JOHNSON GRAMMAR SCHOOL, KUNTLOOR, HYDERABAD.

CLASS: VII SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY

LESSON-1 REPRESENTATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

I. New words:

1. topography 6. Unique

2. Embankment 7. interpretation

3 miniature 8. linear

4. elevation 9. opisometer

5. contour 10. Conventional

II. Open book test:

1. Define:

a. topographical maps b. map scale

a. Topographical maps are detailed, accurate, graphical, large scale representations of both human-made and natural features.

b. Map scale is the ratio between the distance on a map and distance on the ground.

2. What are conventional signs and symbols?

A. Conventional signs and symbols represent various relief and human made features shown on a map and are not drawn to scale.

3. What do the different colour’s represent on a topographical map?

A. Green – vegetation, mainly forests.

Yellow – cultivated land

White – barren land

blue – perennial water bodies, wells, tanks, ponds and also

water bodies in general

red – highways and major roads, settlements whether

inhabited or habited, forts, towers, huts,

religious places.

brown – contour lines (elevation information, sand hills, sand dunes,

shifting sand).

black – all names and abbreviations, railway tracks, telephone and

telegraph lines, international, state and district boundaries,

surveyed trees.

III. Question and answers:

1. Mention the features represented on topographical maps.

A. The features represented on topographical maps are:

Natural features like mountains, rivers, hills, lakes, plateaus.

Human made feature like settlement, roads, railway tracks and wells are shown

on a topographical map.

2. What is the main aim of a topographical maps?

A. The main aim of a topographical map is to present a vivid picture of an area in detail showing the natural and human made features present in that area.

3. What is a contour line?

A. A contour line is an imaginary line joining all places which are at the same height above or below the sea level.

4. How are distances on the map measured using a scale?

A. Straight distance between two places on a map can be measured by a

divider.

Curved distance can be measured by thread or an opisometer.

5. Write short notes on:

a. Verbal statement: Verbal statement is the simplest form of map scale.

It states the distance on the map is equal to the distance on the ground.

b. Linear scale: A linear scale drawn on map is a line that is divided into equal parts.

It shows the relationship between a particular distance on a map and the actual distance on the earth. Example: 2cm = 1 km.

c. Representative Fraction: The numerical ratio of a map indicate the relationship of distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground.

The RF (Representative Fraction) is always written as a ratio.

Example: 1:50,000 or 1/50,000

RF =distance on map

distance on ground

IV. Give reason:

a. Colour’s are used on topographical maps.

A. Colour’s used on topographical maps have unique markings that make them technically useful.

It helps in the interpretation of contour maps.

b. Conventional signs and symbols are important.

A. Conventional signs and symbols are important because they provide a lot of information within a limited space of a topographical map.

* these have a Universal language and Universal acceptance.

V. Draw and colour the following conventional symbols:

JOHNSON GRAMMAR SCHOOL, KUNTLOOR, HYDERABAD.

CLASS: VII SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY LESSON-2 ATMOSPHERE

I. New words:

1. meteors 6. Chlorofluorocarbons

2. absorbing 7. Interplanetary

3 radiated 8. Terrestrial

4. Phenomena 9. Judiciously

5. tropopause 10. Longevity II. Open book test:

1. Define:

a. atmosphere b. atmospheric pressure

c. biosphere d. wind

a. atmosphere: The air that surrounds the earth is called the atmosphere.

b. atmospheric pressure: air exerts pressure on the earth surface is known as atmospheric pressure.

c. biosphere: living organisms on the earth as well as the physical environment in which they live and interact is called biosphere.

d. wind: Moving air is known as wind.

2. List five layers of the atmosphere.

A. The five layers of atmosphere are:

troposphere

stratosphere

mesosphere

thermosphere

exosphere

3. What is Lapse rate? A. The rate of dropping of temperature with increase in altitude is called lapse rate. or the rate at which air temperature falls with increase in altitude.

4. What is ozone sphere?

A. The lower layer of the stratosphere that contains ozone is called ozonosphere.

III. QUESTION AND ANSWERS: 1. What is the composition of the atmosphere? (drawing pg.no. 17) A. The composition of the atmosphere is:

Atmosphere is made of various colourless, odourless and tasteless gases.

It contains water vapour, dust particle, pollen grains, volcanic ashes and smoke.

Many gases are found in atmosphere like nitrogen, Oxygen and carbon dioxide.

2. Write a short note on troposphere.

A. Troposphere is the lowest and densest layer of the atmosphere. All weather changes occur in this layer.

3. Mention the importance of atmosphere.

A. The components of the atmosphere are useful to us in various ways:

It contains oxygen which all living beings need to breathe.

Moisture which is an essential part of the water cycle.

Nitrogen maintains the fertility e of the soil.

3. How is ozone gas important for us?

A. Ozone is a gas present in stratosphere.

it absorbs harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun and thus plays a protective role.

4. How can humans protect the environment?

A. By planting more trees. Using CNG vehicles in place of petrol and diesel By reducing air pollution.

IV. GIVE REASON FOR THE FOLLOWING:

a. atmospheric pressure varies from place to place.

A. The atmospheric pressure varies from place to place because it decreases with increase in altitude (height above sea level)

The pressure in plains is quite different from the pressure on the mountain.

b. Life would be impossible if there was no atmosphere.

A. Life would be impossible if there is no atmosphere because we survive by breathing oxygen present in atmosphere.

c. The stratosphere is ideal for air traffic.

A. There are virtually no clouds and very little dust and water vapour in this

layer.

Convectional currents of air are also absent, this is the reasons jet planes find it very convenient to fly in this layer.

d. Thermosphere is also called Ionosphere.

A. * Thermosphere is also called Ionosphere because of the presence of

Electrically charged particles called ions.

V. Give one technical term /one word for the following:

a. The air that surrounds the Earth :- atmosphere

b. The rate of dropping of temperature with increase in altitude :- lapse rate

c. The boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere :- tropopause

d. The topmost layer of the atmosphere that merges gradually with interplanetary space :- exosphere

e. moving air :- wind.

VI. Draw a self-explanatory diagram of structure of the atmosphere (layers of atmosphere). textbook page number 18.

JOHNSJOHNSON GRAMMAR SCHOOL, KUNTLOOR, HYDERABAD.

CLASS: VII SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY

LESSON-3 GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GLOBAL WARMING

I. New words:

1. depletion 6. decomposition

2. halons 7. phenomenon

3 consequent 8. extinction

4. hurricanes 9. desertification

5. afforestation 10. Chlorofluorocarbons II. Open book test:

1. Define:

a. desertification b. global warming

a. Making arid and semi-arid areas even more dry.

b. Gradual rise in temperature of the earth due to greenhouse gases.

2. What does green-house effect mean?

A. The heating of the Earth’s atmosphere and the rise in the Earth’s temperature due to the trapping of heat reflected from the Earth’s surface by carbon dioxide and other gases is called greenhouse effect.

III. QUESTION AND ANSWERS: 1. What causes global warming? A. Increasing population and other human activities are the main causes for

increase in the average temperature of the Earth. This increase in the heat, is leading to ozone depletion and global warming.

2. What are the impacts of global warming?

A. The impacts of global warming:

Melting of ice caps.

Change in rainfall and precipitation pattern.

Change in temperature.

Extinction of plants and animals.

3. How can we reduce global warming?

A. We can reduce global warming by:

Restricting the use of fossil fuels.

Afforestation

Conservation of water

Reduce, reuse, recycle 4. What are the reasons for the depletion of the ozone layer? A. The reasons for the depletion of the ozone layer are:

Greenhouse gases

Air pollution

Burning of fossil fuels

Deforestation

Increase in population 5. What are CFC’s and what is their role in ozone depletion? A. CFC’s are chlorofluorocarbons. These are greenhouse gases which increase

greenhouse effect and thus lead to ozone depletion. 6. How is the depletion of the ozone layer affecting us? A. It causes skin cancer in human beings. It leads to weakening of the immune system 7. What steps should be taken to prevent ozone layer depletion? A. Steps to be taken to prevent ozone depletion:

Using air conditioners in a limited way.

Using cycles, CNG vehicles, CFC free products.

Planting more and more trees.

IV. Give reasons for the following: a. Global warming will lead to extinction of some plants and animals. A. Global warming is changing the climate faster than all types of life are able to

adopt to it. So, it lead to extinction of plants and animal species that cannot survive at high

temperature. b. Deforestation is actually the direct result of increase in population. A. We are destroying forest areas to grow crops and construct more houses to meet

the demands of the growing population. Hence, deforestation is actually the direct result of increase in

population. V. Give one technical term/one word for the following:

1. A fluid which prevents a device or machinery from overheating : coolant

2. Gaseous compounds of carbon with bromine : halons

3. A poisonous gas : Ozone

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JOHNSON GRAMMAR SCHOOL, KUNTLOOR, HYDERABAB

CLASS: VII SUBJECT: Geography

LESSON – 4 WEATHER AND CLIMATE

I. NEW WORDS:

1. thermometer 2. Precipitation

3. meteorology 4. rain gauge

5. anemometer 6. isotherms

7. Celsius 8. Fahrenheit

9. isohyets 10. aneroid

II. Open Book Test:

1. Define:- a. Climate b. Weather c. temperature

a. Climate: The average atmospheric conditions of a large area over a

long period of time.

b. Weather: The state of the atmosphere at a particular place during a

short period of time.

c. Temperature: The degree of hotness and coldness of the air.

III. Question and Answers:-

1Q. What is Weather forecasts?

A. Weather forecasts is the prediction of the state of atmosphere for a

given location and time, announced by the Weather stations.

2Q. List the elements of weather.

A. There are several elements of weather such as:-

temperature

solar radiation

atmospheric pressure

humidity

cloud cover and

precipitation

3Q. Write a short notes on humidity.

A. Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in the air at a given

time.

It rises with the increase in temperature and falls with the decrease

in temperature.

4Q. Differentiate between: -

a. absolute humidity and relative humidity

Absolute humidity Relative humidity

1. It is the actual amount of water

vapour present in the air at a

given temperature.

1. It is the ratio between the absolute

humidity and the maximum amount

of water vapour at that temperature.

2. It is measured in grams per

cubic metre.

2. It is expressed in percentage.

IV. Give reasons for the following:-

1. Weather forecasts are important as they directly affect our lives.

A. Advance Warning about floods and storms can help in saving

thousands of lives.

Farmers, fisherman and pilots can easily plan their activities if they

are aware of

the weather Conditions.

2. Clouds are formed when rising air cools.

A. Clouds are formed when rising air cools because of expansion and some

proportion of its

Water vapour changes into tiny droplets of water and ice that float at

different heights.

V. Give one technical term / one word for the following:-

1. The Scientific study of weather conditions. Meteorology

2. The distribution of temperature shown on a map using lines that join

places having the

Same temperature. Isotherms

3. The distribution of rainfall shown on a map using lines that joins places

having same

Rainfall in a given period of time. Isohyets

4. An instrument used to measure the temperature. Thermometer

5. An instrument used for showing the direction of wind. Wind vane

VI. Draw a neat / well labelled diagram of Rain Gauge

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JOHNSON GRAMMAR SCHOOL, KUNTLOOR, HYDERABAD.

CLASS: VII SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY

LESSON-8 EUROPE (POLITICAL AND PHYSICAL FEATURES)

I. New words:

1. populous 6. Bosporus

2. prosperous 7. Luxembourg

3 Strait 8. Fjords

4. peninsula 9. Czech Republic

5. stretches 10. navigable II. Open book test:

1. Define:

a. Dykes b. Fjords

a. a long wall or embankment built to prevent flooding from the sea.

b. Are long, narrow inlets of the sea with steep sides or cliffs, created in a valley.

2. What is a Peninsula?

A. A peninsula is a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides but connected to mainland.

3. Name any two lakes of Europe. A. Lake Ladoga Lake Vattern

4. Name the active volcanoes in Italy. A. Mt. Etna and Mt. Vesuvius. 5. Name the highest mountain Peak in Alps. A. Mont Blanc

III. QUESTION AND ANSWERS: 1. What is the location and extent of Europe? A. Europe lies in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere in the north

temperate zone.

It extends from 360N to 70°N latitude and from 10°W to 600E longitude. 2. Name the different groups of countries in Europe.

A. The different groups of countries in Europe are:

Benelux or the low countries

Nordic or the Scandinavian countries

West European countries

Iberian Peninsula

Central European countries

Balkan States and

Baltic States

3. List the four physical divisions of Europe.

A. Europe is generally divided into four major physical divisions:

North Western Highlands

North European plains

Central uplands

Alpine Mountain system 4. How were the Lakes in Europe formed. Give an example. A. Lakes in Europe were formed after the ice age due to glaciation. Ex :- Lake Geneva in Switzerland, Lake Ladoga in Russia.

1.

IV. GIVE REASON FOR THE FOLLOWING:

1. Europe is called the ‘Peninsula of Peninsulas’? A. Europe is called the ‘Peninsula of Peninsulas’ because long stretches of water

have extended far into the continent and created small Peninsulas. 2. North-Western Highlands of Europe are low in height. A. North Western Highlands of Europe are low in height due to the erosive influence

of running water and glaciers over a long period of time.

MAP

V. On the outline map of Europe (physical) mark the following:

1. Shade in blue:

i. Black Sea ii. Caspian Sea

iii. Mediterranean Sea iv. North Sea

v. North Atlantic Sea vi .Arctic Ocean

vii. Bay of Biscay viii. River Rhine

ix. River Don

2. Mark in brown: i Alps ii. Caucasus

iii. (mark as brown triangle ) Mt. Blanc

3. Shade in Green: Ukraine Plains

4. Mark Scandinavia

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JOHNSON GRAMMAR SCHOOL, KUNTLOOR

Class: VII Subject: Geography

Ls: 6 Industries

I. New words:

1. Manufacturing 6. pastoral

2. economic 7. pharmaceuticals

3. extraction 8. Petro chemicals

4. promoting 9. infrastructure

5. categories 10. Processing

II. Open Book Test: -

1. Define (a) Industry A. an economic activity which is associated with the development or production of goods.

2. What is National Industrial Classification? A. National Industrial Classification is a government body which categories the industries

in India into different categories on the basis of :-

raw materials used

their size

ownership

3. Mention the two types of private Industries.

A. Private Limited

Public Limited

4. Name the Industrial regions of India.

A. Mostly are developed around the ports of Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata.

Hugli, Chhota Nagpur plateau.

The National capital territory.

5. What is a Multinational corporation?

A. A multinational corporation is a company that operates in more than one country.

III. Question and Answers:-

1. List the Industries based on Raw material used with example.

A. Agro-based industries – jute, silk/cotton textile

Mineral – based industries – Aluminium/ Cement

Pastoral – based industries – hides, skin, bones, milk

Forest – based industries – furniture, paper, rayon, resin

Marine – based industries – seafood processing and cod liver oil.

2. What are the factors responsible for the size of an industry?

A. The factors responsible for the size of an industry are:-

Capital investment

The number of employees

The output which it gives

3. What is a Public Sector industry? Give two example.

A. Public sector industries are owned by the government or their agencies.

work for the benefit of public

Eg :- LIC, BHEL

4. Mention the factors affecting the location of industries.

A. The factors affecting the location of industries are: -

(a) raw material (b) Land (c) Power

(d) market (e) transport (f) labour

(g) capital and (h) government policy

5. Elucidate the Industrial system.

A. it comprises of input, processing and output.

a. input:- includes infrastructure like labour, raw material, machinery, transport.

b. processing:- changes raw materials into finished products.

c. output:- final product and the profit earned after its sale.

6. Industries are important for the development of a country. Give Reason.

A. Industries are important for the development of a country because it give rise to.

a. economic upliftment

b. raising the productive capacity of the people

c. increasing employment opportunities

d. reducing dependence on foreign exchange

7. Differentiate between private sector and joint sector industries.

A.

Private sector Joint sector

1. Owned by an individual or group of

individuals.

1. Owned and managed by government

and private firms.

2. eg:- BHEL 2. eg:- Oil India Ltd.

8. Distinguish between Small Scale and Large Scale Industries.

A.

Small Scale Industries Large Scale Industries

1.Small Scale industries use power driven machines

and external labours for production.

1. Large Scale industries use heavy

power driven machines and skilled

labour.

2. Individual owns small scale industries. 2. A complex management system

controls.

3. Eg:- clothes, paper, Utensils, cycle. 3. Eg:- iron and steel mills, air craft,

aluminium.

9. Write the effects of industrial pollution.

A. Global Warming

Air pollution

Wild life extinction

Industrial Disaster

Water pollution

Soil pollution

Occupational Hazards

10. Industries are not distributed Uniformly in the world. Give Reason.

A. Industries are not distributed uniformly because the factors affecting their location

are not same everywhere.

11. Iron and Steel industry is the backbone of a country. Give Reason.

A. Iron and steel industry is the backbone of a country because : -

the products of this industry are used as raw material for the several other

industry.

It is also termed as feeder industry.

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EUROPE Physical Map for Practice: