Journal Entry #8 Copy AND Answer May 8, 2012 Tuesday

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Journal Entry #8Copy AND Answer

May 8, 2012Tuesday

True OR False:1. All societies have school systems.2. Violence and other criminal activity are not

a problem for schools in the United States.3. Belief systems vary little from religion to

religion.Place H.W. on your desk!

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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON2

All societies have school systems: True: All societies formally organize schools

because that is the most effective way to pass on norms , values, and skills.

False: Education in small pre-industrial societies takes place within the family, and children learn by participating in adult activities.



Violence and other criminal activity are not a problem for schools in the United States.

True: With rare exceptions, American public schools are generally safe institutions of learning for students.

False: School safety is a growing issue of concern in the United States today as a result of several well-publicized incidents of school violence.



Belief systems vary little from religion to religion.

True: Human efforts to understand life’s mysteries have always focused on worshiping one or more supreme beings.

False: Religions around the world vary in their forms of worship, beliefs, and practices.



Game Plan for Today: Go over Chapter 12 Quiz

2 QUIZ GRADES

Chapter 14:1The Sociology of Education

Activity 5



UPDATE:

Chapter 14 AND 17 will be combined into

ONE Test AND Notebook Check

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Focus and Review 11/30

This will be step 1 in a 45 minute- 1 hour long activity in class, you must focus and work diligently

Why are you in school? What are the reasons that school exists?From a sociological perspectiveList using bulleted form

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Activity Extending Focus and Review

WITH A PARTNER:Review the 3 main perspectives of Sociology.

What are they?With your partner, attach one of the three

philosophies to each of your reasons for being in school.

Share out, help the class complete the chart (popcorn)8



Functionalist Conflict Interactionist

Prepare for everyday life

Dealing with problems Meet new people

It’s the law In order to keep kids out of trouble

Learn social skilla

To get into college Assigning students to schools in their neighborhood

Student-teacher relationships

Prepare for the workforce, especially skilled jobs

Students demeaning others based on wealth

Diversity

Teach future generations

Establish levels of courses- honors vs reg (counselors)

Teaches morals and beliefs

Tracking

Learn social norms To get into college

Threats, detention, BE OBEDIENT!UNEQUAL ACCESS TO EDUCATION



Now, again add to your focus and review: Brainstorm with your partner what you

consider to be the perfect education system. Make sure you LIST the basic needs you want your education system to meet….at least 5.

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CHAPTER 14Education and ReligionSection 1: The Sociology of EducationSection 2: The Sociology of Religion



Chapter 14: Section 1

The Sociology of Education



Objectives:

Explain how the views of functionalist, conflict, and interactionist sociologists differ concerning education.

Identify some of the current issues in American education.

Section 1: The Sociology of Education



Take notes by hand on 10 slides

Slides will have this symbol on them if you need to have that information:

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What is Education??

Consists of the roles and norms that ensure the transmission of knowledge, values, and patterns of behavior from one generation to the next.



What is Schooling?

Formal education, which involves instruction by specially trained teachers who follow officially recognized policies.



Did You Know?? The world school has its origins in the Greek word

for leisure. Although school might not feel like a leisure activity, the word’s origins reveal the early history of education. Before industrialization, only the wealthy and some members of the clergy were formally educated. These groups had enough leisure time to devote to study. Modern formal education began to develop after industrialization led to the need to train people for specific jobs and after child labor laws freed children from having to work.

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?????

What two major events helped contribute to the development of modern education?

Industrialization and child labor laws

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Different sociological perspectives on education

FunctionalistConflictInteractionist



Focus and review One of the views of the conflict perspective is

that opportunities for success in education are distributed unequally.List 4-5 evidences of unequal opportunities in

education and briefly explain why you believe that is an evidence of unequal opportunity.

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Comparing Functionalist, Conflict, and Interactionist Perspectives of

Education



Functionalist Perspective: START HERE

Functionalist – schools help maintain the stability and smooth operation of society.Teaching Knowledge and Skills: Core curriculumTransmission of Culture: Patriotism, cooperation,

obeying rules, respecting authority.Social Integration: “Melting Pot” Occupational Placement: Training young people for the

“real world”; College examinations in Japan

Section 1: The Sociology of Education



Conflict Perspective:

Conflict – the educational system serves to limit the potential of certain people and groups to gain power and social rewards.Social Control: Goal is to produce cooperative

adult workers who will willingly accept the demands of those in power.Hidden curriculum: transmission by schools of

cultural goals that are NOT openly acknowledged. EX: Be punctual, stand in line, obey authority, etc….



Conflict Perspective (cont’d)

Tracking: involves the assignment of students to different types of educational programs, such as general studies, vocational training, and college preparatory studies.Conflict sociologists view tracking as a means by which

the wealthy and powerful maintain their position in society, AND is a method of classroom instruction that focuses on different tracks that serve to maintain the status quo.



Conflict Perspective (cont’d)Education and Socioeconomic Status:

Educational achievement appears to be tied strongly to socioeconomic status.EX: Minority groups tend to have less educational

success.Conflict theorists believe that socioeconomic status

affects the following:Expectations families have for child’s

achievementHome environmentPaying for expenses for college

Turn to pg. 355



Case Study: A 2001 Chicago Tribune study examined the

relationship between student achievement and spending per student in about 800 school districts. The results found that spending per student did NOT have a significant effect on student achievement. For example, one school that spent about $5,900 per student had the same percentage of students pass tests – 93% - as a school that spent about $10,600 per student…..continued….26



HOWEVER, a recent study by the Harvard Graduate School of Education did find a link between low income and the development of children below school age. The study examined children from birth to age 3 and found that increases in family income resulted in improved learning and development.

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Why????

What do you think is the reason for these results?

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Focus/Review

Turn to pg. 359Answer #1

A second question:Do you think we should give

parents $$$ to pay for their child to go to private school?

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Interactionist Perspective:

Interactionist – students’ educational achievements and success are shaped in part by teacher-student interactions.Teachers let students know what is expected of

them, and the students perform according to these expectations: self-fulfilling prophecy



SECTION 1The Sociology of Education

• educational reform

• educational alternatives

• violence in the schools

• bilingual education

to address a decline in the level of the quality of education; has

led to some improvements

provides school choice through vouchers, charter schools, and options such as homeschooling

has led to the use of security measures, zero tolerance policies, and conflict-resolution programs

controversial, particularly in states with many Hispanics; has led to “English Only” movement

Current Issues in American Education



A few definitions:1. Charter schools: funded with public money but

are privately operated and run.2. School Choice: Parents may receive a voucher equal

to the amount their state spends on education for their child. Parents are then free to use the voucher to pay tuition at the school of their choice – charter, private, religious.



Turn to Page 359 Question #1:

For: They offer innovative approaches to curriculum and teaching , enable students to learn in small-school settings, and have shown rising test scores and graduation rates.

Against: Charter schools have not been operating long enough for test scores and graduation rates to measure success; they serve only a small segment of society, and they offer little more than basic curriculum while taking public school funding.

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Question #2: Agree:

To provide equal education opportunities and to ensure adequate educational standards, all schools should operate under the SAME rules and regulations.

Disagree:Private schools do NOT receive government

funding and so should not have to operate under the same rules and regulations that public schools do…..however, does not address issues of charter schools. 34



More definitions:

3. Homeschooling:A system in which a child’s main education

is undertaken by parents at home.Score just as high on SAT and attend

college



Why do Parents Prefer Homeschooling? 48.9% Can give child a better education at home. 38.4% Religious reasons 25.6% Poor learning environment at school 16.8% Family reasons 15.1% To develop character/morality 12.1% Object to what school teaches 11.6% School does NOT challenge child 11.5% Other problems with available schools 9.0% Student behavior problems at school 8.2% child has special needs/ disability

1999 study by Department of Education

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AND some more definitions:

4. Zero tolerance:A set of policies created to prevent school

violence.5. Bilingual education: a system in which non-

English-speaking students are taught in their native languages until they are proficient enough in English to attend regular classes.



What are some arguments FOR bilingual education?

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6. “English Only”:Movement that has tried to end bilingual

education by having English declared as the official recognized language.More than 20 states around U.S. have already passed

laws making English their official language!



What are some arguments AGAINST bilingual education (aka for english-only)

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Continue Waiting for Superman

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Video: Stupid in Americahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bx4pN-aiofw

In your F & R book, write down some ideas presented in the video for educational reform.

At the end of the video, I want you to rank these ideas from best to worst, in your opinion.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bx4pN-aiofw



The Sociology of ReligionChapter 14: Section 2



Objectives:

Identify the basic societal needs that religion serves.

Describe the distinctive features of religion in American society.

Section 2: The Sociology of Religion



Focus/Review

Sacred objects and practices are those objects and practices that inspire awe, that are considered part of the supernatural world, or that represent the supernatural world.List all sacred objects or practices of any world

religion that you can think of.

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Sacred & Profane at heart of all religions:

Sacred:Anything that is considered to be part of the

supernatural world and that inspires respect and reverence.

Profane:Anything considered to be part of the ordinary world and, thus, common place and familiar.



Need some examples??? Cow:

Hindu sacredChristian profane

Wafer:Christian sacredHindu profane



The city of Jerusalem in Israel is considered a sacred site in what

three major world religions???

Christianity, Islam, and Judaism

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What do you think?

According to conflict theorists, what problems might result from 3 major religions sharing a sacred site?

It might lead to tensions and conflict among the different religious groups, which has indeed been the case in Jerusalem.

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What is Religion?? Defined as a system of roles and norms that is

organized around the sacred realm and that binds people together in social groups.



Why are sociologists concerned about religion??

They focus on social characteristics of religion and consequences that religion has for society.EX: Functions of religion



What do you think?

What are some functions of religion?

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Functions of Religion

1. Social Cohesion – strengthening of bonds among people; sense of belonging; less suicides.2. Social Control – encourages conformity to the norms of society; Confession & Communion.3. Emotional Support – to provide emotional support during difficult times (EX: death)

Section 2: The Sociology of Religion



The Nature of Religion:

Rituals & SymbolsBelief Systems

Organizational Structures



Rituals & Symbols: Ritual:

Established pattern of behavior through which a group of believers experiences the sacred.Examples:

Baptisms, weddings, funerals, worship services, etc….



Belief Systems:

3 main basic types:AnimismTheism

Ethicalism





Animism:

A belief that spirits actively influence human life.EX: Animals, plants, rivers, mountains, wind,

etc….Supernatural forces used to human advantage.



Types of Animism:

1. Shamanism:• Believed that spirits communicate only with one

person in the group, called the shaman.• Shaman can communicate with spirits and heal

the sick, predict the future, and see events happening far away.



2. Totemism:• Belief in kinship between humans and animals or natural objects.• Totem is considered sacred• Seen as helpful protectors who watch over the group.



Theism:

The belief in a god or gods.Monotheism: belief on ONE god

EX: Judaism, Christianity, Islam.Polytheism: belief in a number of gods.

EX: Hinduism



Ethicalism

Based on idea that moral principles have a sacred quality.Involves meditation and purity.

EX: Buddhism



Organizational Structures:

4 types:Ecclesia

DenominationsSectsCults



Ecclesia:

Type of religious organization in which most people in the society are members by virtue of their birth.EX: Islam in Iran

State church, connected with government, have power, do not recognize other religions



Denomination:

Well-established religious organization in which a substantial number of the population are members.EX: Baptist, Presbyterian, etc….

Often tolerant, allow for converts



Sect:

Relatively small religious organization that typically has split off from a denomination because of differences concerning

beliefs.EX: Jehovah's Witnesses

Often claim exclusive religious truth and often are not tolerant



Cult: New religion whose beliefs and practices

differ markedly from those of the society’s major religions. Followers are usually disillusions by traditional

religion and by life in general.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDiiUkjp0Vw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDiiUkjp0Vw



Religion in American Society:

Religious AffiliationReligious Participation

Fundamentalist Christianity



Identify any religious aspects of this $1 bill:

FYI: The eye is called the Eye of Providence and the Latin motto ‘Annuit Coeptis”’ means “He [God] has favored our undertakings”.

What can you conclude from these religious elements on U.S. currency?That American society is predominantly and historically Christian.



Religious Affiliation

90% of Americans say they believe in God 66%: affiliated with some religious

organization. Most people in U.S. are:

Christians, Muslims, JewishTurn to pg. 370



Religious Participation: About 34% attend religious services on a

REGULAR basis. Women, African Americans, and older

citizens:More likely to attend church.

Catholics more likely to attend compared to Protestants.



Sociologists find it difficult to measure…

Religiosity:The depth of people’s religious feelings

and how they translate these feelings into behavior.

Sociologists believe that American society is becoming more secularReligion is losing its influence in everyday

life in the U.S.



What do you think??

Do you think that American society is becoming more secular??



Fundamentalist Christianity:

Increasing in U.S. Share a commitment to bringing Jesus

Christ into the lives of all nonbelievers. Believe in “born again” concept.



Let’s Go Over 14:2 Homework:

Pg. 371

AND

Pg. ?

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End of Chapter 14



Homework due Tomorrow:

Pg. 372#1-4 (Understanding Main Ideas)

#1-5 (Thinking Critically)

Pg. 373(#1-4)

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Activity Time

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What’s Next???

Chapter 17:1

Collective Behavior

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Documents

Journal Entry #8 Copy AND Answer May 8, 2012 Tuesday