e ) , t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s s t a t eo f t h e m e d i u m a h e a d o f t h e s h o c k i s t h e n g i v e nb y t h e R a n k i n e - H u g o n i o t c o n d it io n s

    7 + 1P = P i = 23M 2 + 1 _ 7 '

    2 / M 2 + 3 ' - 1P = P i = ' 7 +1

    w i t h ( 2 )

    M / 2 - 1U i = 2 ( '7 + 1 ) M i

    A s t h e s y s t e m e v o l v e s , d r i v e n b y c h a n g e s i nt h e r e l e a s e d c h e m i c a l e n e r g y q , t h e s h o c k M a c hn u m b e r M g e n e r a l l y c h a n g e s f r o m i t s in i ti alv a l u e . A s t h is h a p p e n s , t h e s t a te o f t h e m e d i u mi m m e d i a t e l y b e h i n d t h e s h o c k b e c o m e s

    2 " , t M 2 + 1 - "yP = P = 2 " Y M i 2 + 1 - 7 ,

    2 / M E + 7 - 1 ( 3 )P = P o = 2 / M 2 + 3' - 1 ,m 2 - 1

    u = u o = 2 ( 7 + 1 ) M V / f f i i / P i "w h i l e a t t h e p i s t o n , t h e r e l e v a n t b o u n d a r y c o n d i -t i o n r e m a i n sU - - U i. ( 4 )I t i s u se fu l a l so t o i den t i fy t he d imens ion le s sm a s s - f l u x t h r o u g h t h e s h o c k - w a v e , g i v e n b ym = M ~ w i th m i = M i v / & P i , (5 )h a v i n g m i < 1 f o r a n y M i > 1 . In t h i s w ay , t hes h o c k b o u n d a r y c o n d i t io n s ( E q . 3 ) a n d t h e p i s to nb o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n ( E q . 4 ) , a r e a l l p a r a m e t e r i z e dby the s ing l e quan t i t y m i ( o r , e q u i v a l e n t l y , M i )f o r a g i v e n v a l u e o f 7 .

    O n e - S t e p C h e m i s t r yA s i m p l e o n e - s te p m o d e l f o r th e c h e m i s t r y c a n b ep o s t u l a te d i n t h e f o r mR ~ P . ( 6 )I f r r e p r e s e n t s a n o r m a l i z e d m a s s - f ra c t io n o f t h ereac t an t R , t ha t i s a lways t aken to be un i tyi m m e d i a t e ly a h e a d o f th e s h o c k , t h e n w i t h a nA r r h e n i u s m o d e l f o r t h e r e a c t i o n r a t e t h e c h e m i -c a l e v o l u t i o n is g o v e r n e d b y t h e e q u a t i o n

    rr t + e B(l-1/r) = 0 (7 )O/3

    f o r a n a p p r o p r i a t e c h o i c e o f t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s st ime- sc a l e t . ( I t m ay be r ec a l l ed tha t T = 1,i n i t i a l l y , i m m e d i a t e l y b e h i n d t h e s h o c k w a v e . )S t r o n g t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s i t i v i t y i s r e p r e s e n t e d b ythe d imens ion le s s ac t i va t ion t empera tu re / 3 be ingl a r g e . T h e s y s t e m o f e q u a t i o n s is t h e n c l o s e d b yn o t i n g th a t t h e r e le a s e d c h e m i c a l e n e r g y q i sg i v e n b yq = Q ( 1 - r ) (8 )fo r a d imens ion le s s cons t an t Q , r ep resen t ing thet o t a l c h e m i c a l e n e r g y a v a i l a b l e i n t h e u n r e a c t e dm i x t u r e .

    W i t h th i s m o d e l , t a k in g r a n d t h e o t h e r d y -n a m i c v a r i a b le s T , P , a n d s o o n to b e f ix e da h e a d o f th e s h o c k w a v e r e l i e s o n a s s u m i n g t h a tthe r eac t ion r a t e ahead o f t he shock , i . e . , exp [ /3 (1- 1 / T / ) ] , i s neg l ig ib ly sma l l . S ince 1 - 1 /T , . is

    nega t ive , t h i s a s sumpt ion r e l i e s i n / 3 be ing l a rgeand i s t hus cons i s t en t on ly wi th an a sympto t i cdes cr ip t io n f or 13 ~ , 1 .T h r e e - S t e p C h e m i s t r yA s i m p l e m o d e l f o r th e c h e m i s t ry , i n v o l v i n g r a d i-c a l p r o d u c t i o n , c h a i n b r a n c h i n g , a n d e x o t h e r m i cc o m p l e t i o n o f th e r e a c t i o n c a n b e r e p r e s e n t e d b ythe fo l lowing th ree s t eps :I : F + M ~ Y + M , k t = e A ( 1 / r t - l /T)B : F + Y " 2 Y , k B = e / r B - 1 / r ) (9 )C : Y + M - - * P + M , k c = 1 .T a k i n g f a n d y t o r e p r e s e n t n o r m a l i z e d m a s sf r a c t io n s o f F a n d Y , r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e c h e m i c a l

  • 8/3/2019 J.W. Dold and A.K. Kapila- Comparison Between Shock Initiations of Detonation Using Thermally-Sensitive and Chai

    5/10

    S H O C K I N I T IA T I O N O F D E T O N A T I O N 189log k

    TI

    t1/T

    I / T I i I / T B l l T iFig . 1 . Va r i a t ion o f k t, k n, a n d k c w i t h T . C r o s s o v e rt e m p e r a t u r e s T a n d TB a r e o n o p p o s i t e s i d e s o f t h e i n i ti a lp o s t s h o ck te m p e r a t u r e o f u n i ty . P r e s h o c k t e m p e r a t u r e i s T /

  • 8/3/2019 J.W. Dold and A.K. Kapila- Comparison Between Shock Initiations of Detonation Using Thermally-Sensitive and Chai

    6/10

    1 90 J . W . D O L D A N D A . K . K A P I L A

    for l a rge [3 , w i th wh ich on e ob ta ins t he r educ edm o d e l

    4~ t = w t + ( 7 - 1 ) P t ,P t + v, = W t ,v t + p ~ = 0 , ( 1 4 )

    w t = e ' .B o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e s e e q u a t i o n s n e e d t obe app l i ed a t t he p i s ton f ace t k = 0 , a t wh ich weh a v e s i m p l y t h a tv ( 0 , t ) - - 0 , ( 1 5 )a n d a t t h e l e a d i n g s h o c k - w a v e , w h i c h l i e s a t~k - m i t + [ 3 - ' f ~ m 1 d t . E q u a t i o n s 3 c a n b e u s e dt o d e d u c e t h a t w e m u s t h a v e t h e s h o c k b o u n d a r yco nd it ion s (at ~k = m i t t o l e a d i n g o r d e r ) : k ( m i t , t ) = A r m , ,P ( m i t , t ) = A p m l , ( 1 6 )v ( m i t , t ) = A u m l ,w ( m i t , t ) = O ,i n w h i c h t h e s h o c k m a s s - f l u x p e r t u r b a t i o n m ~a p p e a r s p a r a m e t r i c a l l y . T h e c o n s t a n t s A T ( m / ) ,A p ( m i ) , an d A u ( m i ) a r e e a s i l y f o u n d b y d i f f e r -en t i a t i ng Eqs . 3 and 5 .

    I t i s wor th no t ing tha t C la rke ' s equa t ion [18 ] i sd e r i v e d b y e l i m i n a ti n g p , v , a n d w b e t w e e n E q s .14,( 4a t - " y e 6 ) t t = ( dp t - e ~ ' ) ~ ~ . ( 1 7 )U n d e r t h e b o u n d e d i n i t i a l a n d b o u n d a r y c o n d i -t io n s ( E q s . 1 5 a n d 1 6) ( o r m a n y m o r e g e n e r a lcond i t i ons ) , Eq . 17 l eads t o a b lowup in f i n i t et ime [13 , 19 , 20 ] . I n pa r t i cu l a r , f o r t h i s shock- in i-t ia t ion pro ble m , on e a lw ays f inds tha t 4~ - -' oo ast h e t i m e t a p p r o a c h e s a s u p e r s o n i c p a t h i n s p a c eand t ime , t = 7(~b) , as fo l lows :

    l im 4~(~b, t ) = oo ,

    w ith r~(~k) = > 1.T h e f a c t t h a t t h e m a s s - f lu x r h , w h i c h i s s w e p tth rough the s ingu la r i t y pa th , i s neces sa r i l y g rea t e rthan un i ty i nd i ca t e s t ha t t he s ingu la r i t y moves

    t h r o u g h t h e s y s t e m a t s u p e r s o n i c s p e e d s . T h i sf ind ing i s a d i r ec t r e su l t o f t he way in wh ich thei n d u c t i o n p r o c e e d s u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f E q s .1 4 - 1 6 . M o r e o v e r , w i t h b l o w u p h a p p e n i n g f i r s t a tt he p i s ton - f ace , one f i nds [19 ] t ha t

    -- t I + K I I ~ ( 2 3 / - 1 ) / 7 , ( 1 9 )so t ha t t he pa th o f b low up in i ti a l ly has i n f i n i t espeed , s i nce 7 > 1 , and the mass - f lux r~ de -c r e a s e s a s t h e s i n g u l a r i t y m o v e s f o r w a r d s ( r e -m a i n i n g s u p e r s o n ic ) .I n d u c t i o n F l a m eT h e c o r r e c t i n t e rp r e t a t io n o f t h e s i n g u l a r g r o w t hin the pe r tu rba t ion quan t i ti e s de f ined in Eqs . 13 ist h a t c h a n g e s i n T , P , u , a n d r c e a s e t o b e s m a ll(o f o rde r [3 -1 ) c lo se t o t he s ingu la r i t y pa th t =7 ( 4 ) .

    S i n c e r e a c t i o n a n d h e a t - r e l e a s e r a t e s b e c o m ev e r y f a s t i n d e e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m o d e l ( E q . 7 )wh en T i s no t c lo se t o un i ty , a quas i - s t eadys t r u c tu r e c a n b e a n a l y z e d f o r t h e r e s u lt i n g i n d u c -t i on f l ames , con f i rming the Ray le igh l i ne andR a n k i n e - H u g o n i o t r e la ti o n sh i psP - 1 - - ' y t h 2 ( V - 1)a n d

    (3 ' + 1 ) ( P V - 1) + ( 7 - 1 ) ( V - t P t- 2 Q ( 1 - r ) ,

    r e spec t ive ly , i n wh ich the spec i fi c vo lu m e is V =1 / 0 . M o s t s i g n i fi c a n tl y , th e i n d u c t i o n - fl a m e c o n -f o r m s t o " w e a k d e t o n a t i o n " s o lu t io n p a th s i n th eR a n k i n e - H u g o n i o t d i a g r a m , a s i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h eR a y l e i g h l in e A - B i n F i g . 2 .S h o c k F o r m a t i o n - - P r o p a g a t i n g F l am eAs the i nduc t ion f l ame s lows down , i t s s t ruc tu rei s d e t e r m i n e d b y R a y l e i g h l in e s o f d e c re a s i n gn e g a t i v e sl o p e a s t h d e c r e a s e s . W h e n t h e s l o p e o ft h is l i n e d e c r e a s e s t o t h e p o i n t o f t a n g e n c y w i t ht h e b u r n e d H u g o n i o t c u r v e (t h e l in e A - C i n F i g .2 ) a s o n i c p o in t i s p r o d u c e d i n t h e b u r n e d m e d i u m .At t h i s po in t , acous t i c i n fo rm a t ion tr ave l s fo r -wards a s qu i ck ly a s t he i nduc t ion f l ame i t s e l f anda n y f u r t h e r s l o w i n g d o w n i n t h e i n d u c t i o n f l a m ec a u s e s a s h o c k w a v e t o f o r m i n th e h o t t e s t p a r t s

  • 8/3/2019 J.W. Dold and A.K. Kapila- Comparison Between Shock Initiations of Detonation Using Thermally-Sensitive and Chai

    7/10

    S H O C K I N I T IA T I O N O F D E T O N A T I O N 191

    P

    / /

    "~~. . " " . . " " - . " . . C"~,.....

    AV

    F i g . 2 . Q u a s i - s t e a d y , w e a k - d e t o n a t i o n s t r u c t u r e o f a n i n d u c -t io n fl a m e o n a R a n k i n e - H u g o n i o t d i a g r a m . P o i n t A r e p r e -s e n t s c o m p r e s s e d , a l m o s t u n r e a c t e d s t a te a h e a d o f t h e i n d u c -t i o n f la m e . A s r e a c t i o n p r o c e e d s , t h e s t a t e o f t h e m e d i u m i sd e s c r i b e d a s y m p t o t i c a l l y b y c h a n g e s a l o n g a R a y l e i g h l in e( s u c h a s A - B ) , t h a t p a s s e s t h r o u g h a s e q u e n c e o f i n t e r m e -d i a te H u g o n i o t c u r v e s ( s h o w n d o t te d ) , e a c h c o r r e s p o n d i n g t oa p a r ti a l ly c o m p l e t e d s t a g e o f t h e r e a c t i o n , t o w a r d s t h e f i n a lb u r n t H u g o n i o t c u r v e ( s h o w n s o l i d ) . A s f l a m e s l o w s d o w n ,p o i n t B m o v e s f r o m r i g h t t o le f t o n b u r n e d H u g o n i o t c u r v e .R a y l e i g h l in e A - B c o r r e s p o n d s t o a n in s t a n t w h e n t h ef l a m e i s s u p e r s o n i c , a n d A - C t o a n in s t a n t w h e n th e fl a m ei s s o n i c , i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g f l o w .

    o f th e m e d i u m , t h u s i n tr o d u c i n g a m e c h a n i s m f o rp ropaga t ion . F or de ta i l s abou t th i s t r ans i t ion , t heread er is r e fe r r ed to R ef s . 1 , 3 , 4 , an d 21 .

    A n i l l us t r a tion o f the t r ans i t ion p r oce ss i s p re -s e n t e d in F i g . 3 , w h e r e t h e d o t t e d l i n e r e p r e s e n t sthe s in gular i ty p ath t = 7(~b) in the (~b, t ) p lane.C l o s e b e h i n d t h i s l i n e , t h e r e a c t i o n r a t e r e a c h e s al o c a l ly m a x i m u m v a l u e , r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e d a s h e d

    t

    F i g . 3 . S k e t c h o f t r a n si t io n t o a Z e l d o v i c h - v o n N e u m a n n -D S r i n g d e t o n a t i o n s t r u c t u r e i n ( ~b , t ) p l a n e . D o t t e d l i n e r e p r e -s e n t s t h e s i n g u l a r i t y p a t h t = t ', d a s h e d l i n e r e p r e s e n t s t h ep a t h o f m a x i m u m r e a c t io n r a t e , a n d s o l i d l in e i s t h e l o c u s o f as h o c k w a v e t h a t is b o r n w h e n t h e i n d u c t i o n f la m e h a s s l o w e dd o w n j u s t be l ow t h e C h a p m a n - J o u g u e t s p e e d . P r e c u r s o r s h o c ki s n o t s h o w n .

    l in e . I n i ti a ll y , m o s t o f th e c h e m i c a l c h a n g e t a k e sp l a c e w i t h i n a n i n d u c t i o n f l a m e b e t w e e n t h e s etw o l ines . T he so l id l i ne ind ica tes the pa th o f as h o c k w a v e t h a t p r o p a g a t e s a h e a d o f t h e s l o w in ginduc t ion f l am e , t r ans fo rm ing i t i n to a Z e l -d o v i c h - v o n N e u m a n n - D / S r in g d e t o n a ti o n .T H R E E - S T E P I N I T I A T I O NI n d u c t i o nT h e i n d u c t i o n p r o c e s s w i t h t h e t h r e e - s t e p m o d e lo f t h e c h e m i s t r y i s f u n d a m e n t a l l y d i f fe r e n t f r o mt h e o n e - s t e p t h e r m a l l y d r i v e n i n d u c t io n . O n c e t h ein i t i a l t em pera tu re beh ind the shock i s r a i seda b o v e TB ( in i t i a l ly to un i ty accord ing to thenond im ens iona l i za t ion) , t he d i f f e rence f k B - k ci n E q . 1 0 b e c o m e s p o s i t iv e . I n d e e d i f 0 ( 1 - Ta )i s l a rge , t hen k B becom es l a rge , so tha t t h i sd i f f e r e n c e i s p o s i t iv e f o r a w i d e r a n g e o f v a l u e so f f . T h i s l e a d s t o a r a p i d e x p o n e n t i a l c h a i n -b r a n c h i n g g r o w t h i n t h e v a l u e s o f y .

    O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e v a l u e s o f y b e g i n t ogrow f rom the t iny in i t i a l va lue Y i a n d a r e f o r c e dto inc rease in i t i a l ly a t t he ve ry sm al l r a t e k / (1 ) .T h u s , t h e v a l u e s o f y r e m a i n s m a l l f o r a p r o -l o n g e d p e r i o d d u r i n g w h i c h c h a n g e s i n t e m p e r a -tu re w ould a l so be sm al l . A s a r e su l t , t em pera tu rev a r i a ti o n s c a n b e n e g l e c t e d d u r in g m o s t o f t h echa in -b ranch ing induc t ion p rocess , l ead ing to thef o l l o w i n g c o m p o s i t e a s y m p t o t i c s o l u t i o n s f o r yand f ( in w hich the subsc r ip t 1 deno tes eva lua -t ion a t T = 1) :y - e ( k m - k c O ( t - t r f~ / r n , ) - k i l / ( k B1 -- k c l ) ,

    E BI e (kin - k c t ) ( t - t 1 - ~ / / mi )f - 1 - k m - k c l

    k o l e - ( k n , - k c t ) t t (21)+k m - k c 1

    k t l - k c l+ ( t - ~ b / m i ) ,k s 1 - - k c lw h e r e

    t z = In k t l " ~ -~-/ (f fn~ -- - k c l ) ( k a l - - k c l )A ( 1 - 1 / T I ) + O ( 1 . / T B - 1) (22)

    e O ( 1 /Tn - l ) - - 1+ O ( e - Z ( ~ / r B - ' ) .

  • 8/3/2019 J.W. Dold and A.K. Kapila- Comparison Between Shock Initiations of Detonation Using Thermally-Sensitive and Chai

    8/10

    192 J . W . D O L D A N D A . K . K A P I L A

    I n t h i s, t h e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t io n s y = Yi and f = 1h a v e b e e n a p p l i e d a t th e l e a d i n g - o r d e r s h o c k p a t h~b = m d. I t m a y b e n o t e d t h a t t h e s e a s y m p t o t i cr e su l t s r equ i r e o n ly t ha t k m > kc l and tha t Tb e n e a r l y c o n s t a n t . T h e y d o n o t r e l y o n 0 b e i n gla rge , e xce p t in so fa r a s t he f ina l e s t ima te fo r t z i nE q . 2 2 b e c o m e s m o r e a c c u r a t e i n t h i s l i m i t .

    T h e b u i l d u p i n t h e n o r m a l i z e d r a d i c a l m a s s -f r a c t io n y f i rs t r e a c h e s o r d e r u n i t y v a l u e s n e a rthe p i s ton f ac e , ~b = 0 , d u r ing the t im e( 1 )t- t I = 0 ka i - kc z ( 2 3 )

    Pa r t i cu l a r ly i f 0 i s l a rge , t h i s t ime i s r e l a t i ve lys h o r t in c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e c h a i n - b r a n c h i n g i n d u c -t i on t im e t z .

    Bec ause A i s l a rge , Eq . 22 iden t i f i e s a d i s ti n -gu i shed l imi t . By the de f in i t i on o f k c i n Eq . 9t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s r a d i c a l r e c o m b i n a t i o n t i m e i so f o r d e r u n i t y . T h e r e l a t i v e ti m e s c a le o f t h ise x o t h e r m i c r e a c t i o n t o t h e i n i t i a l o v e r a l l c h a i n -b r a n c h i n g i n d u c t i o n t i m e d e p e n d s i n t i m a t e l y o nt h e v a l u e o f~o = a e - "/r B-1 ). ( 2 4 )F o r o r d e r u n i t y v a l u e s o f 0 t h is q u a n t i t y is l a r g e ,i n d ic a t in g t h a t t h e t i m e f o r r a d i c a l r e c o m b i n a t i o nw o u l d b e s h o r t c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e i n d u c t i o n ti m e O n l y f o r m o d e r a t e ly l a rg e v a l u e s o f 0 , o f t h eo r d e r o f I n A , d o t h e se t im e s b e c o m e c o m p a r a -b l e , o r e v e n r e v e r s e d , i n t h e i r r e l a t i v e o r d e r s o fm a g n i t u d e . T h u s , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e v a l u e s o f Aa n d 0 , i t c a n b e s e e n t h a t a w i d e r a n g e o f p o s s i b l ec h e m i c a l a n d t h e r m o d y n a m i c s t ru c t u re s w o u l d b ep a r a m e t e r i z e d b y t h e q u a n t i t y w .I n d u c t io n F l a m eI n t h e a b s e n c e o f a n y p r o p a g a t i o n m e c h a n i s m ,E q s . 2 1 s h o w t h a t v a l u e s o f y w o u l d i n c r e a s er a p i d l y a l o n g t h e p a t h

    1 ) (25 )t = t I + ~b/m i + 0 kBi kc z

    f o l l o w e d b y a r e g i o n o f ra d i c a l r e c o m b i n a t i o n .S i n c e t h i s r e s u l t f o l l o w s e n t i r e l y f r o m t h e s o l u -t i ons desc r ib ing the i nduc t ion p roces s , i t i den t i -f ie s a n " i n d u c t i o n f l a m e " i n a n a n al o g o u s w a y t o

    t h e o n e - s t e p i n d u c t i o n f l a m e d e s c r i b e d i n t h e p r e -v i o u s s e c t io n .

    H o w e v e r , s i n c e m i < 1 , th is pa th i s subso nic .A s a r e s u l t , p r e s s u r e - w a v e d i s t u r b a n c e s p r o d u c e db y t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o r d e ru n i t y c h a n g e s i n t h e v a l u e o f y c a n p r o p a g a t ea h e a d o f t h e p a t h ( E q . 2 5 ) . U n l e s s t h e r e a c ti o ncons t an t s k I , k B , an d k c a r e ( s o m e h o w ) i n d e p e n -d e n t o f t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e s e w a v e s w i l l t h e n m o d -i fy t he Eqs . 21 and r en de r t he i nduc t ion fl ame-pa th( E q . 2 5 ) p h y s i c a l l y m e a n i n g l e ss .

    I t is w o r t h n o t i n g th a t a v a r i a n t o f t h e m o d e l( E q . 9 ) , i n w h i c h o n e c o u l d a s s u m e ( s a y ) acons t an t va lue fo r k B > 1 fo r a ll T _ TB, wou ldp r o d u c e a f l a m e t h a t f o ll o w s t h e p a t h o f E q . 2 5un t i l s i gn i f i can t p r e s su re d i s tu rbances ca t ch upw i th t h e l e ad i n g s h o c k w a v e - - a f t e r a t i m e o f th eo r d e r o f mitt~( 1 - mi). T h i s f o l l o w s f r o m t h eobse rva t ion tha t t he i n i t i a t i on r eac t ion I i s on lys ign i f ican t i n Eqs . 10 wh en y = O( k i ) . T h u s t h eso lu t ions (Eqs . 21 ) on ly t end to be sens i t i ve t o 'c h a n g e s i n k t ( T ) w hen y i s s t il l ve ry sma l l , a s i ti s c lo se t o t he i n i t i a t i ng shock-wave , and wou ldt h u s b e c h a n g e d s i g n if ic a n t ly o n l y w h e n p r o p a g a t -i n g d i s t u r b a n c e s r e a c h t h e s h o c k w a v e .E f fe c t o f P r e s s u r e - W a v e sT o i l l u s t r a t e t h e w a y i n w h i c h p r e s s u r e w a v e sc a u s e t h e r e g i o n o f s t r o n g c h e m i c a l a c t i v i t y t om o v e a h e a d o f t h e in d u c t i o n f la m e p a t h ( E q . 2 5 )w e o n l y c o n s i d e r t h e v e r y e a r l y b e h a v i o r o f t h ec h e m i c a l w a v e in t h e c a s e D = 0 .

    I f 0 i s l a rge , we can a l so cons ide r t he r ad i ca lc o n c e n t r a t i o n y t o i n c r e a s e t o w a r d s u n i t y i n avan i sh ing ly t h in r eg ion abou t some pa th t = i (~b ),wh ich i s i n i t ia l l y ap p rox im a ted by ~ (~b) = t z +~b/m o + O(~b2). Fo l low ing the pas sage o f t h i sc h e m i c a l w a v e , t h e r e c o m b i n a t i o n r e a c t i o n Ccauses hea t t o be r e l eased a t t h e in i t ia l r a t e qt =Q + O( t - t).

    At su f f i c i en t ly ea r ly t imes , p r e s su re a nd ve lo c -i t y va r i a t i ons a r e sma l l so t ha t l i nea r i zed cha rac -t e r is t i c so l u ti o n s o f E q s . 1 - 4 g i v eT - 1 P - 1 3 - 2 m o (u - u ,)7 - 1 7 l + m o ( 2 6 )3 / 2 - m o- ( t- t I - ~b)Qm o 2

    1 - m o

    i n th e r e g i o n w h e r e ~b

  • 8/3/2019 J.W. Dold and A.K. Kapila- Comparison Between Shock Initiations of Detonation Using Thermally-Sensitive and Chai

    9/10

    S H O C K I N I T I A T I O N O F D E T O N A T I O N 1 9 3

    f o r a w h i l e , n o s i g n i f i ca n t d i s t u r b a n c e p r o p a g a t e sa h e a d o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ~b = t - t I .

    T h e r e ac t i o n m o d e l ( E q s . 9 a n d 1 0 ) n o w g i v e sY t ~ Y k m e O ' - 1) , (27 )a f t e r l i n e a ri z in g t h e A r r h e n i u s e x p o n e n t a n d n e -g l e c ti n g a l l b u t l e a d in g o r d e r t e r m s . U s i n g t h es o l u t io n s ( E q . 2 6 ) , t h i s e q u a t i o n c a n b e i n t e g r a t e dt o g i v e

    y - e x p ( e ~ t - t ' - ' ~ ) - 1 ) - k e l m i j ,

    ( 2 8 )w i t h

    3 / 2 - m 0K = - 1 ) Q m o 21 - m oa f t e r u s i n g E q s . 2 1 t o s e t t h e v a l u e s o f y a t t h el e a d i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f f = t - t z .

    T h i s s o l u t i o n i s , o f c o u r s e , o n l y v a l i d a t e a r l yt i m e s , b u t i t i s s u f f i c i e n t t o s h o w t h a t t h e p a t hi ( f f ) , n e a r w h i c h v a l u e s o f y i n c r e a s e s u b s ta n -t i a l l y , h a s t h e a s y m p t o t i c s t r u c t u r e

    1 ( 1 - m / ~ /~ - t 1 + ~ + I n 1 - r m i ]( 2 9 )

    - t , + C / / m i - ~ m i ]

    f o r s m a l l v a l u e s o f ~b. I t c a n t h u s b e s e e n t h a tr n o = m r I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e p a t h s t a r ts o u tb e i n g c l o s e t o t h e i n d u c t io n f l a m e p a t h ( E q . 2 5 ) ,b u t it m o v e s a h e a d b y a n a m o u n t t h a t p r o g r e s -s i v e l y i n c r e a s e s a s p r o p a g a t i n g d i s t u r b a n c e s i n -c r e a s e t h e r a te o f c h a i n b r a n c h i n g a h e a d o f th ew a v e .

    F o r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h F i g . 3 , F i g . 4 i l lu s t r a te s( s c h e m a t i c a ll y ) t h e m o v e m e n t o f t h e p a t h t =t (~ k ) in t h e (~ k, t ) p l a n e . T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t u r -b a n c e s p r o d u c e d b y t he e x o t h e r m i c c h e m i s t r y i nt h e r e g i o n t > i i n c r e a s e t h e r a t e o f c h a i nb r a n c h i n g i n t h e r e g io n b e t w e e n i a n d t h e l e a d in gc h a r a c t e r i s t i c ~b = t - t t a n d s o c a u s e t h e p a t ht = i ( f f ) t o a d v a n c e f o r w a r d s .

    A p r o p e r a n a l y s i s o f th e f u r t h e r e v o l u t i o n o ft h e r e a c t i o n w a v e w o u l d r e q u i r e a f u l l y n o n l i n e a rm o d e l i n g o f t h e c o m p r e s s i b l e f l o w , c o u p l e d w i tht h e g e n e r a l f o r m o f t h e p a t h i (~ b ) a n d t h e f u l l

    I I . 1 "

    Fig. 4. Sketch of effect of pressure waves on induction flamein 3 -ste p m od el. Precursor shock is identified by S, anddashed l in e parallel to i t represents induction-flame path w henpressure waves are n ot taken into account. Pressu re wavesaccelerate the path of the reactio n wave t = ~(~b) in themann er i l lustrated by the solid curve. D otted l ine representsthe leading characteristic t = t I + ~b.

    s t ru c t u r e o f t h e r e c o m b i n a t i o n r e g i o n f o l l o w i n gt -- t. A l t e r n a t i v e l y , a n u m e r i c a l s t u d y ( c o m p a r a -b l e to S t r e h l o w ' s w o r k [ 6] ) c o u l d b e c a r r ie d o u t .T h e s i m p l e a n a l y s is a b o v e , h o w e v e r , i s s u ff ic ie n tt o il lu s t ra t e t h e m e c h a n i s m b y w h i c h p r o p a g a t i n gd i s t u r b a n c e s w o u l d i m m e d i a t e l y m o d i f y a s u b -s o n i c i n d u c t i o n f l a m e s t ru c t u r e t h a t a r is e s w h e nt h e t h r e e - s t e p r e a c t i o n s c h e m e ( E q s . 9 ) d e s c r i b e st h e c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s .

    C O N C L U S I O NT h e s e f a i r ly s i m p l e a n a l y s e s s e r v e to s h o w t h a t aq u i t e d i f f e re n t f o r m o f d e t o n a t i o n i n i t i a ti o n c a n b ef o u n d w h e n a n e x o t h e r m i c c h a n g e i n a c h e m i c a ls t a te p r o g r e s s e s a t a ra t e t h a t d e p e n d s n o t o n l y o nt h e r m o d y n a m i c q u a n t it ie s b u t a ls o ( t h ro u g h c h a i nb r a n c h i n g ) o n a r a d i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n . B e c a u s et h e la t te r i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f a n y t h e r m o d y n a m i cq u a n t i t ie s , i n d u c t i o n t i m e s t h a t a r e d e t e r m i n e dp r i m a r i l y b y c h a i n -b r a n c h in g p r o c e s s es b e c o m em o r e - o r - le s s u n c o u p l e d f r o m a n y p r es s u r e a n dv e l o c i t y i n t e r a c t i o n s d u r i n g a n i n d u c t i v e e v o l u -t i o n . B e c a u s e s u c h a c o u p l i n g i s i n h e r e n t i n s y s -t e m s t h a t i n v o l v e t h e r m o d y n a m i c a l l y s e n s it iv e ,o n e - s t e p c h e m i s t r i e s , q u i t e d i f f e r e n t b e h a v i o r isp r e d i c t e d .

    A s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t o f t h e c h e m i c a l c h a n g e t h a tt a k e s p l a c e i n m a n y g a s e o u s c o m b u s t i b l e s y s t e m si s k n o w n t o i n v o l v e t h e p r o d u c t i o n a n d r e p r o d u c -t io n o f c h e m i c a l r a d i c a ls b y c h a i n - b r a n c h i n g p r o -c e s s e s . I t is t h e r e f o r e p e r h a p s s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e

  • 8/3/2019 J.W. Dold and A.K. Kapila- Comparison Between Shock Initiations of Detonation Using Thermally-Sensitive and Chai

    10/10

    1 94 J . W . D O L D A N D A . K . K A P I L A

    m o d e l i n g o f s u c h s y s t e m s u s in g a s i m p l e o n e - s t e p ,t e m p e r a t u r e - s e n s i t i v e A r r h e n i u s r e a c t i o n h a s l e dto num erous qua l i t a t ive ly cor rec t so lu t ions [22]d e s c r ib i n g a v a r i e t y o f c o m b u s t i o n p r o c e s s e s ,s u c h a s , f o r e x a m p l e , w r i n k l e d l a m i n a r f l a m e s o rign i t ion and ex t inc t ion c r i t e r i a .

    T h e a r g u m e n t s p r e s e n t e d h e r e , h o w e v e r , s h o wtha t s ign i f i can t qua l i t a t ive d i f f e rences a r i se in them o d e l i n g o f d e t o n a ti o n i n i ti a ti o n . T h e n o t i o n o fa n ' i n d u c t i o n f l a m e ' ( p r e s e n t e d i n t h e i n t r o d u c -t ion) tha t can be ana lyzed qu i t e w e l l us ing ao n e - s t e p l a r g e a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y m o d e l d o e s n o tp e r s i st i n th e s a m e w a y w h e n t h e t h r e e - s t e p m o d e l(E qs . 9 ) i s used . In pa r t i cu la r , t he so lu t ions o f ther e l e v a n t e q u a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g t h e i n d u c t i o n p r o -c e s s p r e d i c t th e e m e r g e n c e o f r e a c t io n w a v e s t h a tm o v e s u p e r s o n i c a l l y i n t h e f o r m e r c a s e , b u t s u b -son ica l ly in the l a t t e r case . Q ui t e d i f f e ren t pa t -t e rn s o f o b s e rv a b l e c h e m i c al a n d p r e s s u r e - v e l o c -i ty w aves a re thus p red ic t ed .

    I n t h e c a s e o f th e m o d e l w i t h c h a i n - b r a n c h i n g ,the p ropag a t ion o f these w a ves i s ab le s ign i f i-c a n t ly t o m o d i f y th e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c h e m i c a l w a v ea f t e r a v e r y s h o r t t i m e . T h e a m o u n t o f m o d i f i c a -t i o n d e p e n d s b o t h u p o n t h e s e n s it iv i t y o f th eb r a n c h i n g c h e m i c a l r e a c t io n a n d t h e s i ze o f t h et h e r m o d y n a m i c d i s t u r b a n c e s a t a n y s t a g e . O n l y ,in i t i a l ly , be fo re the l a t t e r have g row n suf f i c i en t lyto m odi fy s ign i f i can t ly the r ad ica l b ranch ing r a t e ,d o e s t h e n o t i o n o f a s u b s o n i c i n d u c t i o n f l a m ea p p l y m o d e r a t e l y w e ll . I n t h e c a s e o f a o n e - s t e pm o d e l , t h e s u p e r s o n i c i n d u c t i o n f l a m e r e m a i n si m m u n e t o m o d i f ic a t io n b y f o r w a r d s p r o p a g a t i n gt h e r m o d y n a m i c w a v e s u n t i l i t s l o w s d o w n b e l o wt h e s p e e d o f t h e se w a v e s i n t h e h o t t e st p a r t o f t h em e d i u m .

    T h i s m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e r e s u l ts o b -t a in e d u s i n g t h e t w o m o d e l s o f th e c h e m i s t r yind ica tes tha t a one - s t ep m ode l i s p robab ly no tadequa te fo r desc r ib ing de tona t ion in i t i a t ion ine x p l o s i v e s w h i c h a r e k n o w n t o b u r n v i a a r a d i c a lc h a i n - b r a n c h i n g p r o c e s s . T o s o m e d e g r e e , i t a l s op r o v i d e s a m e a n s o f e x p e r i m e n t a l l y te s t in g t h en a t u r e o f t h e d o m i n a n t c h e m i c a l k i n e t ic m e c h a -n i s m t h a t m a y b e i n v o l v e d i n t h e d e to n a t i o n o f a ne x p l o s i v e , p a r t ic u l a r l y ( a s in t h e c a s e o f m a n yc o n d e n s e d e x p l o s i v e s ) w h e n l it tl e k i n e ti c i n f o r m a -t ion i s ye t ava i l ab le .

    This work benefited fr om useful discussionswith Paul Clavin, Forman Williams, and John

    Bdzii. Research cooperation between the au-thors was faci litated by a NA TO collaborativeresearch grant. J.W.D. is supported by a fel-lowship fr om the British Science and Engineer-ing Research Council and was a visitor at theInstitute fo r Mathematics and its Applications,Minneapolis, during the preparation o f thispaper. A.K. K. received partial support from aresearch contract with the Los Alamos Na-tional Laboratory.R E F E R E N C E S

    1. Kapila, A . K. , and Dold , J . W . , Ninth Symp os ium(Inte rna t iona l ) on D etona t ion , Por t land, O regon, A ugus t1989, in Press .2. Do ld, J . W ., and Kapila, A. K. , submit ted.

    3. Do ld, J . W ., and Kapila, A. K. , submit ted.4 . Dold , J . W . , in F l u i d D y n a m i c a l A s p e c t s o f C o m b u s -t ion Theory (A. Tese i and M. Ono fr i , Eds . ) , Lo ngm an,

    London, in pres s .5. Sheffield, S. A. , Engelke, R. , and Alco n, R. R. , Nin th

    Sym pos ium ( In te rna t iona l ) on Detonat ion , Por t l and,Orego n, Aug us t 1989, in pres s .

    6 . S t rehlow, R . A. , F u n d a me n t a l s o f C o mb u s t i o n , M c-G r a w - H i l l , N e w Y or k , 1985 , pp . 396 - 405 .

    7 . Ze l sovich , Ya . B . , and Kom panee t s , A . S . , T h e o ry o fDetona t ion , Academic Pres s , New York, 1960, p . 98 .8. Clarke , J . F. , P ro g . E n e r . C o mb u s t . S c i . 15 : 241 - 271(1989).

    9. Kassoy, D. R. , A n n u . R e v . F l u i d M e c h . 17 : 267 - 287(1985).

    10 . Ze ldovich , Ya. B . , C o m b u s t . F l a m e 3 9 : 2 1 1 - 2 1 4(1980).

    11 . Dold , J . W . , S I A M J. A p p l . M a th . 4 9 : 4 5 9 - 4 8 0(1989).

    12 . Hend erson, K. L . , and Dold , J . W . , S I A M J. A p p l .M a t h . ( in press) .

    13 . Shor t , M . , and Dold , J . W . , submi tt ed .14 . C la rke , J . F . , and S ingh, G. , L e c t . N o t e s P h y s .351 : 22 - 35 ( 1989) .15 . Kapila, A . K. , and Roytburd , V . , L e c t . N o t e s P h y s .

    351 : 374 - 382 ( 1989) .16 . F icke t t , W . , and Davis , W. C . , Detona t ion , Univers i ty

    of Ca l i fornia Press , B erke ley , 1979.17. von KA xma n, T. , I Mod el l i nel la Technica, Att i de l

    Conveguo di Venez ia , 1 :643-651 (1955) .18. Clarke , J . F. , T h e Ma t h e ma t i c s o f C o mb u s t i o n (J . D .

    Buckmas te r , Ed. ) , S IAM Publ ica t ions , Phi l ade lphia ,1985, pp . 183-245.

    19. J ackson, T . L . , Kapi la , A . K. , and S tewar t D . S . ,S I A M J . A p p l . M a t h . 49 : 432 - 458 ( 1989) .20 . Dold , J . W . , L e c t . N o t e s P h y s . 351 : 24 5 - 256 ( 1989) .

    21. Bdzi l, J. B. , and Kapila, A. K. , submitted.22 . Buckm as te r , J . D . , and Ludford , O . S. S . , T h e o ry o f

    L a m i n a r F l a m e s , Cambridge Univers i ty Pres s , Cam-br idge , 1982, Chaps . 11 and 12.

    Received 3 Ma y 1990; revi sed 8 Sep tember 1990