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ii

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ii


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iii

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2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

ghltpjhdj;ij etPdg;gLj;jp> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> Muk;g> ,ilepiy fy;tpg;

gug;Gfspd; vl;L tUl Row;rp Kiwahd> Gjpa Njrpakl;l ghltpjhdj;jpd; Kjy;

ghfj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l

Njrpa fy;tp ,yf;Ffis mbg;gil Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;

nghJj; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;J te;jJ.

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fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

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nfhz;L Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j topfhl;b.

E}y;fs;> Mrpupaiu xU nghUj;jg;ghLila Mrpupauhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gl

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iv

,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs;>

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v

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fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.

kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;

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gz;gLj;jpg; Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.

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nfhs;fpd;wd.

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kWrPuikg;GfspD}lhf vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiw ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;

fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bfs;

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vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk;

gprfhJ mr;nrhl;lhf gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupitad;W. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;>

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ce;Jjyspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs;

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ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; XU rhjdkhd ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b

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nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vi

fiyj;jpl;lf;FOfiyj;jpl;lf;FOfiyj;jpl;lf;FOfiyj;jpl;lf;FOfiyj;jpl;lf;FO

topfhl;lYk; mDkjpAk;topfhl;lYk; mDkjpAk;topfhl;lYk; mDkjpAk;topfhl;lYk; mDkjpAk;topfhl;lYk; mDkjpAk;fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghl xUq;fpizg;Gghl xUq;fpizg;Gghl xUq;fpizg;Gghl xUq;fpizg;Gghl xUq;fpizg;GB.vr;.re;jpkh ep\hdp ju;kghy rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw

ghlepGzj;Jt NritghlepGzj;Jt NritghlepGzj;Jt NritghlepGzj;Jt NritghlepGzj;Jt NritNguhrpupau;. khydp me;jfk = [atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;

(jifrhu; Nguhrpupau;)

Nguhrpupau;. ,e;jpuhzp Kzrpq;f nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk; (jifrhu; Nguhrpupau;)

Nguhrpupau;. gj;krpup fd;dq;fu = [atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;

vOj;jhsu; FO (ntspthup)vOj;jhsu; FO (ntspthup)vOj;jhsu; FO (ntspthup)vOj;jhsu; FO (ntspthup)vOj;jhsu; FO (ntspthup)Nf.v];. uQ;rdp Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;>

n`huiz

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fsdp

vr;.vk;. espd; gz;lhu Mrpupau; Nrit>

FUtpl;l kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpahyak;> FUtpl;l

mUl; rNfhjup Nkup nlhNdl;lh gpujp mjpgu; (Xa;T epiy)

Gdpj me;Njhdpahu; Njrpa ghlrhiy> tj;jis

vk;.vr;.vk;. ahf;$j; Kd;dhs; gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Nj.f.ep.

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epWtfk;

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lgps;A+.v];.v];. Fztu;jd cjtp tpupTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw

nkhopr; nrt;itahf;fk;nkhopr; nrt;itahf;fk;nkhopr; nrt;itahf;fk;nkhopr; nrt;itahf;fk;nkhopr; nrt;itahf;fk;

jpU. vk;.vr;.vk;. ahf;$j; Kd;dhs; gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Nj.f.ep.

vii

Mrpupau; ; topfhl;biag;Mrpupau; ; topfhl;biag;Mrpupau; ; topfhl;biag;Mrpupau; ; topfhl;biag;Mrpupau; ; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

2007 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;; ikag;ghlq;

fSs; xd;whf ,Ue;JtUk; tuyhW vDk; ghlk; 2015 Mk; Mz;bYk; mjd;

gpd;dUk; mNjtpjkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. 6-9 Me; juq;fSf;fhf

thunkhd;Wf;F ,uz;L ghlNtisfSk; 10-11 Me; juq;fSf;fhf thunkhd;Wf;F

%d;W ghlNtisfSk;; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

f.ngh.j. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; 10-11 Mk; juq;fSf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gPl;il elj;j vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

6-11 Me;juq;fSf;fhf Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mZFKiwapd;

gb gpujhdkhf ,Ugj;J %d;W Nju;r;rpfspd; fPo; tuyhw;Wg;ghlf; fiyj;jpl;lk;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. fiyj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;

gl;Ls;s ,e;j Mrpupau;; topfhl;b ghlj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;

gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; vDk; ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.

‘tuyhW’ vDk; ghlj;jpd; %yk; khztuplj;Nj fl;bnaOg;g vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;

Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ ghlq;fSk;> mg;ghlq;fisg; gapYtjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapay;fSk; Kf;fpakhdit. ,J njhu;ghf Mrpupaupd; gzp/

fUkq;fis ,yFgLj;Jk; nghUl;L> ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,U gFjpfs; cs;slq;FkhW

khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sd. jkJ Mf;fpay; jpwikfisg; gad;gLj;jp>

tFg;giwj; Njitapd;gb> ,r;nraw;ghLfis NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tNjhL

Gjpa nraw;ghLfisAk; Mrpupau;fs; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. tuyhW vDk;

,g;ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis milaj;jf;f tifapy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; 50 rjtPjNkDk;

nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;wy; re;ju;g;gq;fisj;

jpl;lkpl;L toq;Ftjd; %yk; ghlq;fisg; gapy;tjpy; khztiu topg;gLj;JtNj

,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

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Nju;r;rpkpf;f> Gjpa cyFf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,sQ; re;jjpapdiu cUthf;Ftjw;F

topfhl;LtNj ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;. ,J njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ

Mf;fg+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fisAk;> Kd;nkhopTfisAk; vkf;F mDg;gp itf;FkhW

jaTld; Ntz;LfpNwhk;.

- fiyj;jpl;lf;FO -- fiyj;jpl;lf;FO -- fiyj;jpl;lf;FO -- fiyj;jpl;lf;FO -- fiyj;jpl;lf;FO -

viii

cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;

gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

fiyj;jpl;lf;FO

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ghlj;jpl;l cs;slf;fk;

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

myF 8.1 ,yq;ifapd; kuG uPjpahd njhopy; El;gKk;

fiyAk;

myF 8.2 fz;b ,uhrjhdp

myF 8.3 INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp

myF 8.4 ehLfhz; gazq;fSk; INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fs;

fPioj;Njrq;fSf;F tUjYk;; ;; ;

myF 8.5 ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fs;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fPo; tUjy;

gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;

iii

v

vi

vii

ix - xxii

03 - 11

12 - 24

25 - 30

31 - 33

34 - 41

ix


ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;

juk; 8juk; 8juk; 8juk; 8juk; 8(2017 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)(2017 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)(2017 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)(2017 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)(2017 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)

r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw


kùfkkùfkkùfkkùfkkùfk

x

mwpKfk;

ekJ ehl;bd; jdpj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J> mijg; ghJfhj;J cyfpd; epiyikfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;ff; $ba ehl;Lg;gw;Ws;s Mw;wy;

epiwe;j ,yq;ifaiu cUthf;Ftij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ghlrhiyf; fiyjpl;lj;jpy; fl;lha ikag; ghlkhf 2007k; Mz;by;

,Ue;J tuyhW ghlk; ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;Nehf;fj;jpid NkYk; mh;j;jKs;sjhfr; nraw;gLj;j 2015k; Mz;bypUe;J Gjpa fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; Njrpa nghJf;Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

kw;Wk; Njrpa nghJj; Njh;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ‘tuyhW’ ghlj;jpw;nfd ,dq;fhzg;gl;l 23 Njh;r;rpfis Mjhukhff;

nfhz;L 6 Mk; juj;jpypUe;J 11 Mk; juk; tiuapyhd ‘tuyhW’ ghlf;fiyj;jpl;lk; Njh;r;rpfis ikakhff; nfhz;l Kiwapd; fPo;j;

jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

8 Mk; juj;jpw;fhd ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; ,jd; tpisthFk;. 2017k; Mz;bypUe;J nraw;gLj;jg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;

cs;slf;fk; Ie;J Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,yq;ifapd; kuG uPjpahd njhopy; El;gKk;

fiyAk;> fz;b ,uhrjhdp> INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp> ehLfhz; gazq;fSk; INuhg;gpaupd; fPioj;Nja tUifAk; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;

gpuNjrq;fs; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fPo; tUjy; Mfpa Ie;J fUg;nghUs;fSk; fw;iff;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

jtiz

I

II

III

myF

1

2> 3

4> 5

xi

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F jdpegUf;Fk;

KOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk;

epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk;

gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fU jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj;

njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

i. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zfUTf;Fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;>

rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfhpj;jy; %yKk;

Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifaH vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.

ii. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfhpj;jYk;

NgZjYk;.

iii. kdpj chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> flg;;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT> xUtH kPJ xUtH nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j>

,ilawhj mf;fiwAzHT> vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy

cUthf;FjYk; Mjhpj;jYk;.

vi. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;

Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;

v. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fhpa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk;

cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

vi. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Nghrpf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;

$baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

vii. jdpegHfspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk; jahHgLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy;

rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpHghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

viii. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rHtNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhH ,lj;ijg;

ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsHj;jy;.

(%yk; : Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003)

xii

mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

(I) njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT>

jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.

vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk;> nrk;ikahfTk;

vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;

vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F Kiwahf

msj;jy;

rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw

NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;

jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gq;fisg;

(ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.

(II) MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid>

mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;L gpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.

- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;

- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT

(III) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd. r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjPfk;

r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj;

jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd

rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiw

capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay;> #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F>

kdpj tho;T

ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;>

Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld;

nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk;

fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

xiii

(IV). Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.

nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;

mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;

mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;

gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;

(V). rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp

njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;

(VI).Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr;

nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;

(VII)“fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk;

khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk;

ngwr; nra;jy;.

(%yk; : Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003)

xiv

tuyhW - ghl Nehf;fq;fs;

6 Mk; juj;jpypUe;J 11 Mk; juk; tiuapyhd fiyj;jpl;lj;jpidf; fw;gjd; %yk; fPo;tUk; Nehf;fq;fiskhzth;fs; miltu; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

1. tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;F> tsh;r;rp vd;gd gw;wp tpsq;fp tuyhnwq;fpYk; ,lk;ngw;w khw;wq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sy;.

2. fle;jfhyk; njhlh;ghfg; gapYtjd; %yk; ngWk; tpsf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; epfo;fhyj;ijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sYk;vjph;fhy epiyikfisf; fz;lwpjYk;.

3. Njrpa jdpj;Jtj;jpid ,dq;fz;L> Njrpa mUQ;nry;tq;fisg; ghJfhj;J ehl;Lg;gw;Ws;s gpuirahf cUthjy;.

4. Njrpa gpur;rpidfis xg;gPl;L uPjpahf Nehf;Fjy;.

5. Vida fyhrhuq;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.

6. fhy xOq;F> %yhjhu tpku;rdk; fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;Gfs; vd;gd %yk; fl;b vOg;gg;gLk; gFj;jwpTuPjpahd fy;tpawpit eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

7. Kf;fpa tuyhw;W khe;ju;fspd; rhpijfis Kd;khjphpahff; nfhs;sy;.

8. tuyhw;W hPjpahd cyfg;; Nghf;Ffs; ,e;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fs; njhlh;ghf tpsq;fp cyfpd;Nghf;Ffis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wiyg; ngwy;.

9. fhyk;> ntsp Mfpad njhlh;ghd mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

10. tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fspd; Clhf ,lq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.

ghl

Ntisfs;Nju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgWfs;

xv

tuyhW

141.0 gz;ila njhopy;El;g

kw ;Wk ; fiyak;rq ;f

Sldhd gilg;Gf;fis

kjpj;J mtw;iwg; ghJ

fhg;ghu;.

1.1 gz;ila ePu ; tsj;

njho py ; El ;gj ;j pd ;

r pwg ;g pid vLj ;Jf ;

fhl;Lthu;.

1.2 gz ;ila fhy

cNyhf > fs pkz ;

njho pDl ;gq ;fisj ;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

1 . ,yq;ifapd ; kuG u Pj p

ahd njhopy; El;gKk;

fiyAk;

1.1 gz;ila ePu;j; njhopy;

El;gk;

1.2 gz;ila fhy cNyhf>

fspkz; njhopy; El;gk;

juk; - 8

,yq;ifapd; gz;ila

Fsq;fs;> mizfs;

njhlu;ghf tpsf;Fthu;.

gz;ila ePu ;g;ghrdj;

Jld ; njhlu ;Gila

njho py ; El ; gj ;ij

tpgupg;ghu;.

ePu;g;ghrdk; njhlu;ghf

ek; Kd;Ndhuplk; fhzg;

gl;l jpwikfis cau;

thf kjpg;ghu;.

gz ;ila cNyhf >

fspkz; ifj;njhopy;fs;

njhlu;ghf tpgupg;ghu;.

gz ;ila cNyhf >

fspkz; ifj;njhopy;

fspd; nghUl;Lg; gad;

gLj;jpa njhopy;El;gq;

fisj; njspTgLj;J

thu;.

cNyhf> fspkz; ifj;

njho py ; El ; gq ;fs ;

njhlu ;ghd mwpit

cau;thf kjpg;ghu;.

xvi

ghl


1.3 fl;blf; fiy kw;Wk;Vida fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;

2.0 fz;b ,uhrjhdp 2.1 Njhw;wk; 2.2 Kf;fpa muru;fs;

2.3 nghUshjhu Kiw 2.4 rkaKk; r%fKk; 2.5 fl;blf;fiyAk; ifj;jpwd;

fiyfSk;

rpwe;j fl;llf; fiyg;g i l g ; G f ; f i s A k ;Vida fiyg; gilg;Gf;fisAk; ngaupLthu;.

fl;llf ;fiy kw;Wk ;Vida fiyg;gilg;Gf;fspd; rpwg;igj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

fl;llf; fiy kw;Wk;fiyg;gilg;Gf ;fspd;rpwg;gpidg; ghuhl;Lthu;.

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd;Njhw;wj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd;fPu;j;jpkpf;f muru;fiskjpg;ghu;.

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd;jdpj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;jtpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

fz;bf; fhy rPtNdhghaKiwfis tpgupg;ghu;.

fz;bf; fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl ;l rka epiyiaEZfpaha;thu;.

fz;bf;fhy fl;blf;fiykw ;Wk ; ifj ;j p wd ;fiyfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

2.0 ,yq;if muru ;fspd;r pwg;gpidg; ghuhl;br ;RNjr kuGupikfisg;ghJfhf;f Kidthu;.

1.3 cs;ehl;Lf; fiyQu;fspd; gilg;ghw;wiytptupg;ghu;.

2.1 fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd;Rahj Pdj ;ijg ; ghJfhg ;gjw ;fhf Ml ;r pahsu;fs; nraw;gl;ltpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

2.2 fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd;n g hUshjh u gz ;ghl ;Lj ; jfty ;fs pD}lhfr ; RNjrj ;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;L

thu ;.

12

ghl


xvii

3 . INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp

3.1.1 kWkyu;r;rpapd;

gpd;dzp

mwpKfk;

kWkyu;r;rpf;fhd

fhuzq;fs;

3.1.2 kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;lik

mwpTj;Jiw kWkyu;r;rp

Njrpa muRfs; Njhw;wk;

ngw;wik

thzpg tpUj;jp

Gjpa tpQ;Qhdf; fz;L

gpbg;Gf;fs;

rka kWrPuikg;Gf;fs;

3.1 INuhg ;ghtpd ; Nghf ;

if khw;wpaikg;gjpy;

kWkyu;r;rp nry;thf;F

nrYj;j pa tpjj ;ij

gFj;jha;thu;.

3.0 tuyhw;W uPjpahd cyfg;

Nghf;Ffs;> ,yq;if

tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;jpa

jhf;fq;fis tprhupj;

jwpe;J> jkJ kuGupikf

isAk; jdpj;Jtj;ijAk;

ghJfhj ;J> cyfpd ;

Nghf;Ffis vjpu;nfhs;

Sk; typikiag; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;thu;.

12 kWkyu ; r ; r p vd ; gij

tpsf;Fthu;.

kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd

g pd ;dzpiaj ; njspT

gLj;Jthu;.

mwpTj;Jiw kWkyu;r;rp

gw;wp cjhuzq;fSld;

tpgupg;ghu;.

Gjpa Kbahl;r p Kiw

Njhw;wk; ngw;wik njhlu;

ghd jfty;fis Kd;

itg;ghu;.

Gj pa tu ; j ; jf Kiw

Njhd ;w pa t pjj ;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.

Gjpa tpQ;Qhdf; fz;L

gpbg;Gf;fis cjhuzq;f

Sld; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

kjr; rPu;j;jPUj;jk; njhlu;

ghd jfty;fis Kd;

itg;ghu;.

rpe;jid Kiwapy; Vw;gl;l

khw ;wq;fisAk; mjd;

jhf;fq;fisAk; njspT

gLj;Jthu;.

xviii

ghl


ehLfhz; ,af;fk; vd;

gij tpsf;Fthu;.

ehLfhz; gazq;fs;

Nj hd ; w paikf ; f hd

fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpL

thu;.

ehLfhz; gazq;f

Sld; njhlu ;Gila

Ml;fisAk; ehLfis

Ak; ngaupLthu;. thzpgg; ghijfspd;

topNa Gjpa ehLfisf;fz;Lgpbj;j tpjj;ijvLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fs;f P i o j ; N j r j ; J f ; FtUif je;jik njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

ehLfhz; ,af;fj;ijf;fhl;Lk; gpujhd ghijfs;> ehLfs; kw;Wk;,lq;fisj; Njrg;glnkhd ;w py ; Fwpj ;Jg ;ngaupLthu;.

4 . ehLfhz; gazq;fSk;

INu hg ; g p a e hl ; bdu ;

fPioj;Njaj;Jf;F tUj

Yk;

ehLfhz; gazq;fspd;

gpd;dzp

ehLfhz; gazq;fSld;

njhlu;Gila egu;fSk;

ehLfSk;

INuhg ;g pa ,dj ;jtu ;

fPioj; Njrj;Jf;F tUif

juy;

4.0 tuyhw;W uPjpahd cyfg;

Nghf;Ffs; ,yq;if

tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;jpa

jhf;fq;fis tprhupj;

jwpe;J jkJ kuGupik

fisAk; jdpj;Jtj;ij

Ak; ghJfhj;J> cyfpd;

Nghf;Ffis vjpu;nfhs;

Sk ; ty pikiag ;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

4.1 INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;

wpa ehLfhz; ,af;

fj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.

08

ghl


xix

5 . ,yq;iff;F> Nghu;j ;Jf;

Nfaupd; tUif

5.1 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs; ,yq;

ifa pd ; fiuNahug ;

gpuNjrq;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij

jhgpj;Jf;nfhz;lik

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs; ,yq;

if kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;

jpaik.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs; ,yq;

iff ;F te ;jNghJ

,e;ehl;L murpay; epiy.

N g h u ; j ; J f ; N fa u ; fs ; >

Nfhl ;il> r Pjthf ;if>

aho;g;ghzk; Mfpatw;NwhL

nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs; fz;b

,uhrjhdpAld; nfhz;b

Ue;j njhlu;Gfs;

Nghu ;j ;Jf ; Nfau ;fs ;

,yq;if kPJ ftdQ;

nrYj;jpaikf;Ff; fhu

zq; fhl;Lthu;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; te;j

NghJ ,yq ;ifapy ;

fhzg;gl ;l murpay;

epiyia tpgupg;gu;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs; fiu

Nahug;g puNjrq;fspy;

mjpfhuj;ijj; jhgpj;Jf;

nfhz;l re;ju;g;gq;fis

tpsf;Fthu;.

5.0 ehnlhd;wpy; ntspehl;L

Mjpf;fk; fl;bnaOg;gg;

gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis>

Nkiyj;Njaj;jtu;fs;

,yq;ifapy; mjpfhuj;ij

epiyehl;baikapD}lhf

EZfpNehf;Fthu;.

5.1 Nghu ;j ;Jf ; Nfau ;fs ;

,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;

gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpfh

uj;ij epiyehl;ba

tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

10

xx

ghl


5.2 N g h u ; j ; J f ; N fa u pd ;

Ml ;r pAk ; nghUsh

jhu> gz;ghl;L elt

bf;iffSk; ,yq;if

tuyhw ; w pd ; k PJ

nrYj;jpa nry;thf;

ifg; gFj;jha;thu;.

5.2 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd;

murpay;> nghUshjhu>

r%f> gz;ghl;L eltbf;

iffs;

10 ,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf;

NfauJ Ml;rpapd; jd;

ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;L

thu;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fPo;

,yq;ifapd; nghUsh

jhu eltbf;iffis

tpgupg;ghu;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rp

apd; tpisthf ,e;ehl;

Lg ; gz ;ghl ;Lld ;

,ize;J nfhz;l Gjpa

mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

5.0 ntspehl;Lg; gz;ghl;Lf;

Nfhyq;fs; RNjr r%ff;

fl ;likg ; Gld ; ,ir

tile;j tpjj;ijg; gFj;

jha;thu;.

ghl


xx

i

(,) ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffSk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk;

tuyhW ghlg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s ghl tplaq;fis ntw;wpfukhfTk; tpisjpwDs;sthWk; fw;gjw;fhfTk; mjd;

%yk; fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhfTk; khztuJ <LghL mjpfupf;Fk; tifapy; ghlrhiy Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisj;

jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tJ ngupJk; gaDilajhFk;.

mt;thwhd rpy ghlrhiy Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; khj;jpuNk ,q;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nghUj;jkhd NtW Mf;fG+u;tkhd

Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; jpl;lkpl;Lg; gad;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuk; tuyhW fw;gpf;Fk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L vd;gijf;

ftdj;jpy;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

“tuyhW” rq;fnkhd;W mikg;gjd; %yk; khztuJ mwpit tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;> tpthjq;fs;>

fUj;juq;Ffs;> fz;fhl;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw xOq;F nra;J elj;Jtjw;Fk; rQ;rpif> RtNuL Nghd;w Mf;fg+u;tkkhd

fUkq;fspy; <LgLtjw;Fk; topg;gLj;jyhk;.

tUlj;jpy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; xU jlitNaDk; Kf;fpakhd Xu; ,lj;Jf;F my;yJ gpuNjrj;Jf;Ff; fy;tpr;Rw;Wyh nry;y

xOq;Ffis nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tFg;giwapy; ngw;w mwpit cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J nra;J

nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; JizahFkhW Neufhyj;Jld; jpl;lkpl;L> fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhf;fis xOq;F nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fUj;juq;Ffis xOq;F nra;J ehl;bd; jiy rpwe;j tuyhw;whrpupau;fisg; ghlrhiyf;F mioj;J> mtu;fsJ mDgtq;fisg;

gfpu;e;J nfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.

gpuNjrj;jpy; njhy;nghUspay; Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; gw;wpj; NjbawptNjhL mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf

ghlrhiy kl;l kw;Wk; rKjha kl;l Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.

tuyhw;Wg; ghl tplaq;fSld; njhlu;Gila Xtpaq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs;> nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfs;> Vida mUk;nghUs;fis

mtjhdpg;gjw;Fk; mtjhdpg;G mwpf;iffisj; jahupg;gjw;Fkhf mUk;nghUl;fhl;rpr;rhiyfs; rhu;e;j Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis

xOq;F nra;jy;

tuyhw;Wg; ghl tplaq;fSld; njhlu;Gilajhf ,izaj;jsq;fs; %yk; jfty;fs; jpul;Ljy;

xx

ii

ghl

Ntisfs;Nju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgWfs;(<) fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfis khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tjw;Fk; khztu; mile;Js;s ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fkhd tFg;giwapy; ,yFthf eilKiwg;gLj;jj;jf;f

,ilj;njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fshf fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPL Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fzpg;gPL rupahf

epfOnkdpd; tFg;gpy; fw;Fk; khztu;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nju;r;rpfspy; fpl;ba ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij vl;LtJ xU fbdkhd

fhupakhfhJ. khztd; mile;Js;s ghz;bj;jpa kl;lk; ahJ vd;gij ,dq;fhz;gNj kjpg;gPL vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

fzpg;gPl;by; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; jkJ khztu;fs; njhlu;ghf ,uz;L tpjkhd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fyhk;. mt;topfhl;ly;fs;>

nghJthf gpd;D}l;ly; (Feed Back) vdTk; Kd;Kft+l;ly; (Feed Forward) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. khztuJ eypTfisf;

fz;lwpe;jtplj;J> mtu;fsJ fw;wy; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gpd;D}l;liyAk; khztuJ

,aYikfisAk; typTfisAk; ,dq;fz;ltplj;J mj;jpwd;fis NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;KfT+l;liyAk;

toq;FtJ Mrpupaupd; gzpahFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;fhf> ghlj;Nju;r;rpfSs; vj;Nju;r;rpfis ve;nje;j kl;lj;jpy; mila Kbe;jJ vd;gij

khztu;fs; ,dq;fz;L nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. kjpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; topNa khztu;fs; mile;Js;s ghz;bj;jpa

kl;lj;ijj; jPu;g;Gr; nra;tNj ,q;F Mrpupauplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk;> khztu; ika> Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j

mZFKiwia cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. nraw;ghl;Lf; fw;wypd;ghy; (Active Learning) khztiu Mrpupau; topg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khztu;fs; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; NtisfspYk; nraw;ghLfspd; ,WjpapYk; fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPL

Mfpatw;iw elj;jyhk;.

fzpg;gPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;il ,yFthf elj;jj;jf;fthwhf nghJ epakq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhdJ vd

tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Ie;J epakq;fSs; Kjy; %d;W epakq;fSk; Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf xUq;F

Nru;e;Js;s mwpT> jpwd; kdg;ghq;Ffis Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kPjp ,uz;L epakq;fisAk;

tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sj;JizahFk; tifapy; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. tFg;giwapy;

khztu;fs; nraw;gLk; NghJ ,e;epakq;fs; njhlu;ghd elj;ij khw;wq;fis ,dq;fhz Mrpupau; Kaw;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

$lNt fzpg;gPl;bd; Clhf me;elj;ijfis NkYk; tYg;gLj;JtjpYk; kjpg;gPl;bd; Clhf mtw;iw mse;jwptjpYk; Mrpupau;

ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;NwhL> tFg;giwapy; vOj;Jr; Nrhjidfs;> nraw;wpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; khj ,WjpapYk;

jtiz ,WjpapYk; Mz;bWjpapYk; elj;jg;gLk; ghlrhiy kl;l> tya kl;lg; guPl;irfspYk; khztiu <LgLj;jyhk;.

1

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;fhd

mwpTWj;jy;fs;

2

3

myF 8.1 ,yq;ifapd; kuG uPjpahd njhopy; El;gKk;

fiyAk;

gz;ila tuyhw;W mUQ;nry;tq;fisf; nfhz;l ,yq;if> cau;e;j njhopy;

El;gq;fisAk; fiyak;rq;fisAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;l xU ehlhFk;. ehl;bd;

jdpj;Jtj;ijf; fhl;Lk; ,t;thwhd gilg;ghf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghf ehk; njsptpidg;

ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.

me;j Nehf;fpid epiwT nra;Ak; nghUl;L ,yq;ifapd; kuG uPjpahd njhopy;

El;gk; kw;Wk; fiyg;gilg;GfSs; epu;khzq;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitfshd

gz;ila ePu;tsj; njhopy; El;gk;> gz;ila cNyhfj; njhopy; El;gk;> fl;llf;

fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; kPJ cq;fs; ftdk;

<u;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : gz;ila njhopy; El;g kw;Wk; fiyak;rq;fSldhd

gilg;Gf;fis kjpj;J mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : gz;ila ePu;tsj; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; rpwg;gpid

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww;NgWfs; :

• ,yq;ifapd; gz;ila Fsq;fs;> mizfs;

njhlu;ghf tpsf;Fthu;.

• gz;ila ePu;g;ghrdj;Jld; njhlu;Gila njhopy;

El;gj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

• ePu;g;ghrdk; njhlu;ghf ek; Kd;Ndhuplk; fhzg;gl;l

jpwikfis cau;thf kjpg;ghu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

gpd;tUk; ghl tplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

1.1 ePu;tsj; njhopy; El;gk;

,J gy gFjpfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

thtpj; (ghupa Fsk;) njhopy; El;gk;

fhy;tha; mizf;fl;Lj; njhopy; El;gk;

Fsj; (nghf;Fz/ ngha;if) njhopy; El;gk;

ePu;g;g+q;fhf;fs;

thtpj; njhopy; El;gk;

- thtpfs; mikj;jypd; Muk;gk;

4

Fsk; mikg;gjw;fhf epyj;ijj; njupT nra;jy;

fhy;tha;fSf;F gf;f mizfs; mikj;jy;

5

ghupa thtpfs; tiuapy; tsu;r;rp

thtpfs; mikg;gjpy; vjpu;Nehf;fpa rthy;fs;

thtpAld; njhlu;Gila njhopy; El;gk;

- epyj;ijj; njupT nra;jy;

- thtpfs; mikj;jy;

- thtp xd;wpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;

fhy;tha; mizf;fl;Lj; njhopy; El;gk;

fhy;tha;fs; mikg;gjd; mtrpak;

fhy;tha;fs; mikg;gjpy; vjpu;Nehf;fpa rthy;fs;

fhy;tha;fSld; njhlu;Gila njhopy; El;gk;

Fsj; (nghf;Fz my;yJ ngha;if) njhopy; El;gk;

Fsq;fs; mikg;gjd; Njit

Fs tiffs;

Fsq;fSld; njhlu;Gila njhopy; El;gk;

ePu;g;g+q;fhf;fs;

ePu;g;G+q;fh jpl;lkply;;

ePu;g;G+q;fhtpy; njs;sj;njspthfj; njupAk; mk;rq;fs;

ePu;g;g+q;fhf;fSld; njhlu;Gila njhopy;El;gk;

nraw;ghL 1:

thtp kw;Wk; ePu;g;ghrdj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; cs;slq;ff;

$ba tpjj;jpy; khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

tFg;gpYs;s midj;J khztu;fsJk; gq;fspg;Gld; thtp (ghupa Fsk;)

xd;wpd; khjpupAUit mikf;fTk;.

Fsf;fl;L> miy jhq;fp> fypq;fy; njhl;b> kil (fjT)> cs;top> ntsptop>

fhy;tha;fs; Mfpa gpujhd mk;rq;fis mjpy; cs;slf;fTk;.

thtpapd; njhopy;El;g mk;rq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahbg;

ghlj;ij epiwT nra;aTk;.

nraw;ghl;bd; nghUl;Lj; Njitf;Nfw;w tifapy; Neuj;ij xJf;fpf;

nfhs;sTk;.

fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisr; nra;aTk;.

thtpnahd;wpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

ePu;g;ghrdj; njhopy; El;gk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

thtpnahd;wpd; khjpupAUnthd;iwr; rupahf cUthf;Fthu;.

gz;ila ePu;g;ghrdj; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; rpwg;gpidg; ghuhl;Lthu;.

thtpapd; khjpupAUit cUthf;f xj;Jiog;G toq;Fthu;.

6

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

thtp xd;wpd; khjpupia tbtikf;ff;$ba fspkz;> fw;fs; Nghd;w nghUl;fs;

nraw;ghL 02thtp> ePu;g; G+q;fh Mfpad njhlu;ghd ghl tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gLk; tpjj;jpy;

gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

,jidf; FOr; nraw;ghlhfr; nra;aTk;.

tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J ,yf;fk; 1 nraw;ghl;Lg;

gj;jpuj;ijg; gfpu;e;J mspf;fTk;.

nraw;ghl;ilr; rpwe;j Mf;fg+u;tkhd tifapy; G+u;;j;jpnra;AkhW mwpTiu

toq;fTk;.

nraw;ghl;bd; nghUl;L Vwj;jho xU thu fhy mtfhrk; toq;fTk;.

khztu;fspd; Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.

khztu;fspd; jpwikfs; gytPdq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;b ghl

tplaq;fs; ahTk; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; ghlj;ij kPsha;T nra;J epiwT

nra;aTk;.


gpd;tUk; epakq;fSf;F mika fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisr; nra;aTk;.

,yq;ifapd; gz;ila thtpfs;> Fsq;fs;> ePu;g;G+q;fhf;fs; vd;gd njhlu;ghd

jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.

gz;ila thtpfs;> Fsq;fs;> ePu;g;g+q;fh vd;gd njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;

jpul;nlhd;W jahupg;ghu;.

gz;ila thtpfs;> Fsq;fs; kw;Wk; ePu;njhopy; El;gj;jpid kjpg;ghu;.

FOr; nraw;ghl;bd; nghUl;Lg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.

jiyikj;JtNkw;Wr; nraw;gLthu;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :

,izg;G 01 - nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

gpup];ly; ml;il

gz;ila thtpfs;> Fsq;fs;> ePu;g;G+q;fhf;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fSk;

glq;fSk;

gir> fj;jupf;Nfhy;> ngy;w; Ngidfs;


gz;ila Fsq;fs;> ePu;g;G+q;fhf;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; kw;Wk; glq;fisr;

Nrfupf;fTk;. (,jw;fhf xU thu fhy mtfhrk; toq;fTk;.)

mjd; nghUl;Lf; FOtpd; midj;J mq;fj;jtu;fsJk; xj;Jiog;igg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.

Mrpupauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ehnshd;wpy; tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf; $bathW

mj;jfty;fisAk; glq;fisAk; gpup];ly; ml;ilapy; xl;lTk;.

mt;tl;ilia tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mjd; jfty;fis tFg;gpy;

Kd;itf;fTk;.

FOtpYs;s midtiuAk; nraw;ghl;by; gq;nfLf;fr; nra;aTk;.

7



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.2 : gz;ila fhy cNyhf> fspkz; njhopy;

El;gq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; :

• gz;ila cNyhf> fspkz; ifj;njhopy;fs;

njhlu;ghf tpgupg;ghu;.

• gz;ila cNyhf> fspkz; ifj;njhopy;fspd;

nghUl;Lg; gad;gLj;jpa njhopy; El;gq;fisj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

• gz;ila cNyhf> fspkz; njhopy;El;gq;fs;

njhlu;ghf vkJ Kd;Ndhuplk; fhzg;gl;l mwpit

cau;thff; fUJthu;.



1.2 fspkz; njhopy; El;gKk; cNyhfj; njhopy; El;gKk;

kl;ghz;lq;fs; jahupj;jy;

- tidNthd; rpy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpaik

- caupa juKs;s kl;ghz;lq;fs;

XL> nrq;fy; ifj;njhopy;

- XL> nrq;fy; vd;gd jahupj;jy;

- epw%l;Ljy;

- NtW fspkz; Mf;fq;fs;

cNyhfj; njhopy; El;gk;

gad;gLj;jpa cNyhf tiffs;

- ,Uk;G

- ntz;fyk;

- nts;sp

- jq;fk;

cNyhfk; gpupj;njLj;j Kiw

cNyhfk; ghtidapy; ,Ue;jikf;fhff; fpilj;Js;s rhd;Wfs;

8

nraw;ghL

Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW>

“vkJ Kd;Ndhu; cNyhfk;> fspkz; vd;gdtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fpa

caupa gilg;Gf;fs;;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; ntspehl;by; cs;s ckJ ez;gDf;F/

ez;gpf;Ff; fbjk; xd;W vOJf.

,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfr; nra;aTk;

nraw;ghl;il tFg;giwapy; nra;aTk;

vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;j rpy Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr;

re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

khztu;fspd; nraw;ghl;by; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;Gfs;> FiwghLfis

vLj;Jf;fhl;bg; ghlj;ij kPsha;T nra;J epiwT nra;f.


gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisr; nra;aTk;.

gioa cNyhfk; kw;Wk; fsp kz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l gz;ila Mf;fq;fisg;

ngaupLthu;.

cNyhfk; kw;Wk; fspkz; Mf;fq;fspd; rpwg;Gf;fis tptupg;ghu;.

cNyhf kw;Wk; fspkz; Mf;fq;fspd; rpwg;ig kjpg;ghu;.

jfty;fisr; rupahfj; njhFg;ghu;.

jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;ghu;.

9



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3 : cs;ehl ;Lf ; fiyQu;fspd ; gilg;ghw ;wiy

tptupg;ghu ;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww;NgWfs; :

• rpwe;j fl;llf; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fisAk; Vida

fiyg; gilg;Gf;fisAk; ngaupLthu;.

• fl;llf;fiy kw;Wk; Vida fiyg; gilg;Gf;fspd;

rpwg;igj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

• fl;llf; fiy kw;Wk; Vida fiyg;gilg;Gf;fspd;

rpwg;gpidg; ghuhl;Lthu;.



1.3 fl;blf; fiy kw;Wk; Vida fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;

,uhrul;ilf; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j fl;llf; fiy kw;Wk; Vida fiyg;

gilg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghff; fiye;JiuahLf.

fl;llf;fiyg; gilg;Gf;fs;

fl;llq;fs;

rkak; rhu;e;j fl;llq;fs;

Nghjpfu> irj;jpafu> tpf;fpuf kid> tpfhiu> Muhikfs; (Mr;rpukq;fs;)>

jpahd miwfs;> jhdrhiyfs;> Myaq;fs;

rkak; rhuhj fl;llq;fs;

- muz;kidfs;> Nfhl;ilfs;

- itj;jparhiyfs;> tPLfs;> kyry $lq;fs;

fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;

tpf;fpufq;fs;

nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; rpw;gq;fs;

Xtpaq;fs;/ rpj;jpuq;fs;

10

nraw;ghL

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tpjj;jpy; fz;fhl;rp xd;W elj;Jtjpy;

khztu;fis topg;gLj;jTk;.

,yq;ifapd; gioa fl;llf; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida fiyg;

gilg;Gfs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.

tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 1> 2

Mfpatw;iwf; FOf;fSf;fpilNa gfpu;e;jspf;fTk;.

nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuq;fis tpl FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;if $Ljyhdjhapd;>

xNu nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l FOf;fSf;F toq;fyhk;.

nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuq;fspd;gb khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;

nraw;ghl;bw;fhd Maj;jj;jpw;F xU thu fhy mtfhrk; toq;fTk;.

nraw;ghl;bd; nghUl;Lj; jfty;fs;> glq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw Maj;jg;gLj;jpa

gpd;du; tFg;giwapy; xU ghlNtisapy; gpup];ly; ml;ilapy; xl;Ltjw;Fr;

re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.

fz;fhl;rp Kbe;j gpd;du; khztu;fspd; jpwikfs;> FiwghLfis vLj;Jf;

$wpg; ghlj;ij epiwT nra;f.

fz;fhl;rp elj;Jk; jpdj;jpy; ghlrhiyapd; Vida khztu;fSf;F mjidg;

ghu;itapl miog;G tpLf;fTk;.

(mjpgupd; mDkjpiag; ngw;W fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfSf;Fj; jil

Vw;glhjthW)


gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisr; nra;aTk;.

fl;llf; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida fiyg;gilg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

fl;llf; fiyg; gilg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Vida fiyg;gilg;Gf;fspd;

rpwg;gk;rq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

fl;llf; fiyg; gilg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Vida fiyg;gilg;Gf;fisg; ghuhl;Lthu;.

jfty;fis Mf;fg;G+u;tkhf Kd;itg;ghu;.

nraw;ghLfis ntw;wpfukhfr; nra;jplg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.



,izg;G 02 - nghJ mwpTWj;jw;gj;jpuk;

gpup];ly; ml;il

gz;ila fl;llf; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida fiyg; gilg;Gf;fs;

njhlu;ghd E}y;fs;> glq;fs; vd;gd

fz;fhl;rpapd; nghUl;Lj; jfty;fs;> glq;fisj; jahu;g;gLj;jj; Njitahd

Vida cgfuzq;fSk; nghUs;fSk;

11

,izg;G 1

nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 1

FO 1

FOtpdu; nra;a Ntz;baJ:

mDuhjGu> nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpw;Fupa jhJNfhgq;fs;> Nghjpfu>

tpf;fpuf kidfs;> tpfhiu Mr;rpukq;fs;> jpahd miwfs;> jhdrhiyfs;>

Myaq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpd; jfty;fisAk; glq;fisAk; Nrfupf;fTk;.

,izg;G 2 - nghJ mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;ijAk; MrpupauJ mwpTiuiaAk;

gpd;gw;wpf; fz;fhl;rpia elj;j Maj;jk; nra;J nfhs;sTk;.


FO 2

FOtpdu; nra;a Ntz;baJ

mDuhjGu> nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpw;Fupa mur khspiffs;> Nfhl;ilfs;>

itj;jparhiyfs;> kyry $lq;fs;> Fspay; jlhfq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpd;

jfty;fisAk; glq;fisAk; Nrfupf;fTk;.


gpd;gw;wpf; fz;fhl;rpia elj;j Maj;jQ; nra;J nfhs;sTk;.

nrayl;il 3

FO 3

FOtpdu; nra;a Ntz;baJ

mDuhjGu> nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpw;Fupa tpf;fpufq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs;>

nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfs;> Xtpaq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpd; jfty;fisAk;

glq;fisAk; Nrfupf;fTk;.


gpd;gw;wpf; fz;fhl;rpia elj;j Maj;jQ; nra;J nfhs;sTk;.

,izg;G 2

nghJ mwpTWj;jw; gj;jpuk;

cq;fsJ FOtpw;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

jfty;fisAk; glq;fisAk; NrfupAq;fs;.

Mrpupau;/ Mrpupia $Wk; jpdj;jpy; me;jj; jfty;fisAk; glq;fisAk;

tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW gpup];ly; ml;ilfspy;

xl;bj; jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;.

jfty;fs;> glq;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhfj; jahupg;gjw;F> FOtpy; midtUk;

xj;Jiog;G toq;fTk;.

fz;fhl;rpia elhj;Jk; nghUl;L xj;Jiog;G toq;fTk;.

12

myF 8.2 fz;b ,uhrjhdp

gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapd; kj;jpa kiyehl;by;

nrq;flfy efuj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,uhrjhdp fz;b

,uhrjhdp vdg;gl;lJ. Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdpf; fhyj;jpy; gpuNjr Ml;rpahsdpd;

fPo; ,Ue;j fz;bg; gpuNjrj;jpy; KjyhtJ Rje;jpu muir cUthf;fpa kd;dd;

Nrdh rk;kj tpf;fpukghF Mthd; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Nrdh rk;kj tpf;fpukghF

kd;dDf;;Fg; gpd;du; mtdJ jiyKiwiar; Nru;e;j [atPu gz;lhu> fuypaj;j

gz;lhu Mfpa kd;du;fs; Ml;rp nra;jdu;.

gpd;du; rPjhthf;if uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fd;) fz;b ,uhrjhdpia

rPjhthf;ifAld; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd;

rPjhthf;ifapd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;Jk;> Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;Jk; fz;b

,uhrjhdpia tpLtpj;J mjid typikahd Xu; murhf vOr;rp ngwr; nra;jhd;.

tpkyju;k#upaDld; Muk;gkhfpa jiyKiw 1739 Mk; Mz;L tiu fz;b

,uhrjhdpia Ml;rp nra;jJld; mjd; gpd;du; ehaf;fu; tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;j

ehd;F muru;fs; fz;b ,uhrjhdpia Ml;rp nra;jdu;. mj;jiyKiwapd;

,Wjp kd;dd; =tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fdhthd;. mk;kd;dd; 1815 Mk; Mz;L

gpupj;jhdpauhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lJk; fz;b ,uhrjhdpf; fhyk; KbTf;F te;jJ.

Nrdh rk;kj tpf;fpukghF kd;dd; njhlq;fp = tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f kd;dd; tiu

fz;b ,uhrjhdpia Ml;rp nra;j kd;du;fs; gw;wpAk; mtu;fs; vjpu;Nehf;fpa

rthy;fs; gw;wpAk; ehaf;fu; tk;rj;jpdu; Ml;rpf;F te;jik gw;wpAkhd tpguq;fs;

,e;j myfpy; mlq;fpAs;sd. tPW nfhz;l kd;du;fspd; cgha top Ml;rpahYk;

kf;fspd; xw;WikahYk; ,e;j ,uhrjhdpapd; RahjPdk; epiyj;jpUe;jNjhL

mjd; tsur;rpf;Fk; ,it fhuzkhapd. xw;Wik Fiye;j re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

gy;NtW rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;likiaAk; ,e;j

myfpy; fw;fyhk;. mJ jtpu>

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapy; fhzg;gl;l jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; jd;ik>

fl;llf;fiy kw;Wk; ifj;jpwd; fiyfspd; rpwg;gpay;GfisAk; fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd;

r%f> rka ek;gpf;iffs; vd;gd njhlu;ghfTk; ,e;j myfpy; ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.

13

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : ,yq;if muru;fspd; rpwg;igg;ghuhl;br; RNjr

kuGupikfisg; ghJfhf;f Kidthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; RahjPdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf

Ml;rpahsu;fs; nraw;gl;l tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww;NgWfs; :

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; Njhw;wj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; Kf;fpa muru ;fisg;

ghuhl;Lthu;.

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; RahjPdk; fhf;fg;gl;l tpjj;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.



8.1.1 Muk;gKk; rpwe;j kd;du;fSk;

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; ,aw;if mikT

fz;b ,uhrjhdpahdJ Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdpf;F cl;gl;l gpuNjrkhf

,Ue;jik

Nrdh rk;kj tpf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; fPo; RahjPd murhfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

[atPu gz;lhu> fuypaj;j gz;lhu Mfpa kd;du;fs;

rPjhthf;if ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; fz;b ,uhrjhdpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaik

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fz;b ,uhrjhdpia Kw;Wifaply;

Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upad; vd;w ngaupy; Nfhzg;G gz;lhud; fz;b

,uhrjhdpapd; kd;ddhjy;.

Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd;

je;JNu Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;wik

FRkhrd Njtpia kze;J nfhs;sy;> muRupikiag; ngWjy;> Gjpa

mur guk;giunahd;wpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;

gydg; Nghu; (1602)

tpkyju;k #upa kd;ddJ gzpfs;

nrduj; kd;dd;

Ml;rpf;F tUjy;

Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUldhd njhlu;G

nrduj; kd;ddJ gzpfs;

,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd;

ue;njdpntyg; Nghu;

xy;yhe;jUldhd njhlu;G

14

1638 Mk; Mz;L fd;ndhUthg; Nghu;

xy;yhe;jupd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;> Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiuj;

Juj;jpabj;jy;

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; mjpfhuk; gutyhf;fk;

,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; njhlf;fk; = tPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f

kd;dd; tiu

ehaf;f tk;rj;jpdUf;F Ml;rpAupik fpilj;jy;

= tp[a uh[rpq;fd; muRupik ngwy;

fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd; murdhjy;

ehaf;f kd;du;fs; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;l njhlu;Gfs;

1766 Mk; Mz;L xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

cld;gbf;if

xy;yhe;jiuj; Juj;jpabg;gjw;F Mq;fpNyaupd; cjtpia ehLjy;

fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd; ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F mDruiz toq;Fjy;

= tpf;fpuk uh[rpq;f kd;dd;

Ml;rpf;F tUjy;

1803 Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpNyau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij Kw;Wifaply;

Kjyhsp tu;f;fj;jpdUf;Fk; kd;dDf;Fk; ,ilNa Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gly;

= tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; rpiwg;gpbf;fg;glYk; fz;b ,uhrjhdp

Mq;fpNyau; trkhjYk;

1815 fz;b cld;gbf;if

Nkw;gb ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; khztiu

<LgLj;Jf.

nraw;ghL 01


jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nghUs;fis> nraw;ghl;il

elj;Jk; jpdj;jpy; nfhz;L tUkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

,izg;G 01 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l thf;fpaq;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa epwj;

jhs;fspy; vOjTk;.

jhspy; fhzg;gLtJ (vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ) fz;b ,uhrjhdpf; fhyj;jpy;

Ml;rp nra;j kd;du;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nraw;ghLfshFk; vd

khztu;fSf;Ff; $wTk;.

,izg;G 2 ,w; Nghd;W nts;is epwj;jhs;fspy; kd;du;fspd; ngau;fis

vOJf.

me;j kd;du;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; jhis cupa

nrayl;ilapy; xl;Lk;gb mwpTWj;jTk;.

me;j nrayl;ilfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp xt;nthU kd;du;fisg;

gw;wpAk; tpgupf;fTk;.

rupahf jahupf;fg;gl;l nrayl;ilia tFg;gpy; midtUk; ghu;f;fj;jf;f

thwhff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.

15


,izg;G 01 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; kd;du;fspd; nraw;ghLfs;

,izg;G 02 xl;Ltjw;Fj; Njitahd khjpupj; jhs;fs;

vOjg;gl;l jhs;fspd; Jz;Lfs;

FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F mikag; ngl;bfs;

ngy;w;/ khf;fu; Ngidfs;

bik jhs;fs;> V4 (nts;is> epwj;) jhs;fs;


fPo;f; fhzg;gLk; epakq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

fz;b ,uhrjhdp kd;du;fspd; nraw;ghLfis tpgupg;ghu;.

kd;du;fspd; nraw;ghLfis kjpg;ghu;.

jfty;fisr; rupahff; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthu;.

FO czu;NthL nraw;gLthu;.

tplaq;fis tptupf;f Kd;tUthu;.

,izg;G 1

Gjpa mur tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; murd;

1594 Mk; Mz;L je;Jiug;Nghupy; NgNuh Nyhng];j #rhitj; Njhw;fbj;jik

1602 Mk; Mz;L gydg; Nghupy; n[udpNkh j mrNtJitj; Njhw;fbj;jik

fz;b jyjh khspifiaf; fl;baik

njy;fK tpfhiuapy; xspj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j je;jjhJit nrq;flfiyf;Ff;

nfhz;L te;J jyjh khspifapy; itj;jik.

gu;khtpypUe;J ngsj;j gpf;Fkhiu tutioj;J “cgrk;gjh” rlq;fpid

kPz;Lk; jhgpj;jik

yq;fh jpyf tpfhiu cl;gl tpfhiufisg; Gdu; epu;khzk; nra;jik

1638 Mk; Mz;L fd;ndhUthg; NghUf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpg; Nghu;j;Jf;

Nfaiu mopj;jik

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; tpupthf;fj;Jf;F cjtpaik

1638 Mk; Mz;L xy;yhe;jUldhd cld;gbf;ifapy; ifr;rhj;jpl;lik

rPak; ehl;bypUe;J gpf;Ffis tutioj;J cgrk;gjhit kPz;Lk; jhgpj;jik

jyjh Cu;tyj;Jld; Mya Cu;tyj;ijAk; ,izj;jik

ntyptpw;w ruzq;fuh vd;w ngsj;j gpf;Fitr; rq;fuh[ gjtpf;F epakpj;jik

1766 Mk; Mz;L xy;yhe;jUld; cld;gbf;if nra;jik

fz;b ,uhr;rpa jiytu;fspd;;> gpujhdpfspd; mjpfhuj;ijf; Fiwf;ff;

fLikahd eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lik

jyjh khspifapy; gj;jpupg;Git epWtpaik

Nghfk;gu thtpia mikj;jik

16

,izg;G 2 (jhs; Jz;Lfis xl;Ljy;)

1 Mk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; 2 Mk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd;

fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd;

17

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : ,yq;if muru;fspd; rpwg;igg;ghuhl;br; RNjr

kuGupikfisg; ghJfhf;f Kidthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;Lj;

jfty;fspD}lhf RNjrj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww;NgWfs; :

fz;bf;fhy rPtNdhgha Kiwfis tpgupg;ghu;.

fz;bf; fhy fl;llf;fiy kw;Wk; ifj;jpwd; fiyfs;

gw;wpa jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.



8.1.2 nghUshjhu Kiw

jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhu Kiw epytpaik

tptrhak; Kf;fpa tho;thjhukhf tpsq;fpaik

tay; epyq;fspy; gapu;r; nra;if> Nridg; gapu;r; nra;if> tPl;Lj; Njhl;lk;>

fhy;eil tsu;g;G vd;gd fhzg;gl;lik

kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; gbf;fl;L Kiw tay;fspy; tptrhak; Nkw;nfhs;sg;

gl;lik

Ra cjtp KiwAk; gu];gu cjtp (me;jk;> ifa Kiwfs;) fhzg;gl;lik

gy;NtW ifj;njhopy;fs; ,Ue;jik

ifj;njhopy; guk;giu Kiw fhzg;gl;lik

gpuNjrq;fSf;nfdr; rpwg;ghd ifj;njhopy;fs; fhzg;gl;lik

cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; epytpaik

cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk;

ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;

8.1.3 fl;llf;fiyAk;> ifj;jpwd;fiyfSk;

fl;llf; fiy

1. rkak; rhu;e;j fl;llq;fs;

jyjh khspif> mk;gf;if Myak;> yq;fhj; jpyf tpfhiu> ,e;J

Myaq;fs; Mfpad gpujhd fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf; fiyf; fhzg;gl;lik

2. mur khspiffs;> nry;te;ju;fsJ tPLfs; (tsTfs;)

rpj;jpuf;fiy

rpj;jpuq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs;;

fz;b ,uhrjhdpf; fhyr; rpj;jpuq;fspd; rpwg;ghd ,ay;Gfs;

18

ifj;jpwd; fiyfs;

ahidj; je;j

gpj;jis

muf;F

NtW ifj;jpwd; fiyfs; (gha;> nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfs;)

rkaKk; r%fKk;

rka epiy

- ngsj;j rkak;

- ,e;J rkak;

- ,];yhk; rkak;

rka tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

ntyptpw;w ruzq;fuhtpd; fPo; rka vOr;rp

- cgrk;gjh rlq;fpid Muk;gpj;jy;

- gpupntdhf;fy;tpia Muk;gpj;jy; (epakfe;j gpupntdh)

- E}y; ntspapl;lik

- tpfhiufisg; Gdu;epu;khzk; nra;jik

- gpf;Fkhupd; xOf;ff;Nfhit

r%f epiy

- rhjp Kiwapyhd njhopy;fs;

- FLk;g mikg;G

- rhjp Kiw

- tpthfk;

Nkw;gb ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; khztiu

<LgLj;Jf.

nraw;ghL 1

,izg;G 01 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s gbtj;ij bik jhspy; tiue;J

tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.

tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fis %d;W FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jg; gpujhd

nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; %d;wpidAk; FOTf;F xd;whff; nfhLf;fTk;.

khztu; njhif $Ljyhf ,Ug;gpd; FOf;fspd; njhifia mjpfupf;fTk;.

cg gpupTfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisj; NjLk; nghWg;igf;

FOf;fspd; mq;fj;jtu;fsplk; xg;gilAq;fs; (ghlE}ypy; ,Ue;J)

Njba jfty;fisj; jhs;fspy; vOJf.

rupahfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l gj;jpuq;fis tFg;gpy; midtUk; ghu;f;fj;

jf;fjhfj; njhq;f tpLf.

19

gbf;fl;L Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;l tay;

fz;bf;fhy Xtpankhd;W

20


,izg;G 01

bik jhs;

ngy;w;/ khf;fu; Ngidfs;



fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; gpujhd nghUshjhu eltbf;ifis tptupg;ghu;.

nghUshjhu eltbf;ifspd; rpwg;Gf;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

jfty; gj;jpuj;ijr; rupahf mikg;ghu;.


Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; Ntiyfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;thu;.

21

,iz

g;G 1

tptrhak;

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new; gapu;r;

nra;if

ney; t

if

Nridg; gapu;r;

nra;if

gapu; tif

tPl;Lj; Njhl;lr;

nra;if

gapu; tif

fhy

;eil

tsu;g;G

gpuhz

pfs;

ifj;njhopy;

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ifj;njhopy;fs;

eilngw;w

gpuNrjq;fs;

tu;j;jfk;

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cs;ehl;L t

u;j;jfk;

tu;j;jfg; nghU

l;fs; ntspehl;L t

u;j;jfk;

Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp

fz

;b ,uhrjhdpapd; nghUshjhu

eltbf;iffs;

22

nraw;ghL 2

fz;bf;fhy fl;llf;fiyAk; ifj;jpwd; fiyAk; vDk; tplag; gug;G

cs;slq;FkhW fPo;f;fhZk; nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfr; nra;aTk;.

,izg;G 1> 2> 3 ,y; fhzg;gLk; glq;fis mtjhdpj;J mjw;fikaf;

Nfl;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.

,izg;G 1

1. ,e;jg ; glj;jpy ; fhzg;gLk;

fl;blj;jpd; ngau; vd;d?

2. mf;fl;blk; mike;Js;s efiuf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

3. ,f;fl;blj;ij epWtpa KjyhtJ

kd;dd; ahu;?

4. = tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f kd;dd;

,f;fl;blj;Jld; Nru;e;j gFjp

vd;d?

,izg;G 2

1. ,e;jg; glj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;

fl;blj;jpd; ngau; vd;d?

2. ,f;fl;llj;jpd; rpwg;G ahJ?

2. ,f;fl;blk; ve;jg; gpuNjrj;jpy;

mike;Js;sJ?

4. ,J ve;j ,uhrjhdpf; fhyj;ijr;

Nru;e;jJ?

23


,izg;G 01

,izg;G 02

,izg;G 03



fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; rkaf; fl;blq;fis milahsk; fhz;ghu;.

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; Kf;fpa fl;blq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

rkaf; fl;llq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

fl;llq;fs; rhu;e;j tpdhf;fSf;Fr; rupahf tpilaspg;ghu;.

xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gLthu;.

nraw;ghL 3

fz;bf;fhy rkak; kw;Wk; r%fk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; cs;slq;FkhW>

rpw;Nwnlhd;W jahupf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

,jid xU FOr; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.

tFg;G khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> ,izg;G

01 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ijf; FOf;fSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspf;Ff.

FOf;fspd; njhif $Ljyhf ,Ug;gpd; xU nraw;ghl;il xd;Wf;F

Nkw;gl;l FOf;fSf;F toq;fyhk;.

nraw;ghl;bw;F xU thu fhy mtfhrk; toq;fyhk;.

nraw;ghl;bd; Kbtpy; FOf;fs; jahupj;j rpw;NwLfspy; mlq;fpAs;s

tplaq;fis tpgupf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

khztuJ jpwikfisAk; FiwghLfisAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

rupahd jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa rpw;NwLfis> tFg;G khztupd;

gad;ghLfis tFg;gpy; itj;jpUf;f.

24

,izg;G 01


“fz;b ,uhrjhdpf; fhyj;jpy; rka epiy” vd;w jiyg;gpy; rpw;Nwnlhd;W

jahupf;Ff.

ghlE}y; kw;Wk; Vida E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; vd;gdtw;wpypUe;J

,jw;fhfj; jfty;fisg; ngwTk;.

nghUj;jkhd glq;fs;> tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs; vd;gdtw;iwr;

Nrfupj;J Mf;fG+u;tkhfr; rpw;Nwl;ilj; jahupf;fTk;.

FOtpy; midtiuAk; gq;F gw;wr; nra;aTk;.

Mrpupau; $Wk; ehspy; jahupj;j E}ypy; cs;slq;fpa tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.


“fz;b ,uhrjhdpf; fhyj;jpy; r%f epiy” vd;w jiyg;gpy; rpw;Nwnlhd;W

jahupf;Ff.

ghlE}y; kw;Wk; Vida E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; vd;gdtw;wpypUe;J

,jw;fhfj; jfty;fisg; ngwTk;.

nghUj;jkhd glq;fs;> tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs; vd;gdtw;iwr;

Nrfupj;J Mf;fG+u;tkhd rpw;Nwnlhd;iwj; jahu; nra;aTk;.

FOtpy; midtiuAk; gq;F gw;wr; nra;aTk;.

Mrpupau; $Wk; ehspy; jahupj;j E}ypy; cs;slq;fpa tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.


fPo;f;fhzg;gLk; epakq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

fz;b ,uhrjhdpf; fhy rka kw;Wk; r%f epiyia tpgupg;ghu;.

fz;b ,uhrjhdpf; fhyj;jpy; kf;fspilNa fhzg;gl;l tpOkpaq;fis

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

fz;b ,uhrjhdpf; fhyj;jpypUe;J jw;fhy rKjhak; ngwf;$ba

Kd;khjpupfis tptupg;ghu;.


rpw;Nwl;il Mf;fG+u;tkhfj; jahupg;ghu;.

25

myF 8.3 INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp

kWkyu;r;rp vd;gjd; fUj;J kPz;Lk; kyu;jy; vd;gjhFk;. “gz;ila fpNuf;f -

cNuhk gz;ghLfs; kPz;Lk; capu; ngw;wd” vd;w fUj;jpy; INuhg;gpa tuyhw;wpy;

kWkyu;r;rp vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. gjpide;jhk;> gjpdhwhk;

E}w;whz;Lfspy; INuhg;ghtpy; fy;tp> rkak;> tpQ;Qhdk;> fiy Kjyhd

Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; “kWkyu;r;rp” vdg;gLfpwJ. INuhg;ghtpy;

kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk;> Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; vd;gd

INuhg;ghtpd; gz;ghl;ilAk; rpe;jid KiwiaAk; Gjpa ghijf;F nfhz;L

te;jJld; rKjhaj;jpy; ePz;l fhy jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jTk; top tFj;jJ.

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : tuyhw;W uPjpahd cyfg; Nghf;Ffs;> ,yq;if

tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fis tprhupj;jwpe;J>

jkJ kuGu pikfisAk; > jdpj ;Jtj ;ijAk;

ghJfhj;J> cyfpd; Nghf;Ffis vjpu; nfhs;Sk;

typikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : INuhg;ghtpd; Nghf;if khw;wpaikg;gjpy; kWkyu;r;rp

nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tpjj;ijg; gFg;gha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 12

fw;ww;NgWfs; :

• kWkyu;r;rp vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.

• kWkyu;r;rp vw;gLtjw;fhd gpd;dzpiaj; njspT

gLj;Jthu;.

• mwpTj;Jiwapy; kWkyu;r;rp gw;wp cjhuzq;fSld;

tpgupg;ghu;.

• Gjpa Kbahl;rp Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wik njhlu;ghd

jfty;fis Kd; itg;ghu;.

• Gjpa tu;j;jf Kiw Njhd;wpa tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

• Gjpa tpQ;Qhd fz;L gpbg;Gf;fis cjhuzq;

fSld; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

• kjr; rPu;;j;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;

itg;ghu;.

• rpe;jid Kiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisAk; mjd;

jhf;fq;fisAk; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

26



kWkyu;r;rpapd; gpd;dzp

gjpide;jhk;> gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; INuhg;ghtpy; fy;tp> rkak;>

tpQ;Qhdk;> fiy Mfpa Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk; kWkyu;r;rp vdg;gLk;.

,jd;gb kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; gz;ila fpNuf;f> cNuhk gz;ghL Gj;Japu;

ngw;wJ vDk; fUj;ij ,J Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ.

kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1. nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; efu; xl;Nlhkd; JUf;fpauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik

2. tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpAw;wikAk; nry;te;j tu;f;fj;jpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikAk;

3. mwpT tsu;r;rp

kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gly;

mwpT tsu;r;rp

gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; gutyile;jikAk; fy;tpkhd;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikAk;

fpNuf;f> ,yj;jpd; nkhopfs; Gj;Japu; ngw;wik

,f;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j vOj;jhsu;fs;

- jhe;Nj> ngl;uhf;> nghf;fhrpNah (,j;jhyp)

Njhk]; %u;> gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd; (,q;fpyhe;J)

khdplthjk; vOr;rpAw;wik

ifj;jpwd; fiyfs;

- fiyQu;fs; RahjPdkhfj; jkJ jpwikfis ntspg;gLj;jpg;

gilg;Gf;fis Mf;fpaik

- cyfpay; ,uridia tpUk;gpa nry;te;ju;> ifj;jpwd; fiyfspd;

tsu;r;rpf;F MjuT ey;fpaik

- Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> fl;llf;fiy

Xtpaf;fiy

,j;jhypapy; GNshud;]; efu; Gjpa Xtpaf; fiyiaj;; Njhw;Wtpj;j kj;jpa

epiyakhf tpsq;fpaik

ypadhNlh lhtpd;rp> ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh> ughnay; Kjyhd fiyQu;fs;

Njhd;wpaik

rpw;gf; fiy

ryitf; fy;ypdhy; rpw;gq;fs; mikj;jy;

ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh rpwe;j rpw;gf; fiyQuhf tpsq;fpaik

fl;blf; fiy

cNuhkf; fl;blf; fiy

27

gpnal;lh rpw;gk;

kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy Xtpankhd;W

28

kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fs;

fj;Njhypf;fj; jpUr;rigapd; gytPdq;fs; tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shdik

khl;bd; Y}ju;> N[hd; fy;tpd; vd;Nghu; Kd;Ndhbahf nraw;gl;lik

Gjpa tpQ;Qhd fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;

mfpyk; njhlu;ghd Gjpa fUj;Jf;fs; ntspg;gly;

Gtp ikaf; fUj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf #upa ikaf; fUj;J Kd;itf;fg;gly;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs;

epf;fy]; nfhgu;dpf;f]; - Nfhs;fs; #upaidr; Rw;wp tUfpd;wik

iaj; njspTgLj;jpaik

fypypNah fypyp - njhiyNehf;fpiaf; fz;L gpbj;jik

Qhapw;Wj; njhFjpapd; xd;gJ Nfhs;

fisf; fz;L gpbj;jik

n[h`d;d]; nfg;yu; - Nfhs;fs; midj;Jk; #upaid ePs; tl;lg;

ghijapy; Rw;wp tUtjhff; fz;L

gpbj;jik

Nru; Irf; epA+l;ld; - GtpaPu;g;Gf; nfhs;ifia Kd;itj;jik

kUj;Jtj;Jiw

ngury;r]; - ntt;NtW #oy; njhFjpfspy; Neha;fs;

Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; mtw;iwf;

Fzkhf;Fk; toptiffs; vd;gd gw;wpa

Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;lik

ikf;fy; ru;Ntl;];> - FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lj; njhFjp gw;wpa Ma;T

tpy;ypak; `hNt elj;jpaik

Vidait

rPdhtpypUe;J Nkw;F ehLfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;w mr;Rf; fiyapd;

mbg;gilapy; n[h`d;d]; Fld;Ngu;f; mr;rpae;jpuj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;jik

nraw;ghL 1

Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; FW tpdh - tpilg; Gj;jfk;

xd;W jahupf;fTk;.

,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfr; nra;aTk;.

kWkyu;r;rp vd;w ghlk; njhlu;ghf tpdhf;fs; jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd

mwpTWj;jTk;.

tpdhg; Gj;jfk; jahupf;fj; Njitahd tpdhf;fis tPl;by; Maj;jg;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;L (jahupj;Jf; nfhz;L) tu re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.

jahupf;f Ntz;ba cr;r msT tpdhf;fspd; njhifiaf; $wTk;.

,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s khjpup tpdhf;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;fp

tpsf;fkspf;fTk;.

29

tpdh tpilg; Gj;jfj;ij Mf;fG+u;tkhf cUthf;FkhW mwpTiu toq;fTk;.

khztu;fs; jahupj;j tpdh - tpilg; Gj;jfq;fis mtjhdpj;J Fiw

epiwfisf; fhl;b FiwghLfis eptu;j;jpf;f topg;gLj;jTk;.

tFg;igr; rpy FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J tpdh - tpilg; Gj;jfq;fisj;

Jizahff; nfhz;L Nghl;b elhj;jTk;.

,izg;G 1

khjpup tpdhf;fs;

kWkyu;r;rp vd;why; vd;d?

2. kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Xtpaf; fiyapy; Vw;gl;l ,uz;L khw;wq;fis

vOJf.

3. INuhg;ghtpy; kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j rpwe;j Xtpau; xUtupd; ngaiuf;

jUf.

4. kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w Gfo; tha;e;j Xtpaq;fs; ,uz;ilf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

5. ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh epu;khzpj;j rpwe;j rpw;gq;fs; ,uz;bd; ngau;fis

vOJf.

6. Nfhs;fs; #upaid ePs;tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd vd;gijf;

fz;Lgpbj;j tpQ;Qhdp ahu;?

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :

gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;jTk;.

kWkyu;r;rp vd;w ghlj;jpw;F mika tpdhf;fs; jahupg;ghu;.

tpdhf;fisr; rupahfTk; Njitahd njhifapYk; jahupg;ghu;.

tpdh - tpilg; Nghl;bapy; gq;Fgw;Wthu;.

FOf;fshf xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

MrpupauJ mwpTiufisg; gpd;gw;Wthu;.

nraw;ghL 02

Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fSf;F mika kWkyu;r;rp njhlu;ghd Xtpak;/

glq;fs; mlq;fpa fhl;rpg;gyif xd;iwj; jahpj;jy;.


tFg;ig ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;. (khztu;fs; njhif mjpfkhapd;

FOf;fspd; njhifia mjpfupf;fTk;)

xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; ,izg;G 02 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jiyg;igf;

nfhLf;fTk;.

fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;s jiyg;Gf;F mikag; glq;fs;> tpsf;fg;glq;fs;

vd;gtw;iwr; Nrfupf;Fk;gb khztu;fSf;F mwptpf;fTk;.

nraw;ghL eilngWk; jpdj;ij xU thuj;jpw;F Kd;du; khztu;fSf;F

mwptpf;fTk;.

Nrfupj;j glq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;l jpdj;jpy; nfhz;L tUk;gb $wTk;.

30

jbj;j kl;il xd;wpid Maj;jk; nra;aTk;. ,izg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW

ehd;F jiyg;Gf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.

jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd glq;fs;/ tpsf;fg;glq;fs; mjpy; xl;Lk; gb

khztu;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;fTk;.

me;jg; glq;fs;/ rpj;jpuj;ijg; ngaupl;L> mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kf;fpa

trdj;ij vOJk;gbf; $wTk;.

khztu; Mf;fj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.


jbj;j kl;il (Box board)> gir> ngy;w;Ngid/ khf;fu; Ngdhf;fs;


gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;il elj;jTk;.

kWkyu;r;rpapd; %yk; fpilj;j Gjpa gilg;ghf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

kWkyu;r;rpf; fhy gilg;ghf;fq;fs; cs;slq;fpa glj;jpul;nlhd;W jahupg;ghu;.

kWkyu;r;rpf;fhyg; Gjpa fz;L gpbg;Gf;fis kjpg;ghu;;.

FOthf ,ize;J xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

nraw;ghl;bd; ntw;wpf;fhf Mu;tj;Jld; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.

,izg;G 02

fz;fhl;rpg;gyif jahupg;gjw;fhd jiyg;Gf;fs;

kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyr; rpj;jpuf; fiy

2. kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyr; rpw;gf; fiy

3. kWkyu;r;rpf; fhy fl;blf; fiy

4. kWkyu;r;rpf; fhy Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;

31

myF 8.4 ehLfhz; gazq;fSk; INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fs;

fPioj;Njrq;fSf;F tUjYk;

INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l kWkyu;r;rpapd; tpisthf INuhg;gpau; Gjpa tu;j;jfg;

ghijfisf; fz;lwpe;jikNa ehLfhzy; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd

ehLfhz; gazq;fs; fhuzkhf cyfpd; ngUk; gFjp INuhg;gpaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F

cl;gl;lJ. INuhg;gpau; Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh> mnkupf;fh Mfpa fz;lq;fspy;

gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;iwf; ifg;gw;wp me;ehLfspd;

nry;tq;fisnay;yhk; INuhg;ghTf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;wdu;. ehLfhz; gazq;fspy;

INuhg;gpau; <Lgl;lik> mtu;fs; fz;lwpe;j ehLfs;> ehLfhz; gazq;fspy;

<Lgl;l egu;fs;> ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; tpisTfs; vd;gd kPJ cq;fsJ

ftdk; <u;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : tuyhw;W uPjpahd cyfg; Nghf;Ffs; ,yq;if

tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fis tprhupj;jwpe;J

jkJ kuGupikfisAk; jdpj;Jtj;ijAk; ghJfhj;J>

cyfpd; Nghf;Ffis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; typikiag;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;wpa ehLfhz; ,af;fj;ijg;

gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 08

fw;ww;NgWfs; :

ehLfhz; ,af;fk; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

ehLfhz; ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;wpaikf;fhd

fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

ehLfhz; gazq;fSld; njhlu;Gila egu;fisAk;

ehLfisAk; ngaupLthu;.

tu;j;jfg; ghijfspd; topNa Gjpa ehLfisf;

fz;Lgpbj;j tpjj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fs; fPioj; Njrq;fSf;F tUif

je;jik njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

ehLfhz; ,af;fj;ijf; fhl;Lk; gpujhd ghijfs;>

ehLfs; kw;Wk; ,lq;fisj; Njrg;glnkhd;wpy;

Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLthu;.

32

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy; :gpd;tUk; ghl tplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; gpd;dzp INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fs; Gjpa flw; ghij topahf cyfpy; mJtiu

milahsk; fhzg;glhj ehLfisAk; fly;fisAk; fz;lwpe;jikNaehLfhzy; vdg;gLfpwJ.

ehLfhz; gazq;fspd;kPJ gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;s fhuzpfs; fPioj;Nja kw;Wk; Nkiyj;Nja jiutop tzpfg; ghijfs; jilg;gl;lik mur mDruiz fpilj;jik gpnu];uu;> N[hd; vDk; fpwpj;jt muR fz;lwpag;gl;lik ehL NjLYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd #oy; INuhg;ghtpy; fhzg;gl;lik

ehLfhz; gazq;fSld; njhlu;Gila egu;fs; gu;j;jnyhkpa]; la]; th];nfhlfhkh fpwp];Nlhgu; nfhyk;g]; mnkupNfh nt];Grp Ngu;bdd;l; kfyd; t];Nfh epAnd]; ngNghth gpud;rp];Nfh gprhNuh [f;t]; fhu;bau; fnghl; rNfhjuu;fs; n`d;wp `l;rd; Kk;g;gpNsd; khf;tpl;Nl Ngu;bdd;Nlh Nfhu;NlR

ehLfhz; gazq;fspy; <Lgl;l ehLfs; Nghu;j;Jf;fy; ];ngapd; xy;yhe;J ,q;fpyhe;J gpuhd;R

fPioj;Njaj;Jf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhff; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Gjpa fly; khu;f;fq;fSk;fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l ehLfSk; mnkupf;fh gpNwrpy; ed;dk;gpf;if Kid Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfs; ,e;jpah

INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUjy;

INuhg;gpau; MrpahTf;F te;jjd; Nehf;fq;fs; Mrpahtpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l gz;lq;fisg; ngWjy; K];ypk;fs; trkpUe;j fPioj;Nja tu;j;jf cupikia INuhg;gpau; ifg;gw;Wjy; fpwp];jt rkaj;ijg; gug;Gjy; MrpahTf;F te;j INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fs;

- Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;- xy;yhe;ju;- gpuhd;rpau;

- gpupj;jhdpau;

33

nraw;ghLNkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; fPo;fhZk; nraw;ghl;by;

khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.


,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij kztu;fSf;F

toq;fTk;.

jug;gl;Ls;s mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F mikar; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; FO 1

jug;gl;Ls;s cyfg; GwTUtg;glj;jpy; ehLfhz; eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;l

INuhg;gpa ehLfisg; ngaupl;L epwe;jPl;bf; fhl;Lf.

- Nghu;j;Jf;fy; - ];ngapd; - ,q;fpyhe;J (gpupj;jhdpah)

- xy;yhe;J (neju;yhe;J) - gpuhd;];

nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; FO 2

jug;gl;Ls;s cyfg; GwTUtg;glj;jpy; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fs; fPioj; Njrq;fSf;F te;j fly; topg;ghij

Nkw;F> fpof;F ehLfis ,izj;j fly; topg; ghijapd; Kf;fpa ,lq;fs;

nrayl;il FO 3

INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fs; ehLNjly; eltbf;iffspy; ftdQ; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd

fhuzq;fisj; jUf.

INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fspd; tUif vd;gJ Fwpj;J RUf;fkhd Fwpg;G vOJf.

nrayl;il FO 4

INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fspd; fPioj;Nja tUif vDk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu

vOJtjw;fhf tplaq;fis tupirg;gLj;Jf.

ju tpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

cyfg; GwTUtg;glk;


gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;bid elhj;jTk;.

ehLfhz; gazq;fs; kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fs; fPNoj;Nja ehLfSf;F

te;jik gw;wpa jftiy Kd;itg;ghu;.

ehLfhz; gazq;fs; fhuzkhf cyfk; tpuptile;j tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

INuhg;gpau; fPo;ehLfSf;F te;jik gw;wpj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mwpTiufspd;gb nraw;gLthu;.

FOtpy; xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

34

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : ehnlhd;wpy; ntspehl;L Mjpf;fk; fl;bnaOg;gg;

gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis>

Nkiyj; Njrj;jtu ;fs; ,yq;ifapy ; jkJ

mjpfhuj ;ij epiyehl ;bajD}lhf EZfp

Nehf;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : Nghu ;j ;Jf ;Nfau ; ,yq;ifapd ; fiuNahug ;

gpuNjrq;fspy; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij epiy ehl;ba

tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 07

fw;ww;NgWfs; :

• Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;if kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jpaikf;

fhd fhuzq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

• Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; te;jNghJ ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l

murpay; epiyia tpgupg;ghu;.

• Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpy;

mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;bf; nfhz;l re;ju;g;gq;fis

tpsf;Fthu;.

myF 8.5 ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fs;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fPo; tUjy;

15 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpastpy; INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fs; gy Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld;

fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F te;jdu;. ,t;thW te;jtu;fspy; Kjd; Kjypy; ,yq;iff;F

te;j INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhtu;. 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; tUifAld; ,yq;ifapd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f>

gz;ghl;Lj; Jiwfspy; gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; Vw;glyhapd.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;> mtu;fs; tUk;NghJ

,e;ehl;by; epytpa murpay; epiy> ,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fk;

epiyehl;lg;gl;lik vd;gd njhlu;ghf ,e;j myfpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

mj;NjhL Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; aho;g;ghzk;> fz;b Mfpa ,uhrjhdpfSld;

nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;G> Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; Ml;rpapd; fhuzkhf ,e;ehl;by; Vw;gl;l

nghUshjhu> r%fg; gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fs; vd;gd gw;wp ,e;j myfpy; ftdQ;

nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.

35



5.1 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpfhuj;ij

epiyehl;Ljy;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;ifkPJ ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;if kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jpajw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1505 Mk; Mz;L Nyhnwd;Nrh b my;Nklh ,yq;iff;F tUjy;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;iff;F tUk;NghJ ,q;F epytpa murpay; epiyik

,yq;if %d;W ,uhrjhdpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jik

- Nfhl;il> kiyehL> aho;g;ghzk;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; Nfhl;il> rPjhthf;if Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;bUe;j

njhlu;Gfs;

- 1521 Mk; Mz;L tp[aghF nfhiy

- khahJd;idf;Fk; Vohk; GtNdfghFtpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghLfSk;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; jiyaPLfSk;

- ju;kghydpd; cUtr;rpiy Nghu;j;Jf;fYf;F mDg;gg;gl;L Kb#l;L

tpf;fg;gly;

- GtNdfghF kd;ddpd; kuzk;

- Fkud; ju;kghyd; murdhjy;

- ju;kghy murDk; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk; nfhOk;Gf; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; vy;iyg;

gLj;jg;gly;

- ju;kghyd; md;gspg;G cWjpg;gj;jpuk; %yk; Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdpiag;

Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fj; jhiuthu;j;jy;

rPjhthf;if ,uhrjhdp

khahJd;idapd; nraw;ghLfSk; rPjhthf;ifapd; vOr;rpAk;

Ky;Nyupahg; Nghu;

rPjhthf;ifapd; vOr;rp - iufikia ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sy;> kj;jpa kiy

ehl;il ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sy;

Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F vjpuhf nraw;gl;lik

rPjhthf;if murpd; tPo;r;rpAk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; mjidf; ifg;gw;WjYk;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fz;b ,uhrjhdpAld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs;

fz;b ,uhrjhdp kd;du;fs; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs;

rkhjhdj; njhlu;Gfs;

c-k;: Nfhl;il> rPjhthf;if Mfpa ,uhrjhdpfspd; jhf;Fjyhy; Vw;gl;l

rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f kiyehl;L kd;du;fs; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd;

cjtpia ehbaik

kiyehl;L Kw;Wiffs;

je;JNw> gyd> ue;njdpty> fd;ndhWit Mfpa Nghu;fs;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdpAld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs;

36

nraw;ghL 01

Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; fPo;f;fhZk; nraw;ghl;by;


,jidj; jdpr; nraw;ghlhfr; nra;aTk;.

,izg;G 1 ,y; cs;s ,yq;ifg; GwTUtg;glj;ij khztu;fSf;F

toq;fTk;.

,izg;G 2 ,y; cs;s nraw;ghl;by; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.


,yq;ifg; GwTUtg;glk; - ,izg;G 01


gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;bid Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;iff;F tUk;NghJ ,q;F fhzg;gl;l murpay; myFfisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

1521 Mk; Mz;by; gpd;du; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; gpupTw;w tpjj;ijj; njspT

gLj;Jthu;.

murpay; myFfs; gpupTw;W ,Ue;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

Njrg; glj;jpy; rupahff; Fwpf;Fk; El;gKiwiag; gpd;gw;Wthu;.

cupa Neu tiuaiwapDs; fUkj;ijr; nra;J Kbg;ghu;.

37

,izg;G 01

fpNyhkPw;wu;

38

,izg;G 02

mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,yq;ifg; GwTUtg;glj;jpy; Nfhl;il> rPjhthf;if>

iwfik Mfpa ,uhrjhdpfspd; vy;iyfisr; rptg;G epwj;jpy; tiuaTk;.

me;j ,uhrjhdpfisg; ngauplTk;

Njrg;glg;Gj;jfj;jpdJk; ghl E}ypdJk; cjtpAld; Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdpf;F

cupa gFjpfis kQ;rs; epwj;jpYk;> fz;b ,uhrjhdpf;Fupa gFjpfisg;

gr;ir epwj;jpYk; aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdpf;Fupa gFjpfis ,sQ; rptg;G

epwj;jpYk; epow;Wf.

gpd;tUk; ,lq;fis ,yq;ifg; GwTUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpf;fTk;.

nfhOk;G> Nfhl;il> nfhl;bahuk;> kd;dhu;> fhyp> fz;b> aho;g;ghzk; Mfpa

efuq;fs;

nraw;ghL 02 Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;jYf;F Nkyjpfkhfg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;bidAk;

tFg;gpy; elj;jTk;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;iff;F tUjy;> mtu;fs; Nfhl;il> fz;b> aho;g;ghzk;

Mfpa ,uhrjhdpfSld; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jpa tpjk; vd;gd njhlu;ghf

tpdh - tpil epfo;r;rpnahd;wpid elhj;jTk;.

tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;

,U FOf;fSf;Fk; ,U jiytu;fisj; njupT nra;aTk;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l ghl tpla mbg;gilapy; ,ad;w msT tpdhf;fs;

jahupf;Fk;gb $wTk;.

jahupj;j tpdhf;fis tpilAld; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;gb $wTk;.

tpdhf;fs; jahupg;gjw;F xU ghlNtisia toq;fTk;.

mLj;j ghlNtisapy; tpdh - tpil epfo;r;rpia elj;jTk;

Nghl;bapd; tpjpfs;> Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gLk; Kiw> epge;jidfs; vd;gdtw;iwg;

nghUj;jkhdthW jahu; nra;aTk;.

jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fisf; FOj;jiytu;fs; %yk; vjpu;j;jug;gpduplk;

tpdtTk;.

,U jug;gpduJk; Gs;spfisf; fUk;gyifapy; gjpT nra;aTk;.

vy;yh khztu;fSk; gq;Nfw;ff; $ba tpjj;jpy; tpdh> tpil epfo;r;rpia

elj;jTk;

khztu; nraw;ghl;bd; epiw> Fiwfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;bg; ghlj;ij kPsha;T

nra;aTk;.

gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;iff;F tUjy; kw;Wk; Nfhl;il> fz;b> aho;g;ghzk;

Mfpa ,uhrjhdpfSld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs; vd;gd gw;wpa jfty;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

Nghu;j;Jf;NfauJ Ml;rp fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpy; epiyngWtjw;fhd

fhuzq;fis vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fj;jpw;F mikthf tpdh - tpil jahupf;fg; goFthu;.

FOtpy; xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

ntw;wp Njhy;tpiar; rkkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

39

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : ehnlhd;wpy; ntspehl;L Mjpf;fk; fl;bnaOg;gg;

gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis>

Nkiyj; Njrj;jtu ;fs; ,yq;ifapy ; jkJ

mjpfhuj ;ij epiyehl ;bajD}lhf EZfp

Nehf;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rpAk;> nghUshjhu gz;ghl;L

eltbf;iffSk; ,yq;if tuyhw;wpd; kPJ nrYj;jpa

nry;thf;ifg; gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; :

,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf;NfauJ Ml;rpapd; jd;ikia

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu

eltbf;iffis tpgupg;ghu;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rpapd; tpisthf ,e;ehl;Lg;

gz;ghl;Lld; ,ize;J nfhz;l Gjpa mk;rq;fis

tpsf;Fthu;.



Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f gz;ghl;L eltbf;iffs;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rp

Nghu;j;Jf;NfauJ Ml;rpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs;

- jkJ Ml;rpg; gpuNjrj;jpy; tu;j;jfj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jik

- thridj; jputpaq;fs;> fKF (ghf;F)> ahidj;je;jk;> Kj;J>

,uj;jpdf;fw;fs; vd;gd Kf;fpa tu;j;jfg; nghUs;fshf tpsq;fpaik

r%f> gz;ghl;L eltbf;iffs;

cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f rkak; ,yq;ifapy; gutpaik

kp\dup (kiwgug;G) FUkhu;fs; %yk; rkaf; fy;tp Gfl;baik

eyd;Gupg; gzpfis Muk;gpj;jik

cjh: ];gpupl;ly;> klk;

Vida fyhrhu mk;rq;fSk; ,ize;jik

cjh: cil> czT> FLk;gg; ngau;fs;> rq;fPjk;> fiy

40

nraw;ghL

Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; fPo;fhZk; nraw;ghLfspy;



tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.

,izg;G 1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ijf; FOf;fSf;F

toq;fTk;.

tFg;gpy; FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpd; xU nraw;ghl;Lg;

gj;jpuj;ij xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l FOf;fSf;F toq;fyhk;.

nraw;ghl;bd; Kbtpy; mtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;.

khztu; nraw;ghl;bd; epiw> Fiwfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;bg; ghlj;ij kPl;lha;T

nra;aTk;.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;bid Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rp kw;Wk; r%f> nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L eltbf;iffs;

njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nry;thf;Ff; fhuzkhf vkJ r%fj;jpy; Gjpjhfr; Nru;e;j

mk;rq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.


nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjp tpisit Mf;fg+u;tkhf Kd;itg;ghu;.

,izg;G 01


FO 1

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rp njhlu;ghfg; ghl E}ypd; mbg;gilapy; jfty;fisj;

jpul;lTk;.

mjd; mbg;gilapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rp njhlu;ghf> tFg;gpy;

Kd;itf;Fk; nghUl;Lg; Ngr;R xd;wpid Maj;jk; nra;f.

FOtpd; midj;J mq;fj;jtu;fspdJk; xj;Jiog;Gld; Ngr;ir tFg;gpy;

Kd; itf;Ff.


FO 2

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghfg; ghl E}ypd;

mbg;gilapy; jfty;fisj; jpul;lTk;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghf tFg;gpy;



Kd; itf;Ff.

41


FO 3

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; r%f> gz;ghl;L eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghfg; ghlE}ypd;

mbg;gilapy; jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;fTk;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; r%f> fyhrhu eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghf> tFg;gpy;



Kd;itf;Ff.

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juk; 8 - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/tGr08TG History.pdfvi fiyj;jpl;lf;FO topfhl;lYk; mDkjpAk; fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; ghl xUq;fpizg;G B.vr;.re;jpkh ep\hdp ju;kghyrpNu\;l