Upload
safwan-aziz
View
218
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 1/79
How English TriggersProcesses of Norm Variation in
Other European Languages
Juliane House
http://www.uni-hamburg.de/fachbereiche-einrichtungen/sfb538
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 2/79
Structure
I Project Background, Research
Questions and Hypotheses
II Analytical Procedureand Analysis
III Some Results
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 3/79
1. The Project “Covert Translation”
Globalized communication leads to an ever
increasing demand for parallel“ texts or covert
translations
Research question: whether and how English as a
global lingua franca influences German and other
languages through processes of parallel text
production and covert translation
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 4/79
Parallel texts
texts on comparable topics, which belong to
the same genre and fulfil the same function
Covert translation
the function which a source text has in its
discourse world is maintained in the
translation through the use of a "cultural
filter“ (House1977,1997), with which culture-specific source language norms are adapted
to the norms holding in the "receiving"
language community
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 5/79
The Impact of Global English
Traditional process of cultural filtering may
now be in a process of change!
Is maintenance of target culture norms in
parallel text production and covert
translation no longer operative such that
source and target norms are converging?
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 6/79
General assumptions
German (French, Spanish, later Persian,
Chinese) textual norms are adapted to
Anglophone ones
Adaptations can be located along a limited
set of dimensions of culturally determined,
empirically established communicative
preferences (e.g. preferred foci oninterpersonal or ideational function, on
informational vagueness or specificity)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 7/79
The Project„s Hypotheses
1. A shift from a conventionally strong
emphasis in German discourse on the
ideational function of language to an
Anglophone interpersonal orientationfocussing on addressee involvement.
2. A shift from a conventionally strong
emphasis on informational explicitness inGerman texts to Anglophone inference-
inducing implicitness and propositional
opaqueness.
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 8/79
3. A shift in information structure from packing
lexical information densely and integratively
in German texts to presenting information ina more loosely linearised, "sentential" way.
4. A shift in word order such that the German“Satzklammer” with its two discontinuous
left and right parts gives way to more
continuous, juxtaposed positions of the twoparts.
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 9/79
The Corpus
about 650 texts (over 800 000 words)
Texts reflect a sphere of production andreception which is of pervasive, global
socio-cultural influence
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 10/79
VALIDATION CORPUS
PARALLEL CORPUS
PRIMARY CORPUS
French Translations
Spanish Translations
GERMAN TEXTS
English
Translations
FRENCH TEXTS
SPANISH TEXTS
Interviews
Background Documentation
Covert Translation
Translation and Parallel Text Corpus
German
Translations
ENGLISH TEXTS
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 11/79
Translation- and Comparable Corpora
(Example: English-German)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 12/79
Corpus
English-German originals and translations (French and Spanishcontrol texts)
Popular Science Texts
– Scientific American, New Scientist and their satellite journals
– Micro-diachronic: 1978-1982; 1999-2002
– 500 000 Words
Economic Texts
– Annual reports by internationally operating companies
Letters to shareholders, Missions, Visions, Corporatestatements
– Reverse Translation Relation: German-English, French/Spanish-English
– 130 000 Words
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 13/79
Method
Combination of qualitative and quantitative
methods
Qualitative: House Translation EvaluationModel
Quantitative: Frequency Counts
Renewed qualitative analysis
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 14/79
Three Phases of Study
Phase 1: Qualitative Analyses- Result: differences in subjectivity and addresseeorientation in originals and translations
Phase 2: Quantification
- Result: differences in frequency of linguistic means of expressing
subjectivity and addresssee orientation
Phase 3: Re-contextualising qualitative analyses: isolation of all
occurrences of vulnerable elements
- Manual annotation to locate co-occurences with e.g. tense, mood
- Do equivalent elements occur in same linguistic context?
- Are equivalent elements used for same communicative function?
- translation relation, genre-contrastive
Statistics: Multivariate analyses, complex co-occurrence patterns
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 15/79
Genres
Popular Science: articles from Scientific American and National Geographic,
UNESCO Courier
(External) Business Communication:annual reports, letters to shareholders,
visions" and missions", product
presentationsComputer Instructions: software manuals
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 16/79
Texts were scanned, transcribed, formated
and segmented according to orthographicutterance units (sentences, paragraphs,
titles and subtitles must be recognisable)
Comparability: textual stretch functioning
as an introduction
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 17/79
2. Qualitative analytic procedure
House„s (1997) translation model
Two functional components co-present in
every text: ideational & interpersonal that
need to be kept equivalent in translation
Source and target texts to be analysed in
terms of the levels of Language and Text,
Register and Genre. Outcome is as textual
profile and the text„s function
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 18/79
Language, Register and Genre
Genre as content-plane of Register , andRegister as expression plane of Genre;
Register as content plane of Language,Language as expression plane of Register
Function of a text: co-presence of two functionalcomponents: an ideational and an interpersonal
one
Textual function NOT identical with functions oflanguage
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 19/79
Superordinate Features:
Field , Tenor and Mode
Field of Discourse: nature of the social action in
the text, field of activity, content, degree of
lexical generality and specificity
Tenor of Discourse: author and his personal
stance vis-à-vis the content, relationship
between author and addressees (social power,
distance, affect)Mode of Discourse: cohesion, coherence,
degrees of "spokenness" and "writtenness"
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 20/79
Genre
A socially established categorycharacterised in terms of occurrence ofuse, source and a communicative purpose
or any combination of theseLinks a single text to a class of texts unitedby a common communicative purpose
Reflects language users' sharedknowledge about nature of texts of thesame kind
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 21/79
A Scheme for Producing, Analysing andComparing Original and Translation Texts
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 22/79
Overt and covert translation
Covert translation: like a second original
Not marked pragmatically as a translation
May have been created in its own right
Translator creates equivalent speech event
through the use of a cultural filter“
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 23/79
Cultural Filter
Functional equivalence in covert translationachieved through changes on the levels ofLanguage/Text and Register
Text is adapted to target culture normsTranslator looks at source text ‚with the eyes'of target text readers and acts accordingly
Most imortant are changes to a text„sinterpersonal functional component for whichvalues along dimensions of Tenor and Mode are crucial
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 24/79
Translators need reliable information
about culture-specific communicative
preferences drawn from contrastive
pragmatic discourse analyses
E.g. German speakers„ tendency to
emphasise the ideational functional
component of texts, whereas Englishspeakers tend to give equal weight to the
interpersonal functional component
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 25/79
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 26/79
Analytical Process
1. Analysis of English original along thedimensions Field , Tenor and Mode
- Setting up a text-profile on the basis of
analytical findings on lexical, syntacticand textual levels that reflect theindividual textual function
2. Analysis of translation along the samedimensions
3. Comparison of source and translation
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 27/79
3. Qualitative contrastive analyses
of English-German translations in
two genres3.1 Popular science texts
English original texts
mostly taken from the popular scientificmagazine Scientific American
Addressees are interested lay readers
Specialised lexis is mostly absent inEnglish originals, texts are more popular“
than scientific“!
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 28/79
- German translations of these texts
appeared in the German satellitepublication Spektrum der Wissenschaft
- Higher level of technical, specialisedlanguage in German texts
- Generally more explicit, translations give
etymological derivations, "unpack"informational content, tend to providedetailed explanations and interpretations.
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 29/79
(1) HIV Vaccines: Prospects andChallenges, in: Scientific American,
Juli 1998/ Wie nahe ist ein HIV-
Impfstoff, (BT: How close is a HIV
vaccine) in: Spektrum der
Wissenschaft , Oktober 1998
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 30/79
Most vaccines activate what is called the
humoral arm of the immune system.
Die meisten Vakzine aktivieren den
sogenannten humoralen Arm des
Immunsystems (nach lateinisch humor,
Flüssigkeit)
(BT: Most vaccines activate the so-called
humoral arm of the immune system (after
Latin humor, liquid.)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 31/79
(2) Gazzaniga, M., The Split Brain
Revisited, in: Scientific American July 1998/ Rechtes und linkes
Gehirn: Split-Brain undBewußtsein, in: Spektrum der
Wissenschaft, Dezember 1998
(BT: Right and Left Brain: Split-
Brain and Consciousness)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 32/79
Groundbreaking work that began more than a quarter
of a century ago has led to ongoing insights about
brain organisation and consciousness.
Jahrzehntelange Studien an Patienten mit chirurgisch
getrennten Großhirnhälften haben das Verständnis fürden funktionellen Aufbau des Gehirns und das Wesen
des Bewußtseins vertieft.
(BT: Decade-long studies on patients with surgically
separated brain hemispheres have deepened theunderstanding of the functional organisation of the
brain and the essence of consciousness.)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 33/79
(3) Buchbinder, S., AvoidingInfection after HIV-Exposure, in:
Scientific American July 1998 /
Prävention nach HIV-Kontakt, in:Spektrum der Wissenschaft,
Oktober 1998 (BT: Preventionafter HIV-Contact)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 34/79
Treatment may reduce the chance of contracting
HIV infection after a risky encounter.
Eine sofortige Behandlung nach Kontakt mit einer
Ansteckungsquelle verringert unter Umständen die
Gefahr, dass sich das Human-Immunschwäche-
Virus im Körper festsetzt. Gewähr gibt es keine,zudem erwachsen eigene Risiken.
(BT: An immediate treatment after contact reduces
under certain circumstances the danger that the
human immuno-deficiency-virus establishes itself inthe. There is no guarantee for this, moreover new
risks arise.)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 35/79
“Didactic tenor“
of German translations
Translators may have assumed a lack of
knowledge on the part of the reader
In the English texts, the addressees are “drawn into
the text” to make them personally involved
Addressees of English texts are "invited" to identifywith the persons depicted in the text‟s discourse
world through the use of various linguistic means
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 36/79
(4) Buchbinder, S., AvoidingInfection after HIV Exposure, in:
Scientific American, July 1998/
Prävention nach HIV-Kontakt, in:Spektrum der Wissenschaft ,
Oktober 1998 (BT: Preventionafter HIV-Contact)
I
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 37/79
I
1 Suppose you are a doctor in an emergencyroom
2 and a patient tells you she was raped twohours earlier.
3 She is afraid she may have been exposed to
HIV, the virus that causes AIDS4 but has heard that there is a "morning-after
pill" to prevent HIV infection.
II1 Can you in fact do anything to block the virus
2 from replicating and establishing infection?
1 I d N tf ll f h i K k h
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 38/79
1 In der Notfallaufnahme eines Krankenhausesberichtet eine Patientin
2 sie sei vor zwei Stunden vergewaltigt worden
3 und nun in Sorge, dem AIDS-Erregerausgesetzt zu sein,
4 sie habe aber gehört, es gebe eine "Pille
danach",5 die eine HIV-Infektion verhüte.
6 Kann der Arzt überhaupt irgendetwas tun,
7 was eventuell vorhandene Viren hindernwürde,
8 sich zu vermehren und sich dauerhaft im
Körper einzunisten?
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 39/79
(BT: In the emergency room of a hospital a
patient reports that she had been raped twohours ago and was now worrying that she
had been exposed to the AIDS-Virus. She
said she had heard that there was an "After-Pill", which might prevent an HIV-infection.
Can the doctor in fact do anything which
might prevent potentially existing viruses from
replicating and establishing themselvespermanently in the body?)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 40/79
English texts
Mental processes“ are used to establish a
personal relationship with the addressee
A text„s Field is made familiar to addresseesFurther linguistic means: mood switches,
dramatisation of scientific reports
Strong cohesion through extensive use ofrepetition, structural parallelism, linguistic
routines, deliberate ‚framing„ of a text
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 41/79
German texts
Feature only relational and material processes
(in the sense of Halliday) in different distributions
Lack of mental processes
No offer of identification to addresseesSyntactically more complex structures (left
branching pre-nominal modification, absence of
rhetorical mechanisms such as parallelism)
Less macro-cohesive, more micro-organized“
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 42/79
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 43/79
3.2. Economic Texts“Missions" and "visions“, letters to shareholders
In English texts: simple colloquial style with fewspecialised economic terminology
Routinised lexical phrases reminiscent of
advertisementsPositive connotations, comparatives, superlatives,intensifiers,
Optimistic, consistently positive, often enthusiastic
self-presentation of companies and their agentsHeavy use of personal deixis as identificationanchors
In German texts all these features less pronounced!
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 44/79
(5) Multisyn Vision 2000
Connected Creativity
1 I want to be part of a company where I am challenged to:2 - Have fun creating new ideas that improve our performance in the market
3 - Obsessively search for new ideas, by observing, listening and learningfrom everyone
Connected Creativity
1 Ich will Teil eines Unternehmens sein, das mich herausfordert:
2 - Mit Spaß neue Ideen zu kreieren, die unsere Performance am Marktverbessern
3 - Intensive neue Ideen zu suchen durch beobachten, zuhören und lernen
von jedem
(BT: I want to be part of a company which challenges me:
- with fun to create new ideas, which improve our performance in the market
- to look for intensive new ideas through observing, listening and learning
from everyone.)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 45/79
Single-minded passion for winning
1 I want to be part of a company where I am challenged to:
2 - Have unrelentingly high expectations of myself and others
3 - Say "No" to anything that is not clearly aligned with thewinning strategy
Single-minded passion for winning
1 Ich will Teil eines Unternehmens sein, das michherausfordert:
2 - Hohe Erwartungen an mich und andere zu stellen
3 - "Nein" zu sagen, zu allem, was nicht klar mit derGewinnenwollen-Strategie verbunden ist
(BT: I want to be part of a company which challenges me to
- put high expectations onto me and others
- say "No" to everything that is not clearly connected with the
Want-to-win Strategy.)
S f Q li i A l i f
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 46/79
Summary of Qualitative Analysis of
Texts in Two Genres
None of our hypotheses confirmed
But: indication of a shift in the use of those
linguistic means which realise the
interpersonal functional component (stance“,
expressivity“, point of view“, addressee
orientation)
First signs of adaptation processes of Germanto Anglo-American textual norms (genre-
mixing)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 47/79
Rapprochement to Anglophone textual
norms expressed in a stronger presenceof "subjectivity" and "addressee
orientation” – to be examined under the
dimension TENOR and its subcategoriesStance and Social Role Relationship,
Social Attitude and Participation
“S bj ti it ”
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 48/79
“Subjectivity”
A speaker‟s ability to represent and constitutehimself in and through language as a
“subject”
Related in systemic-functional theory toStance (Biber 2004):
- "epistemic stance" relating to the speaker‟s
assessment of the truth of the proposition- "attitudinal stance" referring to the author‟s
personal attitude, his value judgements and
expectations
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 49/79
Hunston & Thompson (2001):
subjectivity examined under the category of
"evaluation" consisting of "stance" and"viewpoint" vis à vis the proposition
Smith (2002, 2003):two types of subjectivity:
(1) "point of view" (linguistic units expressing
a way of looking at things) and(2) "perspective" ('perspectivising' utterances
that present a situation or state of affairs from
a certain standpoint)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 50/79
But subjectivity can also be said to relate to
the function certain linguistic means have
when it comes to influencing hearers (Smith2003; Nuyts 2001): interactive function,
“Intersubjectivity”
Similar labels are Epistemic Modality (Salkie
2002; Facchinetti et al. 2003), Emotive
Prosody (Bublitz 2003), Evidentiality (Chafe &Nichols 1986), Metadiscourse (Le 2004,
Hyland 1998, Hyland & Tse 2004), as well as
“politeness in text” (House 1998, 2005)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 51/79
4. Diachronic qualitative analyses
Popular science:
contrastive analyses of English originals,
German translations and German originals:
two time frames 1978-1982 and 1999-2002
Differences found in the following areas:
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 52/79
(1) Description of Content
Older German translations more explicitly
structured (use of temporal adverbials,
conditional and causal conjunctions,
advance organizers (lists)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 53/79
(2) Personalising Science
Older English texts:
- more sentence adverbials
- more complement constructions
- more evaluative lexis- more process-oriented verbs
- more speaker-hearer deixis)
- lexical und syntactic parallelism
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 54/79
Differences much less marked in second
time frame 1999-2002!
Addressee-orientation through presence of
speaker-hearer deixis, material and mental
processes; simulated interaction betweenauthor and addressees via mood switches;
colloquial lexis, expressions of modality
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 55/79
(3) Explicitation
Older German translations:explicitations particularly on meta-level via
text commenting devices ("Es muss an dieser
Stelle betont werden“ BT: It must be stressedat this point) as well as explanations (didactic
function).
Newer German translations:addressees' knowledge often presupposed,
however still: systematic enrichment with
additional details
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 56/79
Diachronic Qualitative Analyses of
Economic Texts
Increasing difficulties with finding translations
of corporate statements - English only!!
Changes over time with respect to the
following phenomena related to subjectivity
and addressee orientation:
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 57/79
Mood
Newer letters to shareholders: increased use
of interrogatives and imperatives (effect:
simulated interaction between author and
addressee
Striking: linkage of imperatives with direct
address of readers, often with requests,warning, threat, announcements
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 58/79
Modality
Modal verbs preferably used in final
paragraphs (announcements of furtheraction, Böttger & Bührig 2003)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 59/79
Narrative Sequences
Much greater frequency in newer texts
Narratives replace Reports and
Descriptions (Böttger & Probst 2001)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 60/79
5. Validating qualitative analyses
Translations from English into French and
Spanish to validate results of analyses ofEnglish-German translations
F h t l ti f l i
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 61/79
French translations of popular science
texts
Fewer expressions of Subjectivity than in the
English and German texts due to:
- fewer particles and colloquial forms- preference of metaphorical instead of
congruent constructions, of literal rather than
figurative forms- frequent shift of perspective from author or
addressee to a third person
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 62/79
Lack of involvement of addressees:
- lack of mental processes and hearer deixis
- no offer of identification to readers- absence of narrative frames and co-
ordinating conjunctions – that indicated an
adaptation to Anglophone norms in theGerman translations
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 63/79
Spanish translations of economic texts
Sentences with active constructions in
English often changed into passives
Paratactic structures favoured in Englishoften transformed into hypotactic structures in
Spanish
Fewer narrative sequences in SpanishHigher degree of formality in addressing
readers and in choice of lexis
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 64/79
German translations thus tend to be muchcloser to their English originals than
French and Spanish ones, i.e., no
confirmation of an equivalent influence of
English norms on native French and
Spanish norms!
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 65/79
6. Quantitative Diachronic Analyses
To verify the results of the qualitative
analyses
To reveal preferred usage of salient individual
forms with respect to collocations and co-occurrence patterns in the texts
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 66/79
Subjectivity and adressee orientationoperationalized as occurrences of:
modal verbs, semi-modals, modal words,particles, mental processes, deixis,connective particles, sentence adverbials,ing -adverbials, progressive aspect ,sentential mood, complement constructions,„frames‟, commenting parentheses,
evaluative lexis(distribution and frequency examined incomparative diachronic analysis)
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 67/79
Data Basis (Popular Science)
English monolingual texts from the years 1999-2002 (122866 words).
The German translations of these English texts(113420 words).
German monolingual texts from the years 1999-2002 (100648 words).
English monolingual texts from the years 1978-1982 (42497 words).
The German translations of these English texts(37830 words).
German monolingual texts from the years 1978-1982 (82480 words).
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 68/79
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 69/79
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 70/79
(1) Deixis
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1978-1982 1999-2002
E
DÜ
D
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 71/79
(2) Modality
Particles Modal words
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1978-1982 1999-2002
DÜ
D
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1978-1982 1999-2002
DÜ
D
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 72/79
(3) Mental Processes
0
50
100
150
1978-1982 1999-2002
EDÜ
D
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 73/79
(4) Connectivity
And / Und Pronominal adverbials
0
2
4
6
8
1978-1982 1999-2002
E
DÜ
D
010
20
30
40
50
60
1978-1982 1999-2002
E
DÜ
D
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 74/79
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 75/79
Modified hypothesis
Changes in German text conventions
through contact with English texts take
place through register-specific variation ofthe use of certain linguistic means, which
are reflected in a changed function of the
text as a whole
7 Cause and Effect? Three
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 76/79
7. Cause and Effect? Three
explanatory hypotheses
Cause and effect? What exactly causes thechanges found? Three explanatory hypotheses:
Changes through translation from English as alocus of direct language contact !
Changes through omnipresence of globalEnglish, i.e. translation as a locus of indirect
language contact !Translation is innocent! Translators conservenorms of target language!
The Booh Factor:
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 77/79
The Booh Factor:
Translation as Mediator of the
English Take-Over
Translational process effects change!
The X Factor:
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 78/79
The X Factor:
Universal Impact of Globalisation
Translational process reflects change!
The Green Factor:
8/10/2019 JulianeHouse-House How English Triggers Process of Norm Variation in Other Eu Languages
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/julianehouse-house-how-english-triggers-process-of-norm-variation-in-other 79/79
Translation as Cultural
Conservation