JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGYVOLUME 174 * JANUARY 1992 * NUMBER 1

Graham C. Walker, Editor in Chief (19%)Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge, Mass.

Terrance J. Beveridge, Editor (1992)University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada

James G. Ferry, Editor (1996)Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

State University, Blacksburg, Va.

Dan Fraenkel, Editor (1996)Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.

James D. Friesen, Editor (1992)Hospital for Sick Children

Toronto, CanadaSusan Gottesman, Editor (1994)National Cancer Institute,

Bethesda, Md.E. Peter Greenberg, Editor (1996)University of Iowa, Iowa

City, IowaCarol Gross, Editor (1995)University of Wisconsin,Madison, Wis.

Dale Kaiser, Minireview Editor (1994)Stanford University School of

Medicine, Stanford, Calif.A. L. Sonenshein, Editor (1995)Tufts University, Boston, Mass.Kenneth N. Timmis, Editor (1992)GBF, Braunschweig,Federal Republic of Germany

Robert A. Weisberg, Editor (1995)National Institute of ChildHealth and HumanDevelopment, Bethesda, Md.

EDITORIAL BOARDSankar Adhya (1993)Stuart J. Austin (1993)Barbara Bachmann (1993)Margaret H. Bayer (1992)Douglas E. Berg (1994)Robert W. Bernlohr (1994)Volkmar Braun (1992)Richard Calendar (1994)George M. Carman (1994)Sherwood Casjens (1994)A. M. Chakrabarty (1992)Trinad Chakraborty (1994)Wendy C. Champness (1994)Mick Chandler (1993)Keith F. Chater (1994)Terrence G. Cooper (1993)David L. Coplin (1992)Donald Court (1994)R. L. Crawford (1993)John E. Cronan, Jr. (1992)Jorge H. Crosa (1994)Stanley J. Cryz, Jr. (1994)Lacy Daniels (1992)Richard D'Ari (1994)Victor de Lorenzo (1994)Bruce Demple (1994)Patrick P. Dennis (1993)Migel A. de Pedro (1993)William D. Donachie (1994)Timothy Donohue (1993)Ron J. Doyle (1994)David A. Dubnau (1992)Daniel Dykhuizen (1994)S. Dusko Ehrlich (1994)Rudolf Eichenlaub (1994)Lindsay D. Eltis (1994)Bert Ely (1994)Wolfgang Epstein (1993)Jeff Errington (1994)Jorge Escalante-Semerena (1994)David H. Figurski (1993)

Susan H. Fisher (1994)Patricia L. Foster (1993)Michael G. Fried (1994)David I. Friedman (1992)Barbel Friedrich (1993)Clement Furlong (1993)Robert Gennis (1994)Costa P. Georgopoulos (1993)Jane Gibson (1994)Larry Gold (1994)Susan Golden (1994)Richard L. Gourse (1994)Nigel Grindley (1993)Alan Grossman (1994)Robert P. Gunsalus (1993)William Haldenwang (1994)Richard S. Hanson (1994)Shigeaki Harayama (1993)Robert Haselkorn (1993)Gerald L. Hazelbauer (1993)George D. Hegeman (1994)Roger Hendrix (1992)C. F. Higgins (1993)Joachim-Volker Holtje (1993)Karin Ippen-Ihler (1993)Edward E. Ishiguro (1994)Gerald Johnston (1993)Robert J. Kadner (1992)Clarence I. Kado (1994)Noel Keen (1994)Eduard J. Kellenberger (1992)Patricia Kiley (1994)H.-J. Knackmuss (1993)Roberto Kolter (1994)Wil N. Konings (1993)Dennis J. Kopecko (1993)Susan F. Koval (1994)Terry Ann Krulwich (1993)Carol Kumamoto (1993)Harald Labischinski (1992)Joseph Lam (1994)

Thomas Lessie (1992)Roger C. Levesque (1994)Mary E. Lidstrom (1993)E. C. C. Lin (1994)-Lasse Lindahl (1993)John W. Little (1992)Jack London (1993)Sharon Long (1992)Paul S. Lovett (1993)Paul W. Ludden (1993)Ben Lugtenberg (1992)Robert Macnab (1994)Martin Marinus (1992)Millicent Masters (1992)Abdul Matin (1993)Philip Matsumura (1992)Russell Maurer (1993)John Mekalanos (1994)Paul Messner (1993)Charles G. Miller (1994)Virginia Miller (1994)Shoji Mizushima (1994)Charles P. Moran, Jr. (1994)Edward A. Morgan (1993)Gisela Mosig (1994)Francis E. Nano (1994)Dale Noel (1994)Staffan Normark (1994)Dennis Ohman (1994)Gary Olsen (1994)John S. Parkinson (1993)Thomas R. Parr (1994)Anthony Pugsley (1994)Juan L. Ramos (1993)Linda Randall (1993)Gary P. Roberts (1993)Jeffrey Roberts (1992)Charles 0. Rock (1993)Lucia B. Rothman-Denes (1992)Kenneth E. Rudd (1994)Rudiger Schmitt (1992)

Carl A. Schnaitman (1993)H. Steven Seifert (1994)Peter Setlow (1993)Hideo Shinagawa (1994)Howard A. Shuman (1994)Gerald Smith (1994)Issar Smith (1993)G. Dennis Sprott (1992)Catherine Squires (1993)Gary Stacey (1994)David Stahl (1993)Brian Staskawicz (1993)Robert Steffan (1993)Michel Steinmetz (1994)Valley Stewart (1994)Susan C. Straley (1994)F. William Studier (1992)Anne 0. Summers (1993)Robert Switzer (1993)Andrew Taylor (1994)Nancy Trun (1994)Trevor R. Trust (1994)Charles L. Turnbough, Jr.

(1993)Ronald Unterman (1994)Mark Walker (1993)Judy D. Wall (1993)Barry Wanner (1993)Chris M. Whitfield (1992)William B. Whitman (1994)Peter A. Williams (1992)Stephen C. Winans (1994)Malcolm Winkler (1994)C. L. Woldringh (1993)Hans Wolf-Watz (1994)David Womble (1992)John L. Woolford (1994)Henry C. Wu (1993)Ryland Young (1993)Takashi Yura (1994)Howard Zalkin (1994)

Barbara H. Iglewski, Chairman, Publications Board Linda M. Illig, Director, JournalsSara C. Joslyn, Production Editor Catherine E. Blickendorfer, Assistant Production Editor

The Journal of Bacteriology, a publication of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171, isdevoted to the advancement and dissemination of fundamental knowledge concerning bacteria and other microorganisms. Instructions to authors are publishedin the first issue each year; reprints are available from the editors and the Journals Division. The Journal is published twice monthly, one volume per year. Thenonmember subscription prices are $360 (U.S.), $385 (Canada), and $431 (other countries; air drop shipping) per year; single copies are $42.80 (Canada) and $40(U.S. and other countries). The member subscription prices are $79 (U.S.), $85 (Canada), and $104 (other countries; air drop shipping); single copies are $10.70(Canada) and $10 (U.S. and other countries). Correspondence relating to subscriptions, defective copies, missing issues, and availability of back issues shouldbe directed to the Subscriptions Department, ASM; correspondence relating to reprint orders should be directed to the Publication Sales Department, ASM; andcorrespondence relating to disposition of submitted manuscripts, proofs, and general editorial matters should be directed to the Journals Division, AmericanSociety for Microbiology, 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171. Phone: (202) 737-3600.

Claims for missing issues from residents of the United States, Canada, and Mexico must be submitted within 3 months after publication of the issues; residentsof all other countries must submit claims within 6 months of publication of the issues. Claims for issues missing because of failure to report an address changeor for issues "missing from files" will not be allowed.

Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC 20005, and at additional mailing offices.POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Journal of Bacteriology, ASM, 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171.Made in the United States of America. Printed on acid-free paper.Copyright ©) 1992, American Society for Microbiology. ISSN 0021-9193 CODEN: JOBAAYAll Rights Reserved. a * foM 11 9 * Ani E 1-tM 1'1JE;( IAThe code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the article may be made for personal useor for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright ClearanceCenter Inc., 21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does notextend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale.

1992 APPLICATION FOR FULL MEMBERSHIP IN THEAMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY

1325 Massachusetts Avenue, NW * Washington, D.C. 20005 * (202) 737-3600 * FAX (202) 737-0368Eligibility ASM welcomes to full membership anyone who is interested in its objectives and has a minimum of a bachelor's degree or equivalent

in microbiology or a related field.

Initiation Memberships are initiated and renewed in January each year Unless there are directions to the contrary, membership nomina-tions received prior to September 1 are credited to the current year, and back issues of the selected publications for the currentyear are furnished, if available. Nominations received after September 1 will become effective the following January.

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Member How did you first learn about the ASM? (Check one): O Presenting a paper at an ASM meetingInformation o A colleague O An advertisement in a journal O An ASM Branch

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Dues Annual dues for 1992 are $75. Dues include ASM News (monthly) and a $51 credit which may be deducted from the totalcost of the journal(s) you purchase at the special membership rates indicated below.

Journals o Enclosed is my dues payment (U.S. Dollars only) ...................................................$75C Please send me the following ASM journal(s) at Member Price(s):

U.S. Canada Non-U.S.Air Drop Airmail Amount

Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy............. $49.00 .... $52.00 .... $84.00 ... $224.00 __ _ AAApplied & Environmental Microbiology ............ $49.00 .... $52.00 .... $84.00 ... $219.00 ____ AEMolecular & Cellular Biology .................... $79.00 .... $85.00 ... $104.00... $444.00 ____ CBClinical Microbiology Reviews ................... $20.00 .... $21.00 .... $34.00 .... $74.00 ____ CMInfection & Immunity .......................... $51.00 .... $55.00 .... $89.00 ... $289.00 ____ IAInt'l Journal of Systematic Bact................... $35.00 .... $37.00 .... $44.00 .... $84.00 ____ IJJournal of Bacteriology ........................ $79.00 .... $85.00 ... $104.00 ... $439.00 ____ JBJournal of Clinical Microbiology .................. $46.00 .... $49.00 .... $77.00 ... $222.00 ____ JCJournal of Virology .......................... $79.00 .... $85.00 ... $104.00 ... $439.00 ____ JVMicrobiology Reviews ......................... $20.00 .... $21.00 .... $34.00 .... $74.00 ____ MRASM News.......................... $0.00 ... $0.00 ... $0.00 .... $80.00In the past, members have been able to order free programs for Total Joumal Fees $the General Meeting and ICAAC Conference on the dues renewalform. Now, to receive a program foreitherof these mtin, you Subtract your $51 Member Journals Credit - $51must register for the meting. The cost of the program Is Included Subtotal (if less than zero enter zero) $in the registratlon fee. For your information, abbreviatedprograms and advance Information for each meeting will be Add your $75 Membership Dues + $75Included In ASM News. Total (Dues plus Journals). If total is less than $75.00, enter $75 $

PAYMENT IN U.S. DOLLARS MUST ACCOMPANY APPLICATIONA membership card, voting division form, ASM Placement Service Information and the journal(s) of your choice will be sent within 90 daysupon completion of processing. ASM dues are tax deductible to the extent permitted by law. ASM designates $13 of your dues for ASM News.Rates are for 1992 only.Applicants must remit in U.S. Dollars by check or draft payable to ASM through a U.S. bank located within the Continental U.S. Applicants fromCanada may use check made out in U.S. Dollars and drawn on a Canadian bank or applicants may choose to pay with VISA, MasterCard, Eurocard,or American Express. If that is your preference, please fill in the box below.

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Author IndexAdachi, Osao, 122Aida, Kazuhiko, 186Ameyama, Minoru, 122Arnold, Walter, 191Averhoff, Beate, 200

Baeuerlein, Edmund, 263Bassford, Philip J., Jr., 92Beck-Sickinger, Annette, 298Bedzyk, Laura A., 166Black, Lori K., 137Bouche, Jean-Pierre, 35

Calvo, Joseph M., 108Cannistraro, Vincent J., 56Chang, Yung-Fu, 291Charlebois, Robert L., 30Chen, Yona, 78Chistoserdova, Ludmila V.,

71Clover, Ralph, 324Conway de Macario, Everly,

309Cooper, Terrance G., 48Cremers, Hayo C. J. Canter,

214Crossley, Robin E., 63Crowley, Jane M., 315

Dabert, Patrick, 173Das, Anath, 303Datta, Prasanta, 233de Boer, Piet A. J., 63Dekker, Eugene E., 102De Maagd, Ruud A., 214Dooley, James S. G., 40Dowhan, William, 205Duchene, Michael, 327

Ebisuya, Hiroaki, 122Ehrlich, S. Dusko, 173Elliott, Thomas, 245Elsemore, David, 200Entian, Karl-Dieter, 298Escalante-Semerena, Jorge C.,24

Essar, David W., 327

Fetzner, Susanne, 279

Fierer, Joshua, 84Funk, Cindee R., 205

Galloway, Darrell, 327Garon, Claude F., 241Giovannoni, Stephen J., 269Gregg-Jolly, Leslie, 200Gruss, Alexandra, 173Gu, Wei, 179Guidi-Rontani, Chantal, 327Guiney, Donald, 84

Hadar, Yitzhak, 78Haney, Steven A., 108Harrison, Arthur P., Jr., 269Harwood, Julia, 84He, Bin, 130Heatwole, Virginia M., 331Heffernan, Edwin J., 84Hernandez, Cesar, 161Hill, Diana, 327Hotte, Barbara, 191Hutchinson, C. Richard, 144Hwa, Vivian, 342

Jacobs, Diane M., 336Jayaratne, Padman, 8Johnson, Michael G., 24Jurkevitch, Edouard, 78

Kaletta, Cortina, 298Kasahara, Nobuo, 186Kawai, Shinya, 254Keenleyside, Wendy J., 8Kelly, Rosemarie, 222Kennell, David, 56Klein, Shoshana, 324Koplin, Reinhard, 191Kostrzynska, Magdalena, 40Kovari, lulia, 48Kovari, Ladislau, 48Kwon-Chung, K. J., 222

Lane, David J., 269Lazdunski, Andrde, 327Libman, Jacqueline, 78Lidstrom, Mary E., 71Lingens, Franz, 279Lohman, Karin, 324

Luche, Ralf M., 48Lugtenberg, Ben J. J., 214Lynn, Anita R., 116

Macario, Alberto J. L., 309MacLachlan, P. Ronald, 8Maier, Robert J., 137Marconi, Richard T., 241Masker, Warren, 155Matsushita, Kazunobu, 122Mayerhofer, Linda E., 309McWhinney, Dalton R., 291Mekalanos, John J., 1Mendez, Carmen, 161Miller, Robert V., 327Mochizuki, Mituaki, 254Mulder, Egbert, 35Mulders, Ine H. M., 214Muller, Rudolf, 279Murao, Satoru, 254

Ochs, Dietmar, 298Olsen, Gary J., 269Ornston, L. Nicholas, 200Osburne, Marcia S., 320Otten, Sharee L., 144Oxender, Dale L., 108

Pace, Bernadette, 269Pace, N. R., 269Park, Heui-Dong, 48Patil, Rajkumar V., 102Pihl, Todd D., 137Platko, Jill V., 108Poralla, Karl, 298Potter, Andrew A., 17Puhler, Alfred, 191Puziss, John W., 92

Reitzer, Lawrence J., 179R6mling, Ute, 327Roth, John R., 24Rothfield, Lawrence I., 63

Sakata, Taizo, 40Salas, Jose A., 161Salyers, Abigail A., 166, 342Schleifer, Karl Heinz, 327Schneider, Barbara L., 179

Schulman, Brenda A., 137Schuster, Stephan C., 263Shanzer, Abraham, 78Shiau, Sheng-Ping, 179Shibuya, Ichiro, 254Shimojo, Takayuki, 40Shoemaker, Nadja B., 166Signer, Ethan R., 324Simon, Reinhard, 191Smith, Doug W., 327Smith, John M., 130Somerville, Ronald L., 331Srivastava, Sunil Kumar, 56Stahl, David, 269Strobel, Sharon M., 92Struck, Douglas K., 291Stutzman-Engwall, Kim J.,

144Sumrada, Roberta A., 48

Takagi, Masamichi, 254Tanaka, Hirosato, 186Tetart, Frangoise, 35Theisen, Michael, 17Toschka, Holger Y., 327Trieselmann, Bruce A., 30Trust, Trevor J., 40Tsai, Kan-Jen, 116Tuckman, Margareta, 320Tummler, Burkhard, 327

Vann, Willie F., 315Vilches, Carmen, 161Vogel, Ann M., 303

Walker, Graham C., 324Wang, Ge, 191Watanabe, Takeshi, 186Whitfield, Chris, 8Woldringh, Conrad L., 35Wu, Yifei, 233

Yano, Keiji, 254Yeh, Hung-Yueh, 336Yoon, Kyung Pyo, 116Young, Karen E., 166Young, Ry, 291

Zalkin, Howard, 130Zapata, Gerardo, 315Zimniak, Ludwika, 205

1992 APPLICATION FOR STUDENT MEMBERSHIP IN THEAMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY

1325 Massachusetts Avenue, NW * Washington, D.C. 20005 * (202) 737-3600 * FAX (202) 737-0368

Eligibility Any matriculated student majoring in microbiology or a related field who has not earned a doctoral degree is eligible for electionas a Student Member. Student Members have all the privileges of membership except the right to vote and hold office in theSociety. Student Members receive ASM News monthly and are entitled to subscribe to the Society's scientific journals at member rates.

Initiation Memberships are initiated and renewed in January each year Unless there are directions to the contrary, membership nomina-tions received prior to September 1 are credited to the current year, and back issues of the selected publications for the currentyear are furnished, if available. Nominations received after September 1 will become effective the following January.

missNAME Ms. -_l

(CIRCLE ONE) MRS. MR. FIRST INITIAL LASTMAIL NAME

AS YOU WANT IT TO APPEAR ON YOUR MAILING LABEL

ADDRESS WHERE YOU WANT TO RECEIVE YOUR SUBSCRIPrIONS

STATE/PROVINCE ZIP/POSTAL CODE COUNTRY

PHONE ( ) ( ) YEAR OF BIRTH SEXOFFICE (01) HOME (02)

HIGHEST DEGREE MAJOR FIELD OF STUDY

SCHOOL

SIGNATURE OF APPLICANT DATESIGNATURE OF CHAIRMANOF MAJOR DEPARTMENT MEMBER #l

*NOMINATED BYSIGNATURE OF ASM MEMBER

MEMBER #

*If your departmental chairman is a member of the ASM, a nominating signature is not required. If you are not associated with an ASM nominating member, youcan still send in this member application form and we will contact you. Be sure to include your dues.

Member How did you first learn about the ASM? (Check one):Information [ A colleague O An advertisement in a journal O Presenting a paper at an ASM meeting

[ A professor [ Direct mail inquiry O An ASM Branch[ An ASM journal [ A workshop, conference or meeting O None of the above

Journals Please check:O Enclosed is my dues payment (U.S. Dollas only) ............ ....................................... $15O Please send me the following ASM journal(s) at Member Price(s):

U.S. Canada Non-U.S.Air Drop Airmail Amount

Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy............. $49.00 .... $52.00 .... $84.00 ... $224.00 __ _ AAApplied & Environmental Microbiology ............ $49.00 .... $52.00 .... $84.00 ... $219.00 ____ AEMolecular & Cellular Biology .................... $79.00 .... $85.00 ... $104.00 ... $444.00 ____ CBClinical Microbiology Reviews ................... $20.00 .... $21.00 .... $34.00 ... $74.00 ____ CMInfection & Immunity .......................... $51.00 .... $55.00 .... $89.00 ... $289.00 ____ IAInt'l Journal of Systematic Bact................... $35.00 .... $37.00 .... $44.00 .... $84.00 ____ IJJournal of Bacteriology ........................ $79.00 .... $85.00 ... $104.00 ... $439.00 ____ JBJournal of Clinical Microbiology .................. $46.00 .... $49.00 .... $77.00 ... $222.00 ____ JCJournal of Virology ........................... $79.00 .... $85.00 ... $104.00 ... $439.00 ____ JVMicrobiology Reviews ......................... $20.00 .... $21.00 .... $34.00 .... $74.00 '___MRASMNews.$000 ..... $0.00 ... $0.00 .... $80.00In the past, members have been able to order free programs for the Total Journal Fees $General Meeting and ICAAC Conference on the dues renewal form. Now, Add your $15 Membership Dues + $15to receive a program for either of these meetin'gs, you must register forthe meeting. The cost of the program Is Included in the registration fee. Total $For your information, abbreviated programs and advance information foreach meeting will be Included In ASMNew.

PAYMENT IN U.S. DOLLARS MUST ACCOMPANY APPLICATIONA membership card, division registration form, and the journal(s) of your choice will be sent within 90 days upon completion of processing.ASM dues are tax deductible to the extent permitted by law. ASM designates $12 of your dues for ASM News. Rates are for 1992 only.Applicants must remit in U.S. Dollars by check or draft payable to ASM through a U.S. bank located within the Continental U.S. Applicants fromCanada may use check made out in U.S. Dollars and drawn on a Canadian bank or applicants may choose to pay with VISA, MasterCard, Eurocard,or American Express. If that is your preference, please fill in the box below.

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JB 1/92 SIGNATURE

ICAACYOUNG INVESTIGATORAWARDSCall for Nominations

1992 ICAAC Young Investigator Awards:Eligibility and Nominations

The Young Investigator Awards wereestablished in 1983 for the InterscienceConference on Antimicrobial Agents andChemotherapy (ICAAC) under thesponsorship of Merck Sharp & Dohme. Theawards are made annually to fourindividuals. The deadline for nominations forawards to be presented at the 1992 ICAACis 1 April 1992.

Purpose. To recognize and rewardyoung investigators for excellence inresearch in the broad areas of microbiologyand infectious diseases. A monetary awardis provided to support attendance at ICAACand other endeavors enhancing theeducational background of the individual.

Eligibility. Pre- and postdoctoralstudents and fellows in microbiology andinfectious disease fellows including thosenot more than 36 months post-training, whohave performed significant research in NorthAmrerica. Research eligible for evaluation islimited to the study and understanding ofmicrobiology, infectious diseases, or any ofthe sciences associated with the discoveryand application ofchemotherapeutic agents.

Nominations. Individuals may benominated by an active member of ASM,and nominations are invited from all qualifiedfellows. Nominations shall be accompaniedby (i) a nomination form (ii) a

letter of nomination which includes aspecific description of the nominee'sresearch, (iii) a current CV, and (iv) at leastthree supporting letters from appropriateindividuals in the field, preferably from morethan one institution. Nomination forms canbe obtained from ASM Headquarters (seebelow).

Award process. Awardees will beselected by the award committee on thebasis of research potential and quality.

Award. Each young investigatorselected will receive a monetary award anda certificate. Four awards will be madeeach year. Awards will be presented by thePresident of ASM and the Chair of theICAAC Committee at the annual ICAACmeeting. Awardees and their mentors willbe honored at a private dinner hosted by thesponsor, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and theirnames will be published in ASM NEWS.

Submission procedure. Allmaterials in support of a nomination for the1992 award must be assembled and copiedbefore submission. Submit six copies by 1April 1992 to the Awards Committee,American Academy of Microbiology, 1325Massachusetts Avenue, N. W., Washington,DC 20005.

MSDMERCmARE

1992

HOECHST-ROUSSELAWARDCall for Nominations

1992 Hoechst-Roussel Award:Eligibility and Nominations

Nominations for the 1992 Hoechst-Roussel award, under the sponsorship ofHoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, are invitedbythe Awards Committee and the lnterscienceConference on Antfmicrobial Agents andChemotherapy (ICAAC) Committee. Scientistsfrom all parts of the world are eligible to receivethe Hoechst-Roussel award.

The deadline for nominations for theaward to be presented at the 1992 ICAAC is 1April 1992.

Purpose. The Hoechst-Roussel Awardwill be made annually to a person engagedactively in research in antimicrobialchemotherapy. The award is made for thepurpose of stimulating research in this field.Appropriate research maybe either basic work indeveloping new agents, investigatingantimicrobial action or resistance to antimicrobialagents, or research relating to the pharmacology,toxicology, or clinical use of those agents.

Eligibility. There shall be no age limit orprofessional requirement for the award. The solerequirement of candidacy shall be outstandingaccomplishment in research or development inthe areas appropriate to the award.

Award. The Hoechst-Roussel Awardconsists of a cash award of $20,000 and acommemorative medal. The recipient andspouse/guest will be reimbursed for travelexpenses to the presentation ceremonies at theInterscience Conference on AntimicrobialAgentsand Chemotherapy. At this meeting, the

recipient will be expected to present a speciallecture on the research for which the award ismade. In addition, the awardee andspouse/guest will be invited to Hoechst inFrankfurt and Roussel in Paris to deliver his orher lecture to an audience at these parentcompanies.

Award process. The recipient of theHoechst-Roussel Award shall be selected by anAward Committee of five persons.

Nominations. Nominations may besubmitted by members of the American Societyfor Microbiology or the Infectious DiseasesSociety of America. Nominations must bereceived by the American Society forMicrobiology by 1 April of the year in which theaward is to be made. No person shall submitmore than one nomination. Nominations shall beaccompanied by (i) a nomination cover sheet, (ii)a letter of nomination, which includes a specificdescription of the research on which thenomination is based (iii) a current CV, (iv) notmore than three reprints of work most relevant tonomination, (v) at least five and no more thanseven supporting letters, desirable from personsin the field not closely associated with thenominee.

Submission procedures. All materialsin support of a nomination for the 1992 awardmust be assembled and copied beforesubmission. Submit six copies by 1 April 1992 tothe Awards Committee, American Academy ofMicrobiology, 1325 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W.,Washington, DC 20005.

Supported by

Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals

1992

JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Jan. 1992

JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTSSubmit manuscripts directly to: Journals Division,

American Society for Microbiology, 1325 MassachusettsAve., N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171. Since allsubmissions must be processed through this office,alternate routings, such as to an editor, will delayinitiation of the review process. The manuscript mustbe accompanied by a covering letter stating the follow-ing: the journal to which the manuscript is beingsubmitted, the most appropriate section of the journal,the complete mailing address (including the street),telephone and fax numbers of the corresponding au-thor, a BITNET or other electronic mail address ifavailable, and the former ASM manuscript numberand year if it is a resubmission. In addition, includewritten assurance that permission to cite personal com-munications and preprints has been granted.Authors may suggest an appropriate editor for new

submissions. If we are unable to comply with such arequest, the corresponding author will be notifiedbefore the manuscript is assigned to another editor. Toexpedite the review process, authors may recommendat least two or three reviewers who are not members oftheir institution(s) and have never been associatedwith them or their laboratory(ies). Please provide thename, address, phone and fax numbers, and area ofexpertise for each. Note that reviewers so recom-mended will be used at the discretion of the editor.Submit three complete copies of each manuscript,

including figures and tables. Type every portion of themanuscript double spaced (a minimum of 6 mm be-tween lines), including figure legends, table footnotes,and References, and number all pages in sequence,including the abstract, figure legends, and tables. Placethe last two items after the References section. Manu-script pages must have margins of at least 2.5 cm on allfour sides. See p. vi for detailed instructions aboutillustrations.

Copies of "in press" and "submitted" manuscriptsthat are important for judgment of the present manu-script should be enclosed to facilitate the review.Three copies of each such manuscript should beprovided.Authors who are unsure of proper English usage

should have their manuscripts checked by someoneproficient in the English language. Manuscripts thatare deficient in this respect may be returned to theauthor before review.

EDITORIAL POLICYManuscripts submitted to the journal must represent

reports of original research. All authors of a manu-script must have agreed to its submission and areresponsible for its content, including appropriate cita-tions and acknowledgments, and must also have

agreed that the corresponding author has the authorityto act on their behalf on all matters pertaining topublication of the manuscript. By submission of amanuscript to the journal, the authors guarantee thatthe manuscript, or one substantially the same, was notpublished previously, is not being considered or pub-lished elsewhere, and was not rejected on scientificgrounds by another ASM journal.By publishing in the journal, the authors agree that

any plasmids, viruses, and living materials such asmicrobial strains and cell lines newly described in thearticle are available from a national collection or willbe made available in a timely fashion and at reasonablecost to members of the scientific community for non-commercial purposes.

Failure to comply with the above-mentioned poli-cies may result in a 3- to 5-year suspension of publish-ing privileges in ASM journals.

Primary PublicationThe American Society for Microbiology accepts the

definition of primary publication as defined in How toWrite and Publish a Scientific Paper, third edition, byRobert A. Day, to wit: ". . . (i) the first publication oforiginal research results, (ii) in a form whereby peersof the author can repeat the experiments and test theconclusions, and (iii) in a journal or other sourcedocument [emphasis added] readily available withinthe scientific community."A scientific paper published in a conference report,

symposium proceeding, technical bulletin, or anyother retrievable source is unacceptable for submis-sion to an ASM journal on grounds of prior publica-tion. A preliminary disclosure of research findingspublished in abstract form as an adjunct to a meeting,e.g., part of a program, is not considered "priorpublication" because it does not meet the criteria for ascientific paper.

It is incumbent upon the author to acknowledge anyprior publication of the data contained in a manuscriptsubmitted to an ASM journal even though he or shemay not consider such publication in violation ofASMpolicy. A copy of the relevant work should accompanythe paper.

PermissionsThe corresponding author is responsible for obtain-

ing permissions from both the original publisher andthe original author [i.e., the copyright owner(s)] toreproduce figures, tables, or text (in whole or in part)from previous publications. The signed permissionsmust be submitted to ASM, and each should beidentified as to the relevant item in the ASM manu-script (e.g., "permissions for Fig. 1 in JB 123-92").

Copyright C 1992, American Society for Microbiology

i

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

AuthorshipAn author is one who made a substantial contribu-

tion to the "overall design and execution of theexperiments"; therefore, ASM considers all coauthorsequally responsible for the entire paper. Individualswho provided assistance, e.g., supplied strains orreagents or critiqued the paper, need not be listed asauthors but may be recognized in the Acknowledg-ment section.

All authors must agree to the order in which theirnames are listed in the byline. Footnotes regardingattribution of work (e.g., X. Jones and Y. Smithcontributed equally to. . .) are not permitted. If nec-essary, such statements may be included in the Ac-knowledgment section.

Page ChargesIt is anticipated that page charges, currently $50 per

printed page (price subject to change), will be paid byauthors whose research was supported by specialfunds, grants (departmental, governmental, institu-tional, etc.), or contracts or whose research was doneas part of their official duties. A bill for page charges issent with the page proofs and reprint order form.

If the research was not supported by any of themeans described above, a request to waive the chargesmay be sent to the Journals Division, American Soci-ety for Microbiology, 1325 Massachusetts Ave.,N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171, with the submit-ted manuscript. This request, which must be separatefrom the covering letter, must indicate how the workwas supported and should be accompanied by a copyof the Acknowledgment section.

Minireviews, Letters to the Editor, and contribu-tions to the E. coli physical map are not subject to pagecharges.

CopyrightTo maintain and protect the Society's ownership

and rights and to protect the original authors frommisappropriations of their work, ASM requires thecorresponding author to sign a copyright transferagreement on behalf of all the authors. This agreementis sent to the corresponding author when the manu-script is accepted and scheduled for publication. Un-less this agreement is executed (without changesand/or addenda), ASM will not publish the manu-script.

If all authors were employed by the U.S. govern-ment when the work was performed, the correspond-ing author should not sign the copyright transferagreement but should, instead, attach to the agreementa statement attesting that the manuscript was preparedas a part of their official duties and, as such, is a workof the U.S. government not subject to copyright.

If some of the authors were employed by the U.S.government when the work was performed but theothers were not, the corresponding author should signthe copyright transfer agreement as it applies to that

portion performed by the non-government employeeauthors.

ScopeThe Journal of Bacteriology publishes descriptions

of basic research on bacteria and other microorgan-isms, including fungi and other unicellular eucaryoticorganisms. Topics that are considered include struc-ture and function, biochemistry, enzymology, metab-olism and its regulation, molecular biology, genetics,plasmids and transposons, general microbiology, plantmicrobiology, chemical or physical characterization ofmicrobial structures or products, and basic biologicalproperties of organisms.ASM publishes a number of different journals cov-

ering various aspects of microbiology. Each journalhas a prescribed scope that must be considered indetermining the most appropriate journal for eachmanuscript. The following guidelines should be ofassistance.

(i) The Journal ofBacteriology will consider papersthat describe the use of antibiotics and antimicrobialagents as tools for elucidating the basic biologicalprocesses of microorganisms. However, papers deal-ing with antimicrobial agents, including manuscriptsdealing with the susceptibility, resistance, biosyn-thesis and metabolism of such agents, are more appro-priate for Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

(ii) The Journal ofBacteriology will consider manu-scripts that emphasize the interrelationship of thebacteriophage and the host cell, manuscripts aboutwork in which viruses were used as tools for elucidat-ing the structure or biological processes of microor-ganisms, and manuscripts that concern phages that arerelated to transposable elements or plasmids. Papersdescribing phage structure and those that describephage models that are pertinent for virus infection ofeucaryotic cells are more appropriate for the Journalof Virology.

(iii) Manuscripts describing new or novel methodsor improvements in media and culture conditions willnot be considered by the Journal of Bacteriologyunless they are applied to the study of basic problemsin microbiology. Such manuscripts are more appropri-ate for Applied and Environmental Microbiology or forthe Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

(iv) Manuscripts dealing with ecology or environ-mental studies, or with the application of microorgan-isms to agricultural or industrial processes, are moreappropriate for Applied and Environmental Microbiol-ogy.

(v) Manuscripts dealing with the immune system orwith topics of medical interest are more appropriatefor Infection and Immunity.

(vi) In most cases, reports that emphasize methodsand nucleotide sequence data alone (without experi-mental documentation of the functional and evolution-ary significance of the sequence) will not be consid-ered by the Journal of Bacteriology.

* .

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

(vii) Genome maps of microorganisms will not beconsidered unless at least two restriction enzymes thatyield identical results are used, the number of DNAfragments in each ethidium bromide-staining band isaddressed, and the appropriate location(s) and numberof rrn operons are positioned.

(viii) Papers that include extensive taxonomic mate-rial (e.g., descriptions of new taxa) should be sub-mitted to the International Journal of SystematicBacteriology, which is published by ASM for theInternational Union of Microbiological Societies.

(ix) Molecular and Cellular Biology includes studieson the molecular biology of eucaryotic microbes. Thescope statements for Molecular and Cellular Biologyand the Journal of Bacteriology are complementary.They provide authors with appropriate journals for thepublication of research covering all aspects of eucary-

otic microbiology. When a research report would beequally appropriate for either journal, the author'spreference will be followed.

Questions about these guidelines may be directed tothe editor in chief of the journal being considered.

If transfer to another ASM journal is recommendedby an editor, the corresponding author will be con-

tacted.A manuscript rejected by one ASM journal on

scientific grounds or on the basis of its general suit-ability for publication is considered rejected by allother ASM journals.

Culture DepositionThe Journal of Bacteriology encourages authors to

deposit important strains in publicly accessible culturecollections and to refer to the collections and strainnumbers in the text. Since the authenticity of subcul-tures of culture collection specimens that are distrib-uted by individuals cannot be ensured, authors shouldindicate laboratory strain designations and donorsource as well as original culture collection identifica-tion numbers.

Nucleotide SequencesInclusion of a GenBank/EMBL accession number

for primary nucleotide and/or amino acid sequencedata is a criterion for acceptance. The accessionnumber must be included in the original manuscript or

be inserted when the manuscript is modified. (Theaccession number should be included as a separateparagraph at the end of the Materials and Methodssection for full-length papers or at the end of the text ofNotes.) The manuscript will not be accepted by theeditor until this number has been provided.GenBank may be contacted at: GenBank Submis-

sions, Mail Stop K710, Los Alamos National Labo-ratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, U.S.A.; tele-phone: (505) 665-2177; electronic mail (submissions):gbsub%life@lanl.gov. The EMBL Data Library may

be contacted at: EMBL Data Library Submissions,Postfach 10.2209, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 6900 Heidel-berg, Germany; telephone: 011 49 (6221) 387258; fax:

011 49 (6221) 387306; electronic mail (data submis-sions): datasubs@embl.bitnet.See p. vi for nucleic acid sequence formatting in-

structions.

Editorial StyleThe editorial style of ASM journals conforms to the

CBE Style Manual (5th ed., 1983; Council of BiologyEditors, Inc., 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Md.),ASM Style Manualfor Journals and Books (AmericanSociety for Microbiology, 1991), Robert A. Day's Howto Write and Publish a Scientific Paper (3rd ed., 1988;Oryx Press), and Scientific Writing for Graduate Stu-dents (Council of Biology Editors, Inc., 1968), asinterpreted and modified by the editors and the ASMJournals Division.

Review ProcessAll manuscripts are reviewed by the editors, mem-

bers of the editorial board, or qualified ad hoc review-ers. When a manuscript is submitted to the Journal, itis given a manuscript control number and is assignedto one of the editors. All coauthors are notified of thisnumber and the editor to whom the manuscript hasbeen assigned. (It is the responsibility of the corre-sponding author to inform the coauthors of the manu-script's status throughout the review and publicationprocesses.) The reviewers operate under strict guide-lines set forth in "Guidelines for Reviewers" and areexpected to complete their reviews expeditiously. Thecorresponding author is notified, generally within 4 to6 weeks after submission, of the editor's decision toaccept, reject, or require modification. When a manu-script is returned to the corresponding author formodification, it should be returned to the editor within2 months; otherwise it may be considered withdrawn.

Notification of AcceptanceWhen an editor has decided that a manuscript is

acceptable for publication on the basis of scientificmerit, it is sent to the Journals Division, where it ischecked by the production editor. If the manuscripthas been prepared according to the criteria set forth inthese instructions, it is scheduled for the next availableissue and an acceptance letter that indicates the monthof publication, approximate page proof dates, andsection is mailed to the corresponding author. Theeditorial staff of the ASM Journals Division completesthe editing of the manuscript to bring it into conformitywith prescribed standards.

Page ProofsThe printer sends page proofs, the copy-edited

manuscript, and a page charge/reprint order form tothe corresponding author. As soon as the page proofsare corrected and signed by the person who proofreadthem (within 48 h), they should be mailed to the ASMJournals Division.The proof stage is not the time to make extensive

corrections, additions, or deletions. Important new

. .

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

information that has become available between accep-tance of the manuscript and receipt of the proofs maybe inserted as an Addendum in Proof with the permis-sion of the editor. If references to unpublished data orpersonal communications are added, include writtenassurance that permission to cite them has beengranted. Limit changes to correction of spelling errors,incorrect data, grammatical errors, and updated infor-mation for "submitted" and "in press" references.

Questions about late proofs and problems in theproofs should be directed to the ASM Journals Divi-sion, telephone (202) 737-3600.

ReprintsReprints (in multiples of 100) may be purchased by

all coauthors. An order form that includes a tableshowing the cost of reprints is sent with the proofs tothe corresponding author.

ORGANIZATION AND FORMAT

Regular PapersRegular full-length papers should include the ele-

ments described in this section.

Title, Running Title, and Byline. Each manuscriptshould present the results of an independent, cohesivestudy; thus, numbered series titles are not allowed.Avoid the main title/subtitle arrangement, completesentences, and unnecessary articles. On the title page,include the title, running title (not to exceed 54 char-acters and spaces), name of each author, address(es)of the institution(s) at which the work was performed,each author's affiliation, and a footnote indicating thepresent address of any author no longer at the institu-tion where the work was performed. Place an asteriskafter the name of the author to whom inquiries regard-ing the paper should be directed, and give that author'stelephone and fax numbers. The BITNET or otherelectronic mail address of the corresponding author, ifsupplied on the title page of the manuscript, will beincluded as a footnote in the published article.

Abstract. Limit the abstract to 250 words or fewerand concisely summarize the basic content of thepaper without presenting extensive experimental de-tails. Avoid abbreviations and do not include dia-grams. When it is essential to include a reference, usethe References citation but omit the article title. Be-cause the abstract will be published separately byabstracting services, it must be complete and under-standable without reference to the text.

Introduction. The introduction should supply suffi-cient background information to allow the reader tounderstand and evaluate the results of the presentstudy without referring to previous publications on thetopic. The introduction should also provide the ratio-nale for the present study. Use only those references

required to provide the most salient background ratherthan an exhaustive review of the topic.

Materials and Methods. The Materials and Methodssection should include sufficient technical informationto allow the experiments to be repeated. When cen-trifugation conditions are critical, give enough infor-mation to enable another investigator to repeat theprocedure: make of centrifuge, model of rotor, tem-perature, time at maximum speed, and centrifugalforce (x g rather than revolutions per minute). Forcommonly used materials and methods (e.g., mediaand protein determinations), a simple reference issufficient. If several alternative methods are com-monly used, it is helpful to identify the method brieflyas well as to cite the reference. For example, it ispreferable to state, "cells were broken by ultrasonictreatment as previously described (9)," rather than tostate, "cells were broken as previously described (9)."The reader should be allowed to assess the methodwithout constant reference to previous publications.Describe new methods completely and give sources ofunusual chemicals, equipment, or microbial strains.When large numbers of microbial strains or mutantsare used in a study, include tables identifying thesources and properties of the strains, mutants, bacte-riophages, plasmids, etc.Enzyme purifications should be described in this

section, but the results of such procedures should bedescribed in the Results section.A method, strain, etc., used in only one of several

experiments reported in the paper may be described inthe Results section or very briefly (one or two sen-tences) in a table footnote or figure legend.

Results. The Results section should include theresults of the experiments. Reserve extensive interpre-tation of the results for the Discussion section. Presentthe results as concisely as possible in one of thefollowing: text, table(s), or figure(s). Avoid extensiveuse of graphs to present data that might be moreconcisely presented in the text or tables. For example,except in unusual cases, double-reciprocal plots usedto determine apparent Km values should not be pre-sented as graphs; instead, the values should be statedin the text. Similarly, graphs illustrating other methodscommonly used (e.g., calibration plots for molecularweight by gel filtration or electrophoresis) need not beshown except in unusual circumstances. Limit photo-graphs (particularly photomicrographs and electronmicrographs) to those that are absolutely necessary toshow the experimental findings. Number figures andtables in the order in which they are cited in the text,and be sure to cite all figures and tables.

Discussion. The Discussion should provide an inter-pretation of the results in relation to previously pub-lished work and to the experimental system at handand should not contain extensive repetition of the

IV

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Results section or reiteration of the introduction. Inshort papers, the Results and Discussion sections maybe combined.

Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments of financialassistance and of personal assistance are given inseparate paragraphs. The usual format for acknowl-edgment of grant support is as follows: "This workwas supported by Public Health Service grant CA-01234 from the National Cancer Institute."

Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain supplemen-tary material to aid the reader, are permitted. Titles,authors, and References sections that are distinct fromthose of the primary article are not allowed. If it is notfeasible to list the author(s) of the appendix in thebyline or the Acknowledgment section of the primaryarticle, rewrite the appendix so that it can be consid-ered for publication as an independent article, eitherfull-length or Note style. Equations, tables, and figuresshould be labeled with the letter "A" preceding thenumeral to distinguish them from those cited in themain body of the text.

References. The References section must include allrelevant sources, and all listed references must becited in the text. Arrange the citations in alphabeticalorder, by first author, and number consecutively. Ab-breviate journal names according to Serial Sources forthe BIOSIS Data Base (BioSciences Information Ser-vice, 1991). Cite each listed reference in the text bynumber.Follow the styles shown in the examples below.

1. Anagnostopoulos, C., and J. Spizizen. 1961. Require-ments for transformation in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacte-riol. 81:741-746.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and R. E.Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements for enzyme inhi-bition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schles-singer (ed.), Microbiology-1977. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

3. Cox, C. S., B. R. Brown, and J. C. Smith. J. Gen.Genet., in press.*

4. Dhople, A., I. Ortega, and C. Berauer. 1989. Effect ofoxygen on in vitro growth of Mycobacterium leprae,abstr. U-82, p. 168. Abstr. 89th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc.Microbiol. 1989.

5. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H. Spaulding.1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic bacteriology. Co-ordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

6. Fitzgerald, G., and D. Shaw. In A. E. Waters (ed.),Clinical microbiology, in press. EFH Publishing Co.,Boston.

7. Gustlethwaite, F. P. 1985. Letter. Lancet ii:327.8. Jacoby, J., R. Grimm, J. Bostic, V. Dean, and G. Starke.

Submitted for publication.9. Jensen, C., and D. S. Schumacher. Unpublished data.

10. Jones, A. (Yale University). 1990. Personal communica-tion.

11. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales nomennovum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons(ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology,8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.

12. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics, p.352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y.

13. Powers, R. D., W. M. Dotson, Jr., and F. G. Hayden.1982. Program Abstr. 22nd Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother., abstr. 448.

14. Sigma Chemical Co. 1989. Sigma manual. Sigma Chem-ical Co., St. Louis, Mo.

15. Smith, J. C. April 1970. U.S. patent 484,363,770.16. Smyth, D. R. 1972. Ph.D. thesis. University of Califor-

nia, Los Angeles.17. Yagupsky, P., and M. A. Menegus. 1989. Intraluminal

colonization as a source of catheter-related infection.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:2025. (Letter.)

* Note that an "in press" reference to an ASMpublication should state the control number (e.g., JB576-92) or the name of the publication if it is a book.

Notes

The Note format is intended for the presentation ofbrief observations that do not warrant full-length pa-pers. Submit Notes in. the same way as full-lengthpapers. They receive the same review, and they arenot considered preliminary communications.Each Note must have an abstract of no more than 50

words. Do not use section headings in the body of theNote; report methods, results, and discussion in asingle section. Paragraph lead-ins are permissible. Thetext should be kept to a minimum and if possibleshould not exceed 1,000 words; the number of figuresand tables should also be kept to a minimum. Materialsand methods should be described in the text, not in thefigure legends or table footnotes. Present acknowledg-ments as in full-length papers, but do not use aheading. The References section is identical to that offull-length papers.

Physical Map of E. coliThe Journal of Bacteriology publishes on a quar-

terly basis the physical location of genes and lociassigned to the Escherichia coli chromosome. Thisinformation can be presented by the unambiguousidentification of a matching restriction pattern or bythe assignment of a gene or locus to a particular Aphage from the "Miniset" library. Contributionsshould be submitted in duplicate to the Journals Divi-sion. All parts must be typed double spaced. Pageproofs will not be sent to the authors, and no pagecharge(s) will be assessed for these contributions.Reprints will not be available. For a more completedescription of these submissions, see the January 1990issue of ASM News.

MinireviewsMinireviews are brief summaries (limit of 4 printed

pages) of developments in fast-moving areas. They

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

must be based on published articles; they may addressany subject within the scope of JB. Minireviews maybe either solicited or proffered by authors respondingto a recognized need. Irrespective of origin, minire-views are subject to editorial review. Three double-spaced copies must be provided.

Letters to the EditorLetters to the Editor must include data to support

the writer's argument and are intended only for com-ments on articles published previously in the journal.They may be no more than 500 words long. Send lettersto the Journals Division. They will be processed andsent to the editor who handled the article in question.If the editor believes that publication is warranted, hewill solicit a reply from the corresponding author ofthe article and make a recommendation to the editor inchief. Final approval for publication rests with theeditor in chief. All letters intended for publicationmust be typed double spaced.

ErrataThe Erratum section provides a means of correcting

errors (e.g., typographical) in published articles.Changes in data and the addition of new material arenot permitted. Send errata directly to the JournalsDivision.

Author's Corrections

The Author's Correction section provides a meansof adding citations that were overlooked in a publishedarticle. The author who failed to cite a reference andthe author whose paper was not cited must agree tosuch a publication; the editor, editor in chief, andchairman of the Publications Board will not be in-volved. Letters from both authors must accompanythe author's correction sent to the Journals Division.

DisclaimersStatements disclaiming governmental or any other

type of endorsement or approval will be deleted by theJournals Division.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES

The figure number and authors' names should bewritten on all figures, either in the margin or on theback (marked lightly with a soft pencil). For micro-graphs especially, the top should be indicated as well.Do not clasp figures to each other or to the manu-

script with paper clips. Insert small figures in anenvelope.

Continuous-Tone and Composite PhotographsWhen submitting continuous-tone photographs

(e.g., polyacrylamide gels), keep in mind the journalpage width: 3'/16 inches for a single column and 67/8inches for a double column (maximum). Include only

the significant portion of an illustration. Photos mustbe of sufficient contrast to withstand the inevitable lossof contrast and detail inherent in the printing process.Submit one photograph of each continuous-tone figurefor each copy of the manuscript; photocopies are notacceptable. If possible, the figures submitted should bethe size they will appear when published so that noreduction is necessary. If they must be reduced, makesure that all elements, including labeling, can with-stand reduction and remain legible.

If a figure is a composite of a continuous-tonephotograph and a drawing or labeling, the originalcomposite must be provided for the printer (i.e., not aphotograph of the composite). This original, labeled"printer's copy," may be sent with the modifiedmanuscript to the editor.

Electron and light micrographs must be direct cop-ies of the original negative. Indicate the magnificationwith a scale marker on each micrograph.

Color Photographs

Color photographs are discouraged. However, ifthey are necessary, include an extra copy at the timeof manuscript submission so that a cost estimate forprinting may be obtained. The cost of printing colorphotographs must be borne by the author.

DrawingsSubmit graphs, charts, sequences, complicated

chemical or mathematical formulas, diagrams, andother drawings as glossy photographs made fromfinished drawings not requiring additional artwork ortypesetting. Computer-generated graphics producedon high-quality laser printers are also usually accept-able. No part of the graph or drawing should behandwritten. Both axes of graphs must be labeled.Most graphs will be reduced to one-column width (J5/16inches), and all elements in the drawing should belarge enough to withstand this reduction. Avoid heavyletters, which tend to close up when reduced, andunusual symbols, which the printer may not be able toreproduce in the legend.

In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well astable column headings), avoid ambiguous use of num-bers with exponents. Usually, it is preferable to use theappropriate SI symbols (,. for 10-6, m for 10-3, k for10, M for 106, etc.). A complete listing of SI symbolscan be found in the IUPAC "Manual of Symbols andTerminology for Physicochemical Quantities andUnits" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970). Thus, rep-resentation of 20,000 cpm on a figure ordinate shouldbe made by the number 20, accompanied by the labelkcpm.When powers of 10 must be used, the journal

requires that the exponent power be associated with thenumber shown. In representing 20,000 cells per ml,the numeral on the ordinate would be "2" and thelabel would be "104 cells per ml" (not "cells per ml x10-4'"). Likewise, an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/mlwould be shown as 6, accompanied by the label 10-2

Vi

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

U/ml. The preferred designation would be 60 mU/ml(milliunits per milliliter).

Presentation of Nucleic Acid Sequences

Nucleic acid sequences of limited length which are

the primary subject of a study may be presentedfreestyle in the most effective format. Longer nucleicacid sequences must be presented in the followingformat to conserve space. Submit the sequence ascamera-ready copy of dimensions 8Y2" x 11" (orslightly less) in standard (portrait) orientation. Printthe sequence in lines of approximately 100 to 120nucleotides in a nonproportional (monospace) fontthat is easily legible when published with a line lengthof 6 inches. If possible, lines of nucleic acid sequenceshould be further subdivided into blocks of 10 or 20nucleotides by spaces within the sequences or bymarks above it. Uppercase and lowercase letters maybe used to designate the exon/intron structure, tran-scribed regions, etc., if the lowercase letters remainlegible at a 6-inch line length. Number the sequenceline by line; place numerals, representing the first baseof each line, to the left of the lines. Minimize spacingbetween adjacent lines of sequence, leaving room onlyfor annotation of the sequence. Annotation may in-clude boldface, underlining, brackets, boxes, etc. En-coded amino acid sequences may be presented, ifnecessary, immediately above the first nucleotide ofeach codon, using the single-letter amino acid sym-bols. Comparisons of multiple nucleic acid sequencesshould conform as nearly as possible to the sameformat.

Figure LegendsLegends should provide enough information so that

the figure is understandable without frequent refer-ence to the text. However, detailed experimental meth-ods must be described in the Materials and Methodssection, not in a figure legend. A method that is uniqueto one of several experiments may be reported in alegend only if the discussion is very brief (one or twosentences). Define all symbols and abbreviations usedin the figure that have not been defined elsewhere.

TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange the

data so that columns of like material read down, notacross. The headings should be sufficiently clear sothat the meaning of the data will be understandablewithout reference to the text. See Abbreviations inthese instructions for those that should be used intables. Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, butmore-extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotesshould not include detailed descriptions of the ex-periment. Tables must include enough informationto warrant table format; those with fewer than sixpieces of data will be incorporated into the text bythe copy editor. A well-constructed table is shownbelow.

TABLE 1. Induction of creatinine deiminase in C. neoformansand C. bacillisporus

C. neoformans C. bacillisporusNIH 12 NIH 191

N source"Total Sp act Total Sp actenyeb (U/mg of enye (U/mg of

Nsource"enzymeb protein) enzyme protein)

Ammonia 0.58 0.32 0.50 0.28Glutamic acid 5.36 1.48 2.18 0.61Aspartic acid 2.72 0.15 1.47 0.06Arginine 3.58 2.18 3.38 2.19Creatinine 97.30 58.40 104.00 58.30

" The inoculum was grown in glucose broth with ammonium sulfate,washed twice, and then transferred into the media with the N sources listedabove.

b Enzyme units in cell extract obtained from ca. 1010 cells.

Tables that can be photographically reproduced forpublication without further typesetting or artwork arereferred to as "camera ready." They should not behand lettered and must be carefully prepared to con-form with the style of the journal. The advantage ofsubmitting camera-ready copy is that the material willappear exactly as envisioned by the author, and nosecond proofreading is necessary. This is particularlyadvantageous when there are long, complicated tablesand when the division of material and spacing areimportant.

NOMENCLATURE

Chemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of chemical

compounds is Chemical Abstracts (Chemical Ab-stracts Service, Ohio State University, Columbus) andits indexes. The Merck Index (llth ed., 1989; Merck &Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J.) is also an excellent source.For guidelines to the use of biochemical terminology,consult the following: Biochemical Nomenclature andRelated Documents, 1978, reprinted for The Biochem-ical Society, London; the instructions to authors of theJournal of Biological Chemistry and the Archives ofBiochemistry and Biophysics (first issues of eachyear); and the Handbook ofBiochemistry and Molec-ular Biology (G. D. Fasman, ed., 3rd ed., CRC Press,Inc., 1976).Do not express molecular weight in daltons; molec-

ular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecular mass isexpressed in daltons.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) name

assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the In-ternational Union of Biochemistry as described inEnzyme Nomenclature (Academic Press, Inc., 1984).If a nonrecommended name is used, place the proper(trivial) name in parentheses at first use in the abstractand text. Use the EC number when one has beenassigned, and express enzyme activity either in katals(preferred) or in the older system of micromoles perminute.

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Nomenclature of MicroorganismsBinary names, consisting of a generic name and a

specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli), must be usedfor all microorganisms. Names of higher categoriesmay be used alone, but specific and subspecific epi-thets may not. A specific epithet must be precededby a generic name the first time it is used in a pa-per. Thereafter, the generic name should be abbrevi-ated to the initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), provid-ed there can be no confusion with other generaused in the paper. Names of all taxa (phyla, classes,orders, families, genera, species, subspecies) areprinted in italics and should be underlined (or itali-cized) in the manuscript; strain designations and num-bers are not.The spelling of names should follow the Approved

Lists ofBacterial Names (amended edition) (V. B. D.Skerman, V. McGowan, and P. H. A. Sneath, ed.) andthe Index of the Bacterial and Yeast NomenclaturalChanges Published in the International Journal ofSystematic Bacteriology since the 1980 ApprovedLists ofBacterial Names (1 January 1980 to 1 January1989) (W. E. C. Moore and L. V. H. Moore, ed.), bothpublished by the American Society for Microbiologyin 1989, and the validation lists and articles publishedin the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriol-ogy since 1 January 1989. If there is reason to use aname that does not have standing in nomenclature,the name should be enclosed in quotation marks andan appropriate statement concerning the nomencla-tural status of the name should be made in the text (foran example, see Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:547-556,1980).

Since the classification of fungi is not complete, it isthe responsibility of the author to determine the ac-cepted binomial for a given organism. Some sourcesfor these names include The Yeasts: a TaxonomicStudy, 3rd ed. (N. J. W. Kreger-van Rij, ed., ElsevierScience Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1984) andAinsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, In-cluding the Lichens, 7th ed. (Commonwealth Myco-logical Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1983).

Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids should begiven designations consisting of letters and serial num-bers. It is generally advisable to include a worker'sinitials or a descriptive symbol of locale, laboratory,etc., in the designation. Each new strain, mutant,isolate, or derivative should be given a new (serial)designation. This designation should be distinct fromthose of the genotype and phenotype, and genotypicand phenotypic symbols should not be included.

Genetic NomenclatureBacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria are

described in terms of phenotypes and genotypes. Thephenotype describes the observable properties of anorganism. The genotype refers to the genetic consti-tution of an organism, usually in reference to somestandard wild type. Use the recommendations of

Demerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-76, 1966) as a guide tothe use of these terms.

(i) Phenotypic designations must be used whenmutant loci have not been identified or mapped. Theycan also be used to identify the protein product of agene, e.g., the OmpA protein. Phenotypic designa-tions generally consist of three-letter symbols; theseare not italicized, and the first letter of the symbol iscapitalized. It is preferable to use roman or arabicnumerals (instead of letters) to identify a series ofrelated phenotypes. Thus, nucleic acid polymerasemutants might be designated Poll, Pol2, Pol3, etc.Wild-type characteristics can be designated with asuperscript plus (Pol+) and, when necessary for clar-ity, negative superscripts (Pol-) can be used to desig-nate mutant characteristics. Lowercase superscriptletters may be used to further delineate phenotypes(e.g., Strs for streptomycin sensitivity). Phenotypicdesignations should be defined.

(ii) Genotypic designations are similarly indicatedby three-letter locus symbols. In contrast to pheno-typic designations, these are lowercase italic (e.g., arahis rps). If several loci govern related functions, theseare distinguished by italicized capital letters followingthe locus symbol (e.g., araA araB araC). Promoter,terminator, and operator sites should be indicated asdescribed by Bachmann and Low (Microbiol. Rev.44:1-56, 1980), e.g., lacZp, lacAt, and lacZo.

(iii) Wild-type alleles are indicated with a super-script plus (ara+ his'). A superscript minus is not usedto indicate a mutant locus; thus, one refers to an aramutant rather than an ara- strain.

(iv) Mutation sites are designated by placing serialisolation numbers (allele numbers) after the locussymbol (e.g., araAl araA2). If only a single such locusexists or if it is not known in which of several relatedloci the mutation has occurred, a hyphen is usedinstead of the capital letter (e.g., ara-23). It is essentialin papers reporting the isolation of new mutants thatallele numbers be given to the mutations. ForEscherichia coli, there is a registry of such numbers:E. coli Genetic Stock Center, Department of Biology,Yale University, P. 0. Box 6666, New Haven, CT06511-7444. For Salmonella, the registry is: Salmo-nella Genetic Stock Center, Department of Biology,University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4Canada. For Bacillus, the registry is: the BacillusGenetic Stock Center, Ohio State University, Colum-bus. A registry of allele numbers and insertion ele-ments (omega [Ql] numbers) for chromosomal muta-tions and chromosomal insertions of transposons andother insertion elements has been established in con-junction with the ISP collection of Staphylococcusaureus at Iowa State University. Blocks of allelenumbers and Ql numbers are assigned to laboratorieson request. Requests for blocks of numbers and addi-tional information can be obtained from Peter A.Pattee, Department of Microbiology, Iowa State Uni-versity, Ames, IA 50011. A registry of plasmid desig-nations is maintained by the Plasmid Reference Cen-

. .ii

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

ter, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,5402, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stan-ford, CA 94305-2499.

(v) The use of superscripts with genotypes (otherthan + to indicate wild-type alleles) should beavoided. Designations indicating amber mutations(Am), temperature-sensitive mutations (Ts), constitu-tive mutations (Con), cold-sensitive mutations (Cs),production of a hybrid protein (Hyb), and other im-portant phenotypic properties should follow the allelenumber [e.g., araA230(Am) hisD2J(Ts)]. All othersuch designations of phenotype must be defined at thefirst occurrence. If superscripts must be used, theymust be approved by the editor and they must bedefined at the first occurrence.

Subscripts may be used in two situations. Subscriptsmay be used to distinguish between genes (having thesame name) from different organisms or strains, e.g.,hisE. coli or hisKl2 for the his genes of E. coli or strainK-12 in another species or strain, respectively. Anabbreviation could also be used if it were explained.Similarly, a subscript is also used to distinguish be-tween genetic elements that have the same name. Forexample, the promoters of the gln operon can bedesignated glnAp1 and glnAp2. This form departsslightly from that recommended by Bachmann andLow (e.g., desCip).

(vi) Deletions are indicated by the symbol A placedbefore the deleted gene or region, e.g., AtrpA432,A(aroP-aceE)419, or Ahis(dhuA hisJ hisQ)1256. Simi-larly, other symbols can be used (with appropriatedefinition). Thus, a fusion of the ara and lac operonscan be shown as 4?(ara-lac)95. Similarly, (:(araB'-lacZ+)96 indicates that the fusion results in a truncatedaraB gene fused to an intact lacZ, and F(malE-lacZ)97(Hyb) shows that a hybrid protein is synthe-sized. An inversion is shown as IN(rrnD-rrnE)J. Aninsertion of an E. coli his gene into plasmid pSC101 atzero kilobases (O kb) is shown as pSC101 fl(Okb::K-12hisB)4. An alternative designation of an insertioncan be used in simple cases, e.g., galT236::Tn5. Thenumber 236 refers to the locus of the insertion, and ifthe strain carries an additional gal mutation, it is listedseparately. Additional examples, which utilize aslightly different format, can be found in the papers byCampbell et al. and Novick et al. cited below. It isimportant in reporting the construction of strains inwhich a mobile element was inserted and subsequentlydeleted that this latter fact be noted in the strain table.This can be done by listing the genotype of the strainused as an intermediate, in a table footnote, or by adirect or parenthetical remark in the genotype, e.g.,(F-), AMu cts, mal::AMu cts::lac. In setting paren-thetical remarks within the genotype or dividing thegenotype into constituent elements, parentheses andsquare brackets are used without special meaning;square brackets are used outside parentheses. Toindicate the presence of an episome, parentheses (orbrackets) are used (X, F+). Reference to an integratedepisome is indicated as described for inserted ele-

ments, and an exogenote is shown as, for example,W3110/F'8(gal+).Any deviations from standard genetic nomenclature

should be explained in Materials and Methods or in atable of strains. For information about the symbols incurrent use, consult Bachmann (B. J. Bachmann, p.807-876, in J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Ma-gasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger, ed.,Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellu-lar and Molecular Biology, 1987, American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.) for E. coli K-12,Sanderson and Roth (Microbiol. Rev. 52:485-532,1988) for Salmonella typhimurium, Holloway et al.(Microbiol. Rev. 43:73-102, 1979) for Pseudomonas,Piggot and Hoch (Microbiol. Rev. 49:158-179, 1985)for Bacillus subtilis, Perkins et al. (Microbiol. Rev.46:426-570, 1982) for Neurospora crassa, andMortimer and Schild (Microbiol. Rev. 49:181-213,1985) for Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

"Mutant" vs. "mutation." Keep in mind the distinc-tion between a mutation (an alteration of the primarysequence of the genetic material) and a mutant (astrain carrying one or more mutations). One mayspeak about the mapping of a mutation, but one cannotmap a mutant. Likewise, a mutant has no geneticlocus, only a phenotype.

Strain designations. Do not use the genotype as aname (e.g., "subsequent use of leuC6 for transduc-tion"). If a strain designation has not been chosen,select an appropriate word combination (e.g., "anoth-er strain containing the leuC6 mutation").

Bacteriophages. The genetic nomenclature forphages differs from that for bacteria and tends to haveseparate conventions for each phage. Genetic symbolsmay be one, two, or three letters and are italicized.For example, a mutant strain of X might be designatedAamll int2 redll4 c1857; this strain carries mutationsin genes cI, int, and red and an amber-suppressible(am) mutation in gene A. Phenotypic symbols anddesignations of gene products are not italicized (e.g.,"the Spi phenotype" or "Int protein"), and super-script plus and minus symbols can be used to indicatewild-type and mutant phenotypes, respectively. HostDNA insertions into phages should be delineated bysquare brackets, and the genetic symbols and designa-tions for such inserted DNA should conform to thoseused for the host genome. Lists of gene symbols forseveral phages can be found in Genetic Maps, 5th ed.(S. J. O'Brien, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1990). Relevant referencesfor some of the more widely studied phages are asfollows: for phage X, Daniels et al. (D. L. Daniels,J. L. Schroeder, W. Szybalski, F. Sanger, and F. R.Blattner, p. 469-515, in R. W. Hendrix, J. W. Rob-erts, F. W. Stahl, and R. A. Weisberg, ed., LambdaII, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Har-bor, N.Y., 1983); for phage T4, Mosig (G. Mosig, p.

IX

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

362-374, in C. K. Mathews, E. M. Kutter, G. Mosig,and P. B. Berget, ed., Bacteriophage T4, AmericanSociety for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1983);and for phage T7, Dunn and Studier (J. Mol. Biol.166:477-535, 1983).

Transposable elements, plasmids, and restriction en-zymes. Nomenclature of transposable elements (inser-tion sequences, transposons, phage Mu, etc.) shouldfollow the recommendations of Campbell et al. (Gene5:197-206, 1979), with the modifications given in sec-tion vi. The system of designating transposon inser-tions at sites where there are no known loci, e.g.,zef-123::TnS, has been described by Chumley et al.(Genetics 91:639-655, 1979). The nomenclature rec-ommendations of Novick et al. (Bacteriol. Rev. 40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids and plasmid-specifiedactivities, of Low (Bacteriol. Rev. 36:587-607, 1972)for F-prime factors, and of Roberts (Nucleic AcidsRes. 17:r347-r387, 1989) for restriction enzymes andtheir isoschizomers should be used. RecombinantDNA molecules constructed in vitro follow the no-menclature for insertions in general. DNA insertedinto recombinant DNA molecules should be describedby using the gene symbols and conventions for theorganism from which the DNA was obtained. ThePlasmid Reference Center (E. Lederberg, PlasmidReference Center, Department of Microbiology andImmunology, 5402, Stanford University School ofMedicine, Stanford, CA 94305-2499) assigns Tn andIS numbers to avoid conflicting and repetitive useand also clears nonconflicting plasmid prefix designa-tions.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

Verb TenseASM strongly recommends that for clarity you use

the past tense to narrate particular events in the past,including the procedures, observations, and data ofthe study that you are reporting. Use the present tensefor your own general conclusions, the conclusions ofprevious researchers, and generally accepted facts.Thus, most of the abstract, Materials and Methods,and Results sections will be in the past tense, and mostof the introduction and some of the Discussion will bein the present tense.Be aware that it may be necessary to vary the tense

in a single sentence. For example, it is correct to say"White (30) demonstrated that XYZ cells grow at pH6.8," "Figure 2 shows that ABC cells failed to grow atroom temperature," and "Air was removed from thechamber and the mice died, which proves that micerequire air." In reporting statistics and calculations, itis correct to say "The values for the ABC cells arestatistically significant, indicating that the drug inhib-ited...."For an in-depth discussion of tense in scientific

writing, see p. 158-160 in How to Write and Publish aScientific Paper, 3rd ed.

AbbreviationsGeneral. Abbreviations should be used as an aid to

the reader, rather than as a convenience to the author,and therefore their use should be limited. Abbrevia-tions other than those recommended by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Docu-ments, 1978) should be used only when a case can bemade for necessity, such as in tables and figures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or to paraphrasea long word after its first use (e.g., "the drug," "thesubstrate"). Standard chemical symbols and trivialnames or their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may beused for terms that appear in full in the neighboringtext.

It is strongly recommended that all abbreviationsexcept those listed below be introduced in the firstparagraph in Materials and Methods. Alternatively,define each abbreviation and introduce it in parenthe-ses the first time it is used: e.g., "cultures were grownin Eagle minimal essential medium (MEM)." Gener-ally, eliminate abbreviations that are not used at leastfive times in the text (including tables and figurelegends).

Not requiring introduction. In addition to abbrevia-tions for Systeme International d'Unites (SI) units ofmeasurement, other common units (e.g., bp, kb, andDa), and chemical symbols for the elements, thefollowing should be used without definition in the title,abstract, text, figure legends, and tables: DNA (deoxy-ribonucleic acid); cDNA (complementary DNA);RNA (ribonucleic acid); cRNA (complementaryRNA); RNase (ribonuclease); DNase (deoxyri-bonuclease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA (mes-senger RNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP, ADP,ATP, dAMP, ddATP, GTP, etc. (for the respective 5'phosphates of adenosine and other nucleosides) (add2'-, 3'-, or 5'- when needed for contrast); ATPase,dGTPase, etc. (adenosine triphosphatase, deoxygua-nosine triphosphatase, etc.); NAD (nicotinamide ade-nine dinucleotide); NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinu-cleotide, oxidized); NADH (nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide, reduced); NADP (nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate); NADPH (nicotinamide ade-nine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced); NADP+ (nic-otinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, oxidized);poly(A), poly(dT), etc. (polyadenylic acid, polydeoxy-thymidylic acid, etc.); oligo(dT), etc. (oligodeoxythy-midylic acid, etc.); Pi (orthophosphate); PP1 (pyro-phosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU (plaque-formingunits); CFU (colony-forming units); MIC (minimalinhibitory concentration); MBC (minimal bactericidalconcentration); Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminometh-ane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl); A260 (absorbance at260 nm); EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid); andAIDS (acquired immunodeficiency [or immune defi-ciency] syndrome. Abbreviations for cell lines (e.g.,HeLa) also need not be defined.The following abbreviations should be used without

definition in tables:

x

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)expt (experiment)exptl (experimental)ht (height)mo (month)mol wt (molecular weight)no. (number)prepn (preparation)SD (standard deviation)

SE (standard error)SEM (standard error of themean)

sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)vol (volume)vs (versus)wk (week)wt (weight)yr (year)

Reporting Numerical DataStandard metric units are used for reporting length,

weight, and volume. For these units and for molarity,use the prefixes m, ,, n, and p for lo-3, 10-6, lo-9,and 10- , respectively. Likewise, use the prefix k for103. Avoid compound prefixes such as m,u or ,u,u. Usejig/ml or ,ug/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Units oftemperature are presented as follows: 37°C or 324 K.When fractions are used to express units such as

enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use wholeunits, such as "g" or "min," in the denominatorinstead of fractional or multiple units, such as ,ug or 10min. For example, "pmol/min" would be preferable to"nmol/10 min," and ",umol/g" would be preferable to"nmol/,g." It is also preferable that an unambiguousform such as the exponential notation be used; forexample, ",umol g-1 min-m " is preferable to ",umol/g/min."

See the CBE Style Manual, 5th ed., for more de-tailed information about reporting numbers. Also con-tained in this source is information on SI units for thereporting of illumination, energy, frequency, pressure,and other physical terms. Always report numericaldata in the appropriate SI unit.

Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor simple molecules, isotopic labeling is indicated

in the chemical formula (e.g., 4C02, 3H20, H235S04).Brackets are not used when the isotopic symbol isattached to the name of a compound that in its naturalstate does not contain the element (e.g., 32S-ATP) orto a word that is not a specific chemical name (e.g.,1311-labeled protein, 14C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).For specific chemicals, the symbol for the isotope

introduced is placed in square brackets directly pre-ceding the part of the name that describes the labeledentity. Note that configuration symbols and modifiersprecede the isotopic symbol. The following examplesillustrate correct usage:["4C]ureaL-[methyl-14C]methionine[2,3-3H]serine[a-14C]lysine

[y_32P]ATPUDP-[U-'4C]glucoseE. coli [32P]DNAfructose 1,6-[1-32P]bisphosphate

This journal follows the same conventions for iso-topic labeling as the Journal of Biological Chemistry,and more detailed information can be found in theinstructions to authors of that journal (first issue ofeach year).

Xi

AVAILABLE ONAUDIO CASSEITES FROM THEBOARD OF EDUCATION & TRAINING's

WORKSHOPS & SCIENnFIC SESSIONS OF ThE91st General Meeting OF THE

AMERICAN SOCIETYMay 4 -9, 1991

(W34) WORKSHOP A: Use of Geneic Probes i theCinca Microbiology Laboratory

_ ASM-WAI OVERVIW AND HYBRIDIZTION OF PROBETECHOLOGY... -........__.. .

ASM-WA3 APMICATIONS OF PROBES IN THELABORATORY.--------(2ups) 18.00

__ASM-WA5 POLYMERASE cHAIN REACFION AMPLIFCATnON, CoSTCONSIDERATIONS. PITFALLS, DISCUSSION.-apes).4 18.00

(W36) WORKSHOP B: Praccl Dignostic Virologyfor the Community Hospitl

_ ASM-WB1 1. WHY CLINICAL VOLLOGY IN nT COMMUNiTYHOSPITAL? 2. DIAGNOSInC VIROLOGY-.. 9.00

_ ASM-WB2 1. VtAL ENTERBIS & ASEPTIC MENINGITIS2. GENITAL INMCFONS.----........Xl2wpes)wp18.00

_ ASM-WB3 1. REIATORY VIRUSES 2. VIRAL SEROLOGY..4 9.00ASM-WB4 IMPLEMENTATION A MANAGEMENT OF THE

VDIUS LABORATORY, DISCUSSION..._._....S 9.00

(W37) WORKSHOP C: Anacrobic Bacteiology for theCical Laboratory

ASM-WC1 I. OXYGEN TOXICITY 2. ROLE OF ANAEOBES ININFECTION, SELECTION, TRANSORT, NITIAL PROCESSINO.-lppes). 18.00

_ ASM-WC2 CONVTIONAL IDENTIFICATION METIHODS.TAXONOMY UPDATL.- ...._9.00

ASM-WC3 1. RAP ENZYMATC IDENTIFICATION METHODS2. SUSCEPTDIBILIY TESTNG..- 9

_ ASM-003 ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILTY TESTING-. RECEIADVANCES & FUrURE DIRECTIONS.-_t(apo). 18.00

ASM-004 MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OFHUMAN FECTIONS.................-__I1pes)_S 8.00

ASM-015 NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF THE PATHOGENSISOF SEXUALLY TRANSMTED_DISEASES.--...(2tAps)S 18.00

ASM-035 STRATEGIES FOR THE DETECTION OF EMERGINGANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE WHEN USING COMMERCIALSUSCEPTIBILITY SYSTEMS..................... (2tapes)..S18.00

__ASM-039 NUCLEIC ACID PROBES & DNA AMPLIFICATION TECH.NOLOGES FOR MICOBACrERIAL PATHOGENS.(2tape)..S 18.00

ASM-040 HAEMOPHIOLUS INFLUENZAE: VIlRULENCE &IMMUNITY. ........(2Upa)..S18.00

____ASM-042 INTRACELLULAR ACTIVTIES OF BACTERLIA.(2Iaps)..S 18.00____ASM-046 COLIPHAGES AS INDICATORS OF PATHOGENS IN THE

ENVIRONMENT.. -............_. _apes)SI8.00_ ASM-055 Dion Lectur MICROBES GO TO SCHOOL....S....S9.00

ASM-056 A NATIONAL INITIATIVE FOR IMPROVING SCIENCEEDUCATION: THE 1991 LIFE SCIENCES EDUCAIONCONFERENCE..(2taps).S 18.00

____ASM-076 RECENTLY DWOVERED HEPATITIS VIRUSES-..(2upesY_S18.00ASM-078 CURRENT pROBLEMS IN THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

OF URINARY TRACT INFECTON..............(.a.pe....(2 p().4s18.00____ASM-083 RECENT ADVANCES IN CLOSTRIDUM DIFFICILE

ANTIBOTICASSOCIATED DIARRHFI._(")..S 18.00____ASM-094 PROCESSING & PRESENTATON OF MICROBLAL

ANTIGENS.... -. .._.___......._(ltapos)..518.00ASM-095 MOLECULAR MECHANSMMS OF NONOPSONIC

PHAGOCYTOSI OF BACrERLA....2apes)..S 18.00_ ASM-096 MICROBIOLOGY: INTERNATIONAL CONCERNS..2pss)_4 18.00_ ASM-097 UNDERGRADUATE FACULTY ENHANCEMENT

PROGRAMS............__.._._.......u. LS)l.0

'FOR MICROBIOLOGYDALLAS, TEXAS

ASM-1 17 IMPoviNo TE cnCA IMPAC OF ANTIMICROBIALSUSCEPIBILITY TESTS...........(2_apes)18.00

ASM-1 18 CHANOING LANDSCAPES OF PEDIATRC CI.NCALMICROBIOLOY.~.~..............-... _ Iaps)418.0

ASM-1 19 Divi6ama Ledun BLOOD CULTURES - AN HISORICALPERSPECTIVE.-.-_.. ....... $9.00

ASM-120 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH PATHOGENESIS OFGROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.(Iapes).S 18.00

ASM-122 EXCaIWG NEWS ABOUT ENTERIC VIRUSES...Iap.).S 18.00ASM-123 NEWLY DISCOVERED MECHANISMS OF SAILMONELIA

PATHOGEICrrY.............ASM-126 Diviioa Lcurc: ADHERENCE MECHANMS AMONG

MrC:OPLSMAS.......-.--.--.. -.-- .49.0ASM-128 DivionzlLo:uM: MYCOSES IN HIV-INFECTED PATlENTS...S 9.00ASM-129 SELECTED ASPECTS OF MICROBIOLOGY IN INFECTION

CONTROL......@(po)......g.... . .2a).S0ASM-132 MEIHODS OF CAMPYLOBACrER ISOLATION FROM

CLINICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, FOOD,*ANIMAL SOURCES.(2Up9s)..$ 18.00ASM- 133 SMALL ORGANISM MODELS FOR GENOME

ANALYSIS........... . (21apes).S18.00ASM-1 35 BIODEGRADATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT: MECHANISMS

OF MICROBIAL ADAATON ........................ 2ta).18.00ASM-139 Divioalu L.cturs: TUBERCULOSIS - REFLECTIONS ON

FUTURE & PAST RESEARCH................................59.00_ ASM-158 CONTROVERSES IN BLOOD CULTURES....(21apes)..518.00

ASM-I 59 NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASEDIAGNOSIS: PROMISES A REALITIES........--..42lapo).S 18.00

ASM-166 CHROMOSOMAL REPLICATION A VARIATION IN THEFLUNGAL CELL CYCL.E ..............(lpes)..-S18.0

ASM-187 THE SMALLPOX STORY: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEJ 9.00ASM-195 CASE PRESENTAOTONS IN CLINICAL

MICROBIOLOGYY......- ...(2Iapss)418.0iASM-196 Diviuoal Lectusw GENETIC BASIS OP MULTIPLE

RESISTANCE IN STAPNYL4Cocc...................s 9.00ASM-200 CELLULAR TROPISM OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY

VIRUS. .................-_.ps).i8.00ASM-214 STRATEGIES FOR THE INSTRUCTON OF CRMIICAL

THINKING A PROBLEM SOLVING SKFlISr.(2tape)4 18.00ASM-21 5 ENVIRONMENTAL & PUBLIC HEALTH PARADIGMS FORTHE

EDUCATION & TLAINING OF MICROBOLOOISSM.4apes)_S 18.00ASM-216 REACTIVATION OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS IN

IMMUNOCOMPROMIED HOSTS..p(2ps)_ 18.00ASM-217 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF MYCOBACT7ERlA-..(2tapes)4 18.00ASM-218 MYCOPLASMA.- HOST INERACTIONS...apos).S 18.00ASM-235 UPDATE 91 EI EN ONMENTAL BIOLOGY.....S 9.00ASM-236 MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANCE IN TUBERCULOSIS &

OTHER MYCOBACTERIAL DIEAsES...___-.2t_)S 18.00ASM-239 SPACE MICROBIOLOGY: HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL

DIAGNOSC LICATIONS..................(2Iapo)..S1t.00ASM-240 EVALUATION & RELEVANCE OF NONCULTURAL METHODS

FOR THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF STDL...Ch2tapes).S 18.00ASM-241 E.H.BCCbey Leclurm NEW INSIGISINmTO THE PATHOGENESIS

OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL INFECnONS- ..................s 9.00ASM-252 AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF DNA FOR THE

TEACHING LABORATORY..................(2I_pes).S18.00ASM-253 CYTOSKELETAL GENE EXPRMSSION IN THE FUNGAL

CELL CYCLE. ......... . . _(Ipos).8.00ASM-279 SOURCES OF FUNDING FO THE ITRODUCIONOFMODERN

TECHNIQUES INTOTHE MICROBIOLOGYLAORATORY.apwS)4 18.00

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