JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGYVOLUME 15 * NUMBER 1 * JANUARY 1982

EDITORIAL BOARDHenry D. Isenberg, Editor-in-Chief (198

Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical CenNew Hyde Park, N. Y.

Herman Friedman, Editor (1985)College of Medicine

University of South FloridaTampa, Fla.

Michael R. McGinnis, Editor (1985North Carolina Memorial Hospita

Chapel Hill, N.C.

Nathalie J. Schmidt, Editor (1985)California Department of Health,

Berkeley, Calif.5) Peter B. Smith, Editor (1984)l Centers for Disease Control,

Atlanta, Ga.

Libero Ajello (1982)William L. Albritton (1984)James R. Allen (1982)Stephen D. Allen (1984)Daniel Amsterdam (1983)Ann M. Arvin (1984)Lawrence Ash (1983)Arthur L. Barry (1984)Barry Beaty (1984)John F. Bennett (1982)Jennifer M. Best (1984)E. L. Bieberstein (1983)M. J. Blaser (1984)Victor D. Bokkenhauser (1982)Edward J. Bottone (1983)Don J. Brenner (1983)George F. Brooks (1984)Walter S. Ceglowski (1983)Sotiros D. Chaparas (1982)Wallace A. Clyde, Jr. (1982)B. H. Cooper (1983)Marie B. Coyle (1984)George Cukor (1984)Richard F. D'Amato (1983)Jules L. Dienstag (1983)Steven D. Douglas (1984)Walter R. Dowdle (1982)W. E. Dunkelberg (1984)Bennett L. Elisberg (1982)Richard W. Emmons (1983)Mario R. Escobar (1983)Richard Facklam (1982)James D. Fenters (1982)Mary Jane Ferraro (1984)Patricia Ferrieri (1983)Sydney M. Finegold (1982)Maxwell Finland (1983)James Folds (1984)Marianne Forsgren (1984)Lynn S. Garcia (1983)Thomas L. Gavan (1983)W. Lance George (1984)Gerald L. Gillardi (1983)Robert C. Good (1982)Norman L. Goodman (1983)

Monica Grandien (1984)Dieter Groschel (1983)Peter A. Gross (1983)Joseph Guarneri (1984)James L. Hardy (1984)Maurice W. Harmon (1982)George R. Healy (1983)Kenneth L. Herrmann (1982)Lillian V. Holdeman (1982)Milton Huppert (1984)Russell C. Johnson (1982)Wallace L. Jones (1983)Anthony R. Kalica (1984)John Kately (1983)Leo Kaufman (1984)Douglas S. Kellogg (1984)George E. Kenny (1982)Wesley E. Kloos (1982)George P. Kubica (1982)Geoffrey Land (1984)Walter J. Loesche (1982)James D. MacLowry (1983)William J. Martin (1983)Laurence R. McCarthy (1983)Joseph E. McDade (1982)Jerry R. McGhee (1982)Joseph L. Melnick (1982)William I. Metzger (1983)Thomas Mitchell (1984)Stephen A. Morse (1983)C. Wayne Moss (1983)Maurice A. Mufson (1983)Robert D. Nelson (1983)Harold C. Neu (1982)Joseph V. Osterman (1982)Demosthenes Pappagianis (1983)A. William Pasculle (1983)Jerold Penn (1983)John Penner (1984)M. John Pickett (1982)Allan C. Pier (1984)Richard Polin (1983)Robert H. Purcell (1983)Paul G. Quie (1983)

William E. Rawls (1983)L. Barth Reller (1983)Shirley J. Richmond (1982)Michael Rinaldi (1984)Glenn D. Roberts (1983)Jon E. Rosenblatt (1983)Arthur F. Rosenthal (1982)R. S. Ross (1983)Sally Jo Rubin (1983)R. Bradley Sack (1984)Ira Salkin (1984)Julius Schachter (1983)Alexis Shelokov (1982)Marcelino F. Sierra (1984)Margarita Silva-Hutner (1983)Robert M. Smibert 11 (1984)James W. Smith (1983)Alex Sonnenwirth (1984)Steven Specter (1983)Leslie Spence (1982)Roy W. Stevens (1983)Daniel P. Stites (1983)Charles W. Stratton (1984)Vera L. Sutter (1982)Jason Tanzer (1982)Patricia E. Taylor (1982)Welton I. Taylor (1983)John H. Thompson, Jr. (1983)Clyde Thornsberry (1983)Richard C. Tilton (1984)Bent Faber Vestergaard (1984)Gabriel Virella (1983)Alexander von Graevenitz (1983)I. Kaye Wachsmuth (1984)Kenneth W. Walls (1983)Joseph L. Waner (1983)Lawrence G. Wayne (1983)Tracy D. Wilkins (1984)Hazel Wilkinson (1983)Robert P. Williams (1984)Marion E. Wilson (1983)Kwei-Hay Wong (1983)G. N. Woode (1982)Robert H. Yolken (1984)

Helen R. Whiteley, Chairman, Publications BoardLinda M. Illig, Managing Editor, Journals

Walter G. Peter III, Director, PublicationsPaula R. Gerhardt, Production Editor

The Journal of Clinical Microbiology (ISSN 0095-1137), a publication of the American Society for Microbiology, 1913 I St., NW,Washington, DC 20006, is devoted to the dissemination of new knowledge concerning the applied microbiological aspects ofhuman and animal infections and infestations, particularly regarding their etiologic agents, diagnosis, and epidemiology. Papersdealing with antibiotics and antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, with fundamental aspects of infection and immunity, andwith food or dairy microbiology fall within the scope of other ASM publications. Instructions to authors are published in theJanuary issue each year, reprints are available from the editors and the Publications Office. The Jouirnal is published monthly,and the twelve numbers are divided into two volumes per year. The nonmember subscription price is $120 per year; single copiesare $12. The member subscription price is $26 (foreign, $29 [surface rate]) per year; single copies are $6. Correspondence relatingto subscriptions, reprints, defective copies, availability of back issues, lost or late proofs, disposition of submitted manuscripts,and general editorial matters should be directed to the ASM Publications Office, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006 (area 202833-9680).

Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC 20006,and at additional mailing offices.Made in the United States of America.Copyright © 1982. American Society for Microbiology.All Rights Reserved.

The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the articlemay be made for personal use or for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that thecopier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., P.O. Box 765, Schenectady, NY 12301, forcopying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kindsof copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works,or for resale.

Ei * idh fi. i'l 9. It k,j"- L 'I rA f+k 7,; . P] kt,.

Author IndexAmsel, Richard, 141Atkinson, H. Max, 48

Ball, H. J., 28Bass, Joseph A., 115Beckwith, David G., 35Blaser, Martin J., 53Blazevic, Donna J., 123Bottone, Edward J., 178Brinkley, Allen W., 25Bruckner, David A., 16Buck, George E., 41Burke, Valerie, 48Busch, Evelyn L., 123

Calanda, Gary B., 184Caldwell, Charles W., 156Calvert, Kathleen, 41Carr, D. L., 43Casal, Julio, 78Casey, Joan, 109Cate, Thomas R., 87Chan, F. T. H., 12Cho, Sang-Nae, 130Clark, Vangie, 16Collins, Michael T., 130Crowe, Kevin E., 115

DeZeeuw, Patricia S., 181

Ellner, Paul D., 58Etowski, David C., 35

Fenoll, Asunci6n, 78Fojtasek, Cathy, 41Francis, David H., 181

Gil, Gail M., 187Gracey, Michael, 48

Hale, Judith, 141Harmon, Maurice W., 5Hasegawa, Ayako, 163Heessen, F. W. A., 82Henle, Gertrude, 69Henle, Werner, 69Henson, Cheryl L., 184

Hollick, Gary E., 175Holmes, King K., 19, 141Hurd, Nancy J., 169

Inouye, Sakae, 163

Janda, J. Michael, 178Johnson, James E., 25

Kasel, Julius A., 87Kelly, Michael T., 41Kono, Reisaku, 163Kozukue, Hiroyuki, 166

Lauer, Brian A., 61Laughon, Barbara E., 97Lawrence, Andrew J., 1Lennette, Evelyne T., 69Levchak, Mary Ellen, 58Levitz, Doris, 93Liu, Y. S., 159Loesche, Walter J., 97Luechtefeld, Nancy W., 53, 137Lyznicki, James M., 123

Mackenzie, A. M. R., 12MacLowry, James D., 74Manning, J. S., 159Manson, James I., IMartin, William J., 16Matsuno, Shigeo, 163Mirrett, Stanley, 61Morse, Stephen A., 103

Nakahara, Hideomi, 166Narayanan, Radha, 43Neill, S. D., 28Nolte, Frederick S., 175Norrod, E. Pinina, 103

Oda, Kazumasa, 148Okada, Hidechika, 148Ottman, Jim, 43

Paisley, John W., 61Paton, James C., IPawlik, Kathy M., 5Peterson, Donald L., 74

Phair, John P., 93Piot, Peter, 19, 141Poli, G., 159

Qadri, S. M. Hussain, 43

Radin, Robert C., 93Reid, L. R., 28Reif, John S., 130Reller, L. Barth, 53, 61Remmers, Greg A., 181Robertson, Richard G., 175Robinson, Jennifer, 48Roe, Martha, 61

Saez-Nieto, Juan A., 78Salkin, Ira F., 169Sanekata, Takeshi, 148Sheehan, Daniel J., 178Six, Howard R., 87Slifkin, Malcolm, 187Stott, J., 159Straus, David C., 115Sturm, Charles, Jr., 109Swan, Judith C., 74Syed, Salam A., 97

Targowski, Stanislaw, 64Taylor, Henry, 156Totten, Patricia A., 19, 141

van der Logt, J. T. M., 82van der Veen, J., 82Van Dyck, Eddy, 19van Loon, A. M., 82Vazquez, Julio, 78

Wang, Wen-Lan L., 53Wang, Wen-Lan Lou, 137Ward, Eileen, 69Williams, James E., 93

Yoshida, Yoshiya, 148Young, Viola M., 115

Zeiss, C. Raymond, 93Zierdt, Charles H., 74, 172

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 1982

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTSSubmit manuscripts directly to the ASM Pub-

lications Office, 1913 I Street, NW, Washington,DC 20006. The manuscript should be accompa-nied by a cover letter stating the following: thejournal to which the manuscript is being submit-ted; the most appropriate section of the journal;the address and telephone number of the corre-sponding author; and the former manuscriptnumber (if it is being resubmitted).Submit two complete copies of each manu-

script, including figures and tables. The manu-script may be either the original typescript orclear, clean copies. Type the manuscript double-space, including figure legends, table footnotes,and Literature Cited, and number all pages insequence, including the abstract, tables, andfigure legends. The use of paper with numberedlines is recommended.Submit figures as glossy or mat-finish photo-

graphs. (See p. iv for detailed instructions.)Authors unsure of proper English usage

should have their manuscripts checked by some-one proficient in the English language. Manu-scripts may be rejected on the basis of poorEnglish or lack of conformity to accepted stan-dards of style.

EDITORIAL POLICYManuscripts submitted to the Journal must

represent reports of original research that havenot been previously published and that are notbeing considered for publication elsewhere.

CopyrightTo maintain and protect the Society's owner-

ship and rights and to be able to protect theoriginal authors from misappropriation of theirpublished work, ASM requires authors to sign acopyright transfer agreement. This agreement issent to the submitting author when the manu-script is accepted for publication. Unless thisagreement is executed, ASM will not publish themanuscript. (U.S. government employees mayfile a statement attesting that a manuscript wasprepared as part of their official duties.)

ScopeThe Journal of Clinical Microbiology is devot-

ed to the dissemination of new knowledge con-ceming the microbiological aspects of humanand animal infections and infestations, particu-larly their etiological agents, diagnosis, andepidemiology. Case reports will be considered ifthey are novel, add to existing knowledge, and

are oriented toward microbiology. Manuscriptswhich describe the "normal" microbiota of hu-mans which in turn become involved in diseaseproduction or complication, or manuscriptsdealing with the interactions of hospitalized pa-tients and the microbial environment of thehospital, may also be submitted for consider-ation.ASM publishes a number of different journals

covering various aspects of the field of microbi-ology. Each journal has a prescribed scopewhich must be considered in determining themost appropriate journal for each manuscript. Ifa given manuscript is appropriate for more thanone ASM journal, the author's wishes will begiven primary consideration. However, the edi-tors reserve the option of transferring a manu-script to another ASM journal when it is appar-ent that the manuscript falls within the provinceof that journal. In such cases, the authors will benotified of this action by the editor or by theASM Publications Office.Some of the guidelines determining transfer to

other ASM journals are as follows:(i) The Journal of Clinical Microbiology will

consider papers that describe the use of antimi-crobial or anticancer agents as tools in the isola-tion, identification, or epidemiology of microor-ganisms associated with disease. Papers dealingwith other aspects of antimicrobial or anticanceragents will be considered for AntimicrobialAgents and Chemotherapy.

(ii) The Journal of Clinical Microbiology willconsider manuscripts dealing with the isolationor identification of viral agents from human andanimal diseases and with immunological diagno-sis of viral diseases. In addition, epidemiologicalstudies of viral diseases or those involving theuse of phages as a typing system or to identifybacteria will be considered. However, papers onthe biology of bacteriophages and other virusesare more appropriate for the Journal of Virolo-gy.

(iii) Reports of clinical microbiology investi-gations or studies of the hospital population andthe environment as they relate to nosocomialinfections should be submitted to the Journal ofClinical Microbiology. Manuscripts dealing withecology or environmental studies, or with appli-cation of microorganisms to agricultural or in-dustrial processes, are more appropriate forApplied and Environmental Microbiology.

(iv) Papers that contain data on the use ofimmunology and serology to aid in the diagnosisand epidemiology of infectious diseases or thatdescribe the immunological response during the

i

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

course of disease are suitable for the Journal ofClinical Microbiology. Manuscripts dealing withbasic immunology or with mechanisms of patho-genicity are appropriate for Infection and Immu-nity.

(v) Papers that include extensive taxonomicmaterial (e.g., descriptions or designations ofnew taxa) should be submitted to the Interna-tional Journal of Systematic Bacteriology(IJSB), which is published by ASM for theInternational Union of Microbiological Societ-ies. If the main thrust of the manuscript is nottaxonomy, divide the manuscript and submit thetaxonomic portion to IJSB; if such divisionwould weaken the main thrust, submit the manu-script to the journal of choice.

If you have questions about these guidelines,please contact the editor-in-chief of the journalyou are considering.Note that a manuscript rejected by one ASM

journal on scientific grounds or its general suit-ability for publication is considered rejected byall other ASM journals.

Editorial StyleThe editorial style of ASM journals conforms

to the Council of Biology Editors Style Manual(4th ed., 1978; CBE Secretariat, 9650 RockvillePike, Bethesda, Md.), Robert A. Day's How toWrite and Publish a Scientific Paper (ISI Press,1979), and Scientific Writing for Graduate Stu-dents (CBE Secretariat), as interpreted andmodified by the editors and the ASM Publica-tions Office. The editors and the PublicationsOffice reserve the privilege of editing manu-scripts to conform with the stylistic conventionsset forth in the aforesaid publications and inthese instructions.

The Review ProcessAll manuscripts are subjected to peer review

by the editors, by members of the EditorialBoard, or by other qualified reviewers. When amanuscript is submitted to the Journal, it isgiven a manuscript control number and is as-signed to one of the editors. The author isnotified of this number and the editor to whomthe manuscript has been assigned. The review-ers operate under strict guidelines set forth in"Guidelines for Reviewers" and usually areexpected to complete their reviews within 3weeks after receipt of the manuscript. Authorsare notified, generally within 8 weeks after sub-mission, as to acceptance, rejection, or need formodification. There are occasions when the re-view process may require additional time. Whena manuscript is returned to the author for modifi-cation, it should be returned to the editor within2 months; otherwise, the manuscript may beconsidered withdrawn.

When an editor has decided that a manuscriptis acceptable for publication, the manuscript anda signed letter of acceptance are sent to the ASMPublications Office. The month of publication,approximate galley date, and section are addedto the acceptance letter, which is then mailed tothe author. The editorial staff of the ASM Publi-cations Office completes the editing of the manu-script to bring it into conformity with prescribedstyle and English usage.

Galley ProofsThe printer sends the galley proof, the copy-

edited manuscript, and a reprint order form tothe author. As soon as the galleys have beencorrected (within 48 h), they should be mailed tothe ASM Publications Office.The galley proof stage is not the time to make

extensive corrections, additions, or deletions. Ifnew information has become available betweenacceptance and receipt of the galley proof, andyou feel that it is important to include thisinformation, it can be inserted as an "Adden-dum in Proof' with the permission of the editor.Limit other changes to correcting spelling er-rors, incorrect data, serious grammatical errors,and inclusion into Literature Cited of "in press"references that have been published. Such refer-ences can be listed in Literature Cited in alpha-betical order by adding "a," "b," etc., to thereference number; i.e., if the reference wouldfall after citation 12, it would be given thedesignation "12a." Do not renumber references.

Questions regarding late galleys and problemsin the proof should be directed to the ASMPublications Office, telephone 202-833-9680.

ReprintsReprints (in multiples of 100) may be pur-

chased by the author(s). An order form includinga table showing the cost of reprints is sent witheach proof.

ORGANIZATION AND FORMAT

Regular PapersRegular full-length papers include the ele-

ments described in this section.

Title. Each manuscript should present theresults of an independent, cohesive study; thus,numbered series titles are not permitted. Exer-cise care in composing a title. Avoid the main-title/subtitle arrangement.On the title page include: title, running title

(not to exceed 46 characters and spaces), fullname (including first name and middle initial) ofeach author, address(es) of the institution(s) atwhich the work was performed, and a footnoteindicating the present address(es) of any au-

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

thor(s) no longer at the institution where thework was performed. Place an asterisk after thename of the author to whom inquiries regardingthe paper should be directed and give that au-thor's telephone number.

Abstract. Limit the abstract to 250 words orfewer, and concisely summarize the basic con-tent of the paper without presenting extensiveexperimental details. Avoid abbreviations, dia-grams, and references. When it is essential toinclude a reference, use the full literature cita-tion but omit the title. Because the abstract willbe published separately by abstracting services,it must be complete and understandable withoutreference to the text.

Introduction. The introduction should supplysufficient background information to allow thereader to understand and evaluate the results ofthe present study without needing to refer toprevious publications on the topic. The intro-duction should also provide the rationale for thepresent study. Choose references carefully toprovide the most salient background rather thanan exhaustive review of the topic.

Materials and Methods. The methods sectionmust include sufficient technical information sothat the experiments can be repeated. For com-monly used materials and methods (e.g., com-monly used media, protein determinations), asimple reference or specifically recommendedproduct or procedure is sufficient. If severalalternative methodologies are commonly em-ployed, it is useful to identify the method brieflyas well as to cite the reference. For example, it ispreferable to state "cells were broken by ultra-sonic treatment as previously described (9)"rather than to state "cells were broken as previ-ously described (9)." You should allow thereader to assess the methodology without con-stant reference to previous publications. De-scribe new methods completely, and givesources of unusual chemicals, reagents, equip-ment, or microbial strains. When large numbersof microbial strains or mutants are used in astudy, include strain tables identifying thesources and properties of the strains, mutants,bacteriophages, plasmids, etc.A method, strain, etc., used in only one of

several experiments reported in the papershould be described in the Results section or, ifbrief enough, may be included in a table footnoteor figure legend.

Results. In the Results section, include therationale or design of the experiments as well asthe results; reserve extensive interpretation ofthe results for the Discussion section. Present

the results as concisely as possible in one of thefollowing: text, table(s), or figure(s). However,avoid extensive use of graphs to present datawhich might be more concisely presented in thetext or tables. For example, except in unusualcases, double-reciprocal plots used to determineapparent Km values should not be presented asgraphs; instead, the values should be stated inthe text. Similarly, graphs illustrating othermethods commonly used to derive kinetic orphysical constants (e.g., reduced viscosity plots,plots used to determine sedimentation velocity)need not be shown except in unusual circum-stances. Limit illustrations (particularly photo-micrographs and electron micrographs) to thosethat are absolutely necessary to demonstrate theexperimental findings. Number figures and ta-bles in the order in which they are cited in thetext, and be sure to cite all figures and tables.

Discussion. The Discussion section shouldprovide an interpretation of the results in rela-tion to previously published work and to theexperimental system at hand. It should not con-tain extensive repetition of the Results sectionor reiteration of the introduction. In short pa-pers, the Results and Discussion sections maybe combined.

Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments for fi-nancial assistance and for personal assistanceshould be given in two separate paragraphs. Theusual format for acknowledgment of grant sup-port is as follows: "This work was supported byPublic Health Service grant CA-01234 from theNational Cancer Institute."

Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain sup-plementary material to aid the reader, are per-mitted. Titles, authors, and Literature Citedsections that are distinct from those of theprimary article are not allowed. If it is notfeasible to list the author(s) of the appendix inthe by-line or the Acknowledgment section ofthe primary article, rewrite the appendix so thatit can be considered for publication as an inde-pendent article, either full length or Note style.

Literature Cited. Arrange the Literature Citedsection in alphabetical order, by first author, andnumber consecutively. (Abbreviate journalnames according to the Bibliographic Guide forEditors & Authors, American Chemical Society,1974, or Serial Sources for the BIOSIS DataBase, BioSciences Information Service, 1981.)Cite each listed reference by number in the text.The following types of references are not valid

for listing: unpublished data, personal communi-cations, manuscripts in preparation, manu-scripts submitted, "in press" references,

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

pamphlets, abstracts, patents, theses, disserta-tions, and any other material that has not beensubjected to peer review. References to suchsources should be made parenthetically in thetext. An "in press" reference to an ASM publi-cation should state the control number (e.g.,JCM 123) or the name of the publication, if it is abook.Follow the styles shown in the examples be-

low.1. Agger, W. A., and D. G. Maki. 1978. Efficacy of

direct Gram stain in differentiating staphylococcifrom streptococci in blood cultures positive forgram-positive cocci. J. Clin. Microbiol. 7:111-113.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, andR. E. Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements forenzyme inhibition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schlessinger (ed.), Microbiology-1977.American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

3. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H.Spaulding. 1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobicbacteriology. Coordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd.American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

4. Gill, T. J., III. 1976. Principles of radio-immunoassay, p. 169-171. In N. R. Rose and H.Friedman (ed.), Manual of clinical immunology.American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

5. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagalesnomen novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E.Gibbons (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinativebacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co.,Baltimore.

6. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genet-ics, p. 352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

7. Sacks, L. E. 1973. Influence of intra- and extracel-lular cations on the germination of bacterial spores,p. 437-442. In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, andL. L. Campbell (ed.), Spores V. American Societyfor Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

Parenthetical references in the text should becited as follows:... and protects the organisms against oxygentoxicity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed.Proc. 35:1686, 1976).... system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H.Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys.Res. Commun., in press).... in linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D.thesis, University of California, Los Angeles,1972).... in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer andC. W. Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc.Microbiol. 1976, K15, p. 139).

NotesSubmit Notes in the same way as full-length

papers. They receive the same review, and they

are not published more rapidly than full-lengthpapers, nor should they be considered prelimi-nary communications. The Note format is in-tended for the presentation of brief observationsthat do not warrant full-length papers.Each Note must have an abstract of no more

than 50 words. No section headings are used inthe body of the Note, and methods, results, anddiscussion are combined. The text should notexceed 1,000 words, and the number of figuresand tables should be kept to a minimum. Ac-knowledgments should be presented as in full-length papers, but no separate heading is used.The Literature Cited section is identical to thatof full-length papers.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES

PhotographsWhen submitting electron micrographs, pho-

tographs of polyacrylamide gels, etc., keep inmind the journal page size: 6.5 cm for a singlecolumn and 14 cm for a double column (maxi-mum). Include only the significant portion of theillustration. Each must be of sufficient contrastto withstand the inevitable loss of contrast anddetail inherent in the printing process. Electronand light micrographs must be first-generationcopies of the original negative. Indicate themagnification of each photomicrograph with ascale marker on the electron micrograph. Do notmount photographs on cardboard. Compositefigures may be mounted on bond paper. Acomplete set of photographs, not photocopies,must accompany each copy of the manuscript.

Color photographs are discouraged. Howev-er, if they are necessary, include three copies sothat a cost estimate for printing may be ob-tained. The cost of printing color photographsmust be borne by the author.

DrawingsSubmit graphs, charts, diagrams, and other

drawings as photographs made from finisheddrawings not requiring additional artwork ortypesetting. No part of the graph or drawingshould be typewritten. Use a lettering set orother professional-quality device for all labeling.Most graphs will be reduced to one-columnwidth (6.5 cm), and all elements in the drawingshould be prepared to withstand any necessaryreduction. Avoid very heavy letters, which tendto close up when reduced, and unusual symbols,which the printer may not be able to reproducein the legend. Symbols and lettering should beappropriate size; do not use large letters andsmall symbols or vice versa. Direct readoutsfrom computers, recorders, etc., are not usuallyacceptable; such materials should be redrawn.

iV

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as wellas table column headings), avoid ambiguous useof numbers with exponents. Usually, it is prefer-able to use the appropriate SI symbols (,u for10e, m for 10-3, k for 103, M for 106, etc.). Acomplete listing of SI symbols can be found inthe International Union of Pure and AppliedChemistry (IUPAC) "Manual of Symbols andTerminology for Physicochemical Quantitiesand Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970).Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figureordinate should be made by the number 20,accompanied by the label kcpm.When powers of 10 must be employed, the

editorial style of the Journal follows the CBEStyle Manual recommendation, which differsfrom the conventions used by several otherjournals. The CBE Style Manual suggests thatthe exponent power be associated with numbershown. In representing 2 x 107 cells per ml, thecorrect designation would be 2, labeled as 107cells per ml, not cells per ml x 107. Likewise,an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/ml would be shownas 6, accompanied by the label 10-2 U/ml. Thepreferred designation would be 60, labeled as

munits (or milliunits) per ml.

Figure LegendsFigure legends may be placed beneath the

photocopy of a drawing for the convenience ofreviewers. (In addition, however, a complete setof photographs or drawings, with legends onseparate pages, must accompany each copy ofthe manuscript.) Legends should provideenough information so that the figure is under-standable without frequent reference to the text.However, do not repeat experimental methodsin the legend. Define all symbols and abbrevia-tions used in the figure. Common abbreviationsand others used frequently in the preceding textneed not be redefined in the legend.

Camera-Ready CopyDrawings, tables, chemical formulas, etc.,

that can be photographically reproduced forpublication without further typesetting orartwork are referred to as "camera ready."Such copy may also be prepared for complicatedmathematical or physical formulas, portions ofgenetic maps, diagrams, and flow schemes. Itshould not be hand-lettered. Camera-ready copymust be carefully prepared to conform with thestyle of the Journal. The advantage to submittingcamera-ready copy is that the material will ap-pear exactly as envisioned by the author, and nosecond proofreading is necessary. This is partic-ularly advantageous when there are long, com-plicated tables and when the division of materialand spacing are important.

TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange

the data so that columns of like material readdown, not across. The headings should be suffi-ciently clear so that the meaning of the data willbe understandable without reference to the text.See the "Abbreviations" section of these in-structions for those that should be used in ta-bles. Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, butmore extensive table "legends" are not. Foot-notes should not include detailed descriptions ofthe experiment. A well-constructed table isshown below:

TABLE 1. Correlation between detection of V-Zviral antibody by neutralization and by EIA and

IAHAa

Sera with V-Z neutraliz-ing antibody:

Antibody CorrelationPositive Negative '%'(53)b (68)

EIAPositive 50 4 94Negative 3 64

IAHAPositivec 37 0 87Negative 16 68

a Sera from individuals without evidence of a cur-rent V-Z virus infection.

b Titer .1:4. Parentheses indicate number of sera.c Titer -1:8.

NOMENCLATURE

Chemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of

chemical compounds is Chemical Abstracts(Chemical Abstract Service, Ohio State Univer-sity, Columbus) and its indexes. For biochemi-cal terminology, including abbreviations andsymbols, consult the following: InternationalUnion of Biochemistry Biochemical Nomencla-ture and Related Documents (1978; reprinted forThe Biochemical Society, London, England),instructions to authors of the Journal of Biolog-ical Chemistry and Archives of Biochemistryand Biophysics (first issues of each year), andthe Handbook of Biochemistry and MolecularBiology (G. D. Fasman, ed., 3rd ed., CRCPress, Inc., 1976).Do not express molecular weights in daltons;

molecular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecularmass is expressed in daltons.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial)

v

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

name assigned by the Nomenclature Committeeof the International Union of Biochemistry asdescribed in Enzyme Nomenclature 1978 (Aca-demic Press, Inc., 1979). If a nonrecommendedname is used, place the proper (trivial) name inparentheses at first use in the abstract and text.Use the EC number when it has been assigned,and express enzyme activity either in katals(preferred) or in the older system of ",umol/min."

DrugsWhenever possible, use generic names of

drugs; the use of trade names is not permitted.Nomenclature of Microorganisms

Binary names consisting of a generic nameand a specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli)must be used for all microorganisms. Names ofgenera and higher categories may be used alone,but a specific epithet must be preceded by ageneric name the first time it is used in a paper.Thereafter, the generic name should be abbrevi-ated to the initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli),provided there can be no confusion with othergenera used in the paper. Names of all taxa(phyla [for fungi, divisions], classes, orders,families, genera, species, subspecies) are print-ed in italics; strain designations and numbers arenot.

In general, the nomenclature of bacteriashould follow that presented in Bergey's Manualof Determinative Bacteriology (8th ed., TheWilliams & Wilkins Co., 1974). If an authorwishes to challenge this nomenclature, his judg-ment will be followed, but the name given inBergey's Manual should follow in parenthesesthe first time the name is used in both the textand the abstract.

It is recommended that a strain be depositedin a recognized culture collection when thatstrain is necessary for the description of a newtaxon (see Bacteriological Code, 1975 Revision,American Society for Microbiology, 1975).

Since the classification of fungi is so far fromcomplete, it is the responsibility of the author todetermine the currently accepted binomial for agiven yeast or mold. Some sources for thespelling of these names include The Yeasts (J.Lodder, ed., North-Holland Publishing Co.,1970) and Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary ofthe Fungi, Including the Lichens, 6th ed. (Com-monwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey,England, 1971).Names used for viruses should be those ap-

proved by the International Committee on Tax-onomy of Viruses (ICTV) and published in the3rd Report of the ICTV "Classification andNomenclature of Viruses," Intervirology, vol.12, no. 3-5, 1979. If desired, synonyms may be

added parenthetically when the name is firstmentioned. Approved generic (or group) andfamily names may also be used.When a study includes a series of microorga-

nisms, viruses, or plasmids, they should begiven strain designations consisting of lettersand serial numbers. It is generally advisable toinclude a worker's initials or a descriptive sym-bol of locale, laboratory, etc., in the designation.Each new strain, mutant, isolate, or derivativeshould be given a new (serial) designation. Sucha designation should be distinct from those ofthe genotype and phenotype, and italicized ge-notypic and phenotypic symbols should not beincluded.

Genetic NomenclatureBacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria

are described in terms of phenotypes and geno-types. The phenotypic designation describes theobservable properties of an organism. The geno-type refers to the genetic constitution of anorganism, usually in reference to some standardwild type. Use the recommendations of De-merec et al. (Genetics 54:61-74, 1966) as a guidein employing these terms. If your manuscriptcontains information including genetic nomen-clature, please refer to the Instructions to Au-thors in the January issue of the Journal ofBacteriology.Keep in mind the distinction between a muta-

tion (an alteration of the primary sequence of thegenetic material) and a mutant (a strain carryingone or more mutations). One may speak aboutthe mapping of a mutation, but one cannot map amutant. Likewise, a mutant has no genetic lo-cus-only a phenotype.

Viruses. The rules for genetic nomenclature ofviruses (bacteriophages) differ from those forbacteria. In most instances, viruses have nophenotype, since they have no metabolism out-side host cells. Therefore, distinctions betweenphenotype and genotype cannot be made. Su-perscripts are employed to indicate hybrid ge-nomes. Genetic symbols may be one, two, orthree letters.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

Verb TenseUse the past tense in referring to results

recorded in the present paper. Use the presenttense in discussing previously established find-ings and generally accepted phenomena.

AbbreviationsIt is strongly recommended that all abbrevia-

tions except those listed below be introduced inthe first paragraph in Materials and Methods.

Vi

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Alternatively, define each abbreviation and in-troduce it in parentheses the first time it is used;e.g., "Cultures were grown in Eagle minimalessential medium (MEM)." Generally, eliminateabbreviations that are not used at least five timesin the text (including tables and figure legends).Abbreviations should be used primarily as an aidto the reader, rather than as a convenience forthe author, and therefore their use should belimited. Abbreviations other than those recom-mended by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical No-menclature and Related Documents, 1978)should be used only when a case can be made fornecessity, such as in tables and figures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or toparaphrase a long word after its first use (e.g.,"the drug," "the substrate"). Standard chemi-cal symbols, numerical multiples (e.g., Me2SOfor dimethyl sulfoxide), and trivial names ortheir symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may beused for terms that appear in full in the neighbor-ing text.

In addition to abbreviations for standard unitsof measurement and chemical symbols of theelements, the following should be used withoutdefinition in the title, abstract, text, figure leg-ends, and tables: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid);cDNA (complementary DNA); RNA (ribonucle-ic acid); RNase (ribonuclease); DNase (deoxyri-bonuclease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA(messenger RNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP,ADP, ATP, dAMP, GTP, etc. (for the respective5' phosphates of adenosine or other nucleo-sides); 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and 5'-AMP (the 2'-,3'-, and 5'-, when needed for contrast, phos-phates of the nucleosides); NAD+ (nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide, oxidized); NADH (nico-tinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced); NADP(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate);NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidephosphate, reduced); Pi (orthophosphate); PP,(pyrophosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU(plaque-forming units); Tris [tris(hydroxymeth-yl)aminomethane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl);and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Ab-breviations for cell lines (e.g., HeLa cells) alsoneed not be defined.The following abbreviations should be used

without definition in tables:amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)prepn (preparation)SD (standard deviation)expt (experiment)ht (height)

mo (month)mol wt (molecular weight)no. (number)SE (standard error)SEM (standard error of themean)

sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)

tr (trace)vol (volume)vs (versus)

wk (week)wt (weight)yr (year)

Reporting Numerical DataStandard metric units are used for reporting

length, weight, and volume. For these units andfor molarity, use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p (foro-3, 10-6, 10-9, and 10-12, respectively). Like-wise, use the prefix k (for 103). Avoid compoundprefixes such as mp, or Ru,. Use ,ug/ml or ,ug/g inplace of the ambiguous ppm. Units of tempera-ture are presented as follows: 37°C or 324 K.When fractions are used to express units such

as enzymatic activities, it is preferable to usewhole units, such as g or min, in the denomina-tor instead of fractional or multiple units such as,g or 10 min. For example, "pmol/min" wouldbe preferable to "pmol/10 min," and ",umol/g"would be preferable to "nmolV,g." It is alsopreferable that an unambiguous form such as theexponential notation be used in place of multipleslashes; for example, "i,mol g-1 min-1' ispreferable to ",umol/g per min."

See the CBE Style Manual, 4th ed., for moredetailed information regarding the reporting ofnumbers. Also contained in this source is infor-mation on the appropriate SI units to be used forreporting illumination, energy, frequency, andother physical terms. Always report numericaldata in the appropriate SI unit.

Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor simple molecules, the labeling is indicated

in the chemical formula (e.g., 14CO2, 3H20,H235SO4). Brackets are not employed when theisotopic symbol is attached to a word that is nota specific chemical name (e.g., 131I-labeled pro-tein, 14C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).For specific chemicals, the symbol for the

isotope introduced is placed in square bracketsdirectly preceding the part of the name thatdescribes the labeled entity. Note that config-uration symbols and modifiers precede the iso-topic symbol. The following examples illustratecorrect usage:["4CJurea UDP-[U-14C]glucoseL-[methyl-14C]methionine E. coli [32P]DNA[2,3-3Hlserine fructose 1,6-[1-32P]bis-[a-'4C]lysine phosphate[y-32PIATP

This journal follows the same conventions forisotopic labeling as the Journal of BiologicalChemistry, and more detailed information canbe found in the instructions to authors of thatjournal (first issue of each year).

.ii

The new second edition of a widely acclaimed book is now available:

MANUAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY2nd Edition July 1980 Editors: Noel R. Rose and Herman Friedman

MC12 has been completely revised and updated, and contains many newchapters. It will be invaluable to all who work in clinical laboratory immunol-ogy, dealing as it does with the applications of immunology to the detectionand analysis of a wide variety of disease, including, but not limited to thoseinduced by microorganisms.

1,105pages. Fullyillustrated. Clothbound (ISBN:0-914826-25-5), $28.00; ($20.00to ASM Members). Flexible binding (ISBN: 0-914826-27-1), $24.00; ($17.00 toASM Members)

Please note that members of the Society must remitpayment with order, and that books sold to ASMMembers are for personal use only Orders fromoverseas must be prepaid.

Published and distributed by:American Socety for Microbology t1913n1Street, NW fmericanSocietyWashington, DC 20006 for Microbiology

INDEX TO ADVERTISERSPage

* Abbott Laboratories ...................... 27* Analytab Products ...................... Cover 2* Becton-Dickinson ...................... 19, 26* Burroughs Wellcome Co. ...................... 29* Difco Laboratories ...................... 30* Dupont Co.-Isolator System ...................... 14, 15Gibco Diagnostics ...................... Cover 3

* Heinicke Instruments ...................... 23Hoechst-Roussel ...................... 20, 21, 22

* Marion Scientific ...................... 13, 24, 25Meridian Diagnostics ...................... 18Micro Media Systems ...................... 17Vitek Systems Inc...................... Cover 4

* Sustaining Member, American Society for Microbiology.Advertising in this journal is limited to products and services believed to be of interest to the readers. However, ASM does not

test nor examine products nor claims related thereto. Therefore, ASM endorsement or approval of advertised products shouldnot be inferred.