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Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis CoonChapter 2

Chapter 2: Brain and Behavior

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Neuron and Its Parts

Neuron: Individual nerve cell; 100 billion inbrain Dendrites: Receive messages from other

neurons Soma: Cell body; body of the neuron Axon: Carries information away from the

cell body Axon Terminals: Branches that link the

dendrites and soma of other neurons

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Figure 2.1

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Main Parts of the Neuron

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Figure 2.2

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The Nerve Impulse

Resting Potential: Electrical charge of aninactive neuron

Threshold: Trigger point for a neurons firing Action Potential: Nerve impulse

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More on Nerves

Ion Channels: Tiny holes through the axonmembrane

Negative After-Potential: When a neuron isless willing to fire

Synapse: Microscopic space between twoneurons over which messages pass

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Figure 2.3

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Figure 2.4

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Windows Mac OS 8-9 Mac OS X

Neuron and Neural Impulse

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Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that alter activity in neurons; brainchemicals Acetylcholine: Activates muscles

Dopamine: Muscle control Serotonin: Mood and appetite control

Receptor Site: Areas on the surface of neurons and other cells that are sensitive toneurotransmitters or hormones

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Normal Synaptic Transmission of Dopamine

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Synaptic Transmission

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Figure 2.6

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Neural Regulators

Neuropeptides: Brain chemicals that regulateactivity of other neurons Enkephalins: Relieve pain and stress;

similar to endorphins Endorphins: Released by pituitary gland;

also help to relieve pain

Placebos raise endorphin levels

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Interaction of Endorphins & Opiates

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Nerves and Neurons

Nerves: Large bundles of axons anddendrites

Myelin: Fatty layer of tissue that coats axons Multiple Sclerosis (MS) occurs when

myelin layer is destroyed; numbness,weakness, and paralysis occur

h l d l h d d h h d

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Nerves and Neurons (cont.)

Neurilemma: Thin layer of cells wrappedaround axons outside brain and spinal cord;forms a tunnel that damaged fibers can follow

as they repair themselves Neurogenesis: Production of new brain cells;

brain loses thousands of cells each day andgrows new neurons at same time to replacethem

P h l A M d l A h Mi d d B h i T h Edi i D i C

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Neural Networks

Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain andspinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System: All parts of thenervous system outside of the brain andspinal cord

P h l A M d l A h Mi d d B h i T h Edi i D i C

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Two Divisions of the Peripheral NervousSystem

Somatic System: Links spinal cord with bodyand sense organs; controls voluntarybehavior

Autonomic System: Serves internal organsand glands; controls automatic functions suchas heart rate and blood pressure

P h l A M d l A h t Mi d d B h i T th Editi D i C

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Two Divisions of the Autonomic NervousSystem

Sympathetic: Arouses body; emergencysystem

Parasympathetic: Quiets body; most activeafter an emotional event

P h l g A M d l A h t Mi d d B h i T th Editi D i C

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Figure 2.7

Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior Tenth Edition Dennis Coon

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Figure 2.8


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Figure 2.9


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The Spinal Cord

Spinal Nerves: 31 of them; carry sensory andmotor messages to and from the spinal cord

Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs that leave the braindirectly without passing through the spinalcord; also work to communicate messages


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The Spinal Cord and Behavior

Reflex Arc: Simplest behavior in which astimulus provokes an automatic response

Sensory Neuron: Nerve cell that carriesmessages from the senses toward the CNS

Motor Neuron: Cell that carries commandsfrom the CNS to the muscles and glands

Effector Cells: Cells capable of producing aresponse


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Researching the Brain

Ablation: Surgical removal of tissue Deep Lesioning: A thin wire electrode is

lowered into a specific area inside the brain;

Electrical current is then used to destroy asmall amount of brain tissue

Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB):When an electrode is used to activate targetareas in the brain

Electroencephalograph (EEG): A device thatdetects, amplifies, and records electrical

activity in the brain


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Figure 2.10


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Brain Imaging Techniques

Computed Tomographic Scanning (CT):Computer-enhanced X-ray of the brain or body

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Uses astrong magnetic field, not an X-ray , toproduce an image of the brain and body

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Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon

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Figure 2.11


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Figure 2.16


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Cerebral Cortex

Outer layer of the cerebrum Cerebrum: Two large hemispheres that cover

upper part of the brain

Corticalization: Increase in size and wrinklingof the cortex Cerebral Hemispheres: Right and left halves

of the cerebrum Spatial Neglect: Right hemisphere strokevictims pay no attention to the left side of visual space


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y gy pp , ,Chapter 2

Split Brains

Corpus Callosum: Bundle of fibers connectingcerebral hemispheres

In Split Brains, Corpus Callosum is cut; doneto control severe epilepsy (seizure disorder)

Result: The person now has two brains in onebody

This operation is rare and is often used as alast resort


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Figure 2.21


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The Corpus Callosum


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y gy ppChapter 2

Figure 2.18


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Chapter 2

Right Brain/Left Brain

Humans use 95 percent of our left brain for language


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Chapter 2

The Left Hemisphere

Left hemisphere is better at math, judgingtime and rhythm, and coordinating order of complex movements

Processes information sequentially


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Chapter 2

The Right Hemisphere

Right hemisphere is good at perceptual skills,and at expressing and detecting othersemotions

Processes information simultaneously


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Chapter 2

Figure 2.20


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Chapter 2

Figure 2.30


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Chapter 2

Central Cortex Lobes

Areas bordered by major grooves or fissuresor defined by their functions

Occipital Lobe: Back of brain; vision center Parietal Lobe: Just above occipital; bodilysensations such as touch, pain, and

temperature (somatosensory area)


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Chapter 2

The Occipital Lobe

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Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis CoonCh 2

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Chapter 2

The Last Two Lobes

Temporal Lobe: Each side of the brain;auditory and language centers

Frontal Lobe: Movement, sense of smell,higher mental functions Contains motor cortex; controls motor

movement

Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis CoonCh 2

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Chapter 2

Figure 2.23

Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis CoonCh t 2

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Chapter 2

The Temporal Lobe


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Chapter 2

The Frontal Lobe


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Chapter 2

Figure 2.24

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Chapter 2

Brocas Area

Language area related to grammar andpronunciation If damaged, person knows what s/he wants

to say but cant say the words


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Chapter 2

Wernickes Area

Wernickes Area: Related to languagecomprehension; in left temporal lobe If damaged, person has problems with

meanings of words, NOT pronunciation


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Chapter 2

Figure 2.28


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Chapter 2

Subcortex

All brain structures below cerebral cortex;immediately below cerebral hemispheres

Hindbrain (Brainstem) Medulla: Connects brain with the spinal cordand controls vital life functions such as heart

rate and breathing


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Chapter 2

More Subcortex Structures

Pons (Bridge): Acts as a bridge betweenbrainstem and other structures; influencessleep and arousal

Cerebellum: Located at base of brain;regulates posture, muscle tone, and muscular coordination


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Chapter 2

The Brainstem


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Chapter 2

Subcortex: Reticular Formation (RF)

Reticular Formation: Inside medulla andbrainstem Associated with alertness, attention, and

some reflexes (breathing, coughing,sneezing, vomiting)

Reticular Activating System (RAS): Part of RFthat activates cerebral cortex Its alarm clock


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p

Forebrain

Structures are part of Limbic System : Systemwithin forebrain closely linked to emotionalresponse and motivating behavior

Thalamus: Relays sensory information on tothe cortex; switchboard Hypothalamus: Regulates emotional

behaviors and motives (e.g., sex, hunger,rage, hormone release)


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p

More Forebrain Structures

Amygdala: Associated with fear responses Hippocampus: Associated with storing

permanent memories; helps us navigate

through space


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p

The Limbic System

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Figure 2.26


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Endocrine System

Glands that pour chemicals (hormones)directly into the bloodstream or lymph system

Pituitary Gland: Regulates growth via growthhormone


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Pituitary Problems

Too little means person will be smaller thanaverage Hypopituitary Dwarfs: As adults, perfectly

proportioned but tiny Treatable by using growth hormone; will

add a few inches Treatment is long and expensive


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Endocrine System (cont.)

Too much growth hormone leads to giantism(excessive body growth)

Acromegaly: Enlargement of arms, hands,feet, and facial bones; due to too muchgrowth hormone released late in growthperiod Andre the Giant

Pituitary also governs functioning of thyroid,adrenals, and gonads


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Figure 2.29


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The Pineal Gland

Regulates body rhythms and sleep cycles Releases hormone melatonin, which

responds to daily variations in light


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The Thyroid Gland

Thyroid: In neck; regulates metabolism Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid;

person tends to be thin, tense, excitable,

nervous Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid;

person tends to be inactive, sleepy, slow,obese


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The Adrenal Glands

Adrenals: Arouse body, regulate salt balance,adjust body to stress, regulate sexualfunctioning; located on top of kidneys

Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine(also known as adrenaline andnoradrenalin)


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The Adrenal Glands (cont.)

Adrenal Medulla: Source of epinephrine andnorepinephrine

Adrenal Cortex: Produces hormones knownas corticoids Regulate salt balance Deficiency in some types will cause

powerful salt cravings in humans


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Adrenal Hormones

Epinephrine arouses body; is associated withfear

Norepinephrine arouses body; is linked withanger


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Adrenal Problems

Oversecretion of adrenal sex hormones cancause virilism: exaggerated malecharacteristics (Bearded woman)

May also cause premature puberty if occurs early in life


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Figure 2.31


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Handedness

Preference for right or left hand in mostactivities

Dominant Hemisphere: Term usually appliedto the side of the human brain that produceslanguage

Lateralization: Specialization in abilities of brain hemispheres

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