John Paul Jones

For the Led Zeppelin musician, see John Paul Jones(musician). For other uses, see John Paul Jones (disam-biguation).

John Paul Jones (July 6, 1747 July 18, 1792) was aScottish American sailor and the United States' first well-known naval fighter in the American Revolutionary War.Although he made both friends [1] and enemies amongAmericas political elites, his actions in British watersduring the Revolution earned him an international repu-tation which persists to this day. As such, he is sometimesreferred to as the Father of the United States Navy (anepithet he shares with John Barry). He later served in theImperial Russian Navy, subsequently obtaining the rankof rear admiral.

1 Early life and education

Jones was born John Paul (he added Jones in laterlife as some think to hide from any would-be law en-forcement chase (there was not one) after winning aspontaneous duel during a dispute over wages though hecould change his Flemish and Scottish Highlander sur-name on a Scottish Lowlander/English one more suitablefor life in colonial America where they were loyal to theProtestant House of Hanover) on the estate of Arbiglandnear Kirkbean in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright on thesouthwest coast of Scotland. His father, John Paul, Sr.,was a gardener of Flemish origin at Arbigland, and hismother was named Jean McDuff (17081767). His par-ents married on November 29, 1733 in New Abbey,Kirkcudbright. Living at Arbigland at the time was HelenCraik (17511825), later a novelist. Pauls older brotherWilliam Paul had married and settled in Fredericksburg,Virginia, the destination of many of the youngsters earlyvoyages. John Paul started his maritime career at the ageof 12 as an apprentice of John Younger, a Scottish mer-chant shipper.[2] He reached Viriginia for the first timein the age of 13 sailing out of Whitehaven in the north-ern English county of Cumberland, as apprentice aboardFriendship under Captain Benson.For several years John sailed aboard a number of differentBritish merchant and slave ships, including King Georgein 1764 as third mate, and Two Friends as first mate in1766. In 1768 he abandoned his prestigious position onthe profitable Two Friends while docked in Jamaica. Hefound his own passage back to Scotland, and eventuallyobtained another position.

During his next voyage aboard the brig John, which sailedfrom port in 1768, young John Pauls career was quicklyand unexpectedly advanced when both the captain and aranking mate suddenly died of yellow fever. John man-aged to navigate the ship back to a safe port and, in rewardfor this impressive feat, the vessels grateful Scottish own-ers made him master of the ship and its crew, giving him10 percent of the cargo.[3] He then led two voyages to theWest Indies before running into difficulty.During his second voyage in 1770, John Paul viciouslyflogged one of his sailors, a carpenter, leading to accusa-tions that his discipline was unnecessarily cruel. Whilethese claims were initially dismissed, his favorable rep-utation was destroyed when the sailor died a few weekslater. John Paul was arrested for his involvement in themans death, and was imprisoned in Kirkcudbright Tol-booth but later released on bail.[4] The negative effect ofthis episode on his reputation is indisputable,[3] althoughthe mans death has been linked to other causes as thephysician of a ship where the carpenter traveled homewitnessed in the court. This man was not a usual sailorbut an adventurer from a very influential Scottish fam-ily. Leaving Scotland, John Paul commanded a London-registered vessel, a West Indiaman mounting 22 guns,named Betsy, for about 18 months, engaging in commer-cial speculation in Tobago.[5] This came to an end, how-ever, when John killed a member of his crew, a muti-neer named Blackton, with a sword, in a dispute overwages.[6] Years later, in a letter to Benjamin Franklin de-scribing this incident, he claimed it was in self-defense,but because he was not willing to be tried in an AdmiralsCourt again, where the family of his first victim had beeninfluential, he felt compelled to flee to Fredericksburg,Province of Virginia, leaving his fortune behind.He went to Fredericksburg to arrange the affairs of hisbrother, who had died there without leaving any otherfamily; and about this time, in addition to his originalsurname, he assumed the surname of Jones. There is along tradition held in the state of North Carolina that JohnPaul adopted the name Jones in honor of Willie Jonesof Halifax, North Carolina.[7][8]

His sentiments became even more in favor of America.From that period, as he afterwards expressed himself toBaron Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol, America be-came the country of his fond election. It was not longafterward that John Paul Jones joined the Americannavy to fight against Britain.

1

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2 2 CAREER

2 Career

2.1 The American Colonies

Sources struggle with this period of Joness life, especiallythe specifics of his family situation, making it difficult tohistorically pinpoint Joness exact motivations for emi-grating to America. Whether his plans for the plantationwere not developing as expected, or if he was inspired bya revolutionary spirit, is unknown.What is clearly known is that Jones left for Philadelphiashortly after settling in North America to volunteer hisservices to the newly founded Continental Navy, precur-sor of the United States Navy. During this time, around1775, the Navy and Marines were being formally es-tablished, and suitable ships officers and captains werein great demand. Were it not for the endorsement ofRichard Henry Lee who knew of his abilities, Joness po-tential would likely have gone unrecognized. With helpfrom influential members of the Continental Congress,however, Jones was to be appointed as a 1st Lieutenantof the newly converted 24-gun frigate USS Alfred in theContinental Navy on December 7, 1775.[9]

2.2 Revolutionary War command

2.2.1 Early command

Jones sailed from the Delaware River in February 1776aboard Alfred on the Continental Navys maiden cruise.It was aboard this vessel that Jones took the honor ofhoisting the first U.S. ensign over a naval vessel. Jonesactually raised the Grand Union Flag, not the later andmore familiar Flag of the United States. The fleet, whichhad been expected to cruise along the coast, was orderedinstead by Commodore Esek Hopkins to sail for The Ba-hamas, where Nassau was raided for its military supplies.On the fleets return voyage it had an unsuccessful en-counter with a British packet ship. Jones was then as-signed command of the sloop USS Providence. Congresshad recently ordered the construction of thirteen frigatesfor the American Navy, one of which was to be com-manded by Jones. In exchange for this prestigious com-mand, Jones accepted his commission aboard the smallerProvidence. During this six week voyage, Jones capturedsixteen prizes and inflicted significant damage along thecoast of Nova Scotia. Joness next command came as a re-sult of Commodore Hopkinss orders to liberate hundredsof American prisoners forced to labor in coal mines inNova Scotia and also to raid British shipping. On Novem-ber 1, 1776, Jones set sail in command of Alfred to carryout this mission. Although winter conditions preventedthe freeing of the prisoners, the mission did result in thecapture ofMellish, a vessel carrying a vital supply of win-ter clothing intended for General John Burgoyne's troopsin Canada.[10]

2.2.2 Command of Ranger

Despite his successes at sea, upon arrival in Boston onDecember 16, 1776, Joness disagreements with those inauthority reached a new level. While at the port, he be-gan feuding with Commodore Hopkins, who Jones be-lieved was hindering his advancement and talking downhis campaign plans. As a result of this and other frustra-tions, Jones was assigned the smaller command, the newlyconstructed USS Ranger, on June 14, 1777 (the same daythe new Stars and Stripes flag was adopted).[11]

After making the necessary preparations, Jones sailed forFrance on November 1, 1777 with orders to assist theAmerican cause however possible. The American com-missioners in France, Benjamin Franklin, John Adamsand Arthur Lee, listened to Joness strategic recommen-dations. They assured him the command of Indien, anew vessel being constructed for America in Amsterdam.Britain, however, was able to divert L'Indien away fromAmerican hands by exerting pressure to ensure its saleto France instead (who had not yet allied with America).Jones was again left without a command, an unpleasantreminder of his stagnation in Boston from late 1776 untilearly 1777. It is thought that it was during this time Jonesdeveloped his close friendship with Benjamin Franklin,whom he greatly admired. In 1778, he was accepted, to-gether with Benjamin Franklin, into the Masonic LodgeLes Neuf Surs.On February 6, 1778, France signed the Treaty of Al-liance with America, formally recognizing the indepen-dence of the new American republic. Eight days later,Captain Joness Ranger became the first American navalvessel to be formally saluted by the French, with a nine-gun salute fired from captain Lamotte-Piquet's flagship.Jones wrote of the event: I accepted his offer all themore for after all it was a recognition of our indepen-dence and in the nation.Finally, on April 10, 1778, Jones set sail from Brest,France for the western coasts of Britain.

2.2.3 Ranger attacks the British

After some early successes against British merchant ship-ping in the Irish Sea, on April 17, 1778, Jones persuadedhis crew to participate in an assault on Whitehaven, thetown where his maritime career had begun.[12] Jones laterwrote about the poor command qualities of his senior of-ficers (having tactfully avoided such matters in his officialreport): "'Their object,' they said, 'was gain not honor.'They were poor: instead of encouraging the morale ofthe crew, they excited them to disobedience; they per-suaded them that they had the right to judge whether ameasure that was proposed to them was good or bad.[13]As it happened, contrary winds forced the abandonmentof the attempt, and droveRanger towards Ireland, causingmore trouble for British shipping on the way.

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2.2 Revolutionary War command 3

John Paul Jones by Moreau le Jeune, 1780

On April 20, 1778, Jones learned from captured sailorsthat the Royal Navy sloop o' war HMS Drake was an-chored off Carrickfergus, Ireland. According to the diaryofRangers surgeon[14] Joness first intention was to attackthe vessel in broad daylight, but his sailors were unwill-ing to undertake it (another incident omitted from theofficial report). Therefore, the attack took place just af-ter midnight, but the mate responsible for dropping theanchor to halt Ranger right alongside Drake misjudgedthe timing in the dark (Jones claimed in his memoirs, theman was drunk), so Jones had to cut his anchor cable andrun.The wind having shifted, Ranger recrossed the Irish Seato make another attempt at raiding Whitehaven. Jonesled the assault with two boats of fifteen men on April 23,1778, just after midnight, hoping to set fire to and sinkall Whitehavens ships anchored in harbour (numberingbetween 200 to 400 wooden vessels), which consisted ofa full merchant fleet and many coal transporters. Theyalso hoped to terrorize the townspeople by lighting furtherfires. As it happened, the journey to shore was slowed bythe still-shifting wind, as well as a strong ebb tide. Thespiking of the towns big defensive guns to prevent thembeing fired was accomplished successfully, but lightingfires proved difficult, as the lanterns in both boats hadrun out of fuel. To remedy this, some of the party weretherefore sent to raid a public house on the quayside, butthe temptation to stop for a quick drink led to a furtherdelay. By the time they returned, and the arson attacksbegan, dawn was fast approaching, so efforts were con-centrated on a single ship, the coal ship Thompson, in thehope that the flames would spread to adjacent vessels, all

grounded by the low tide. However, in the twilight, one ofthe crew slipped away and alerted residents on a harbour-side street. A fire alert was sounded, and large numbers ofpeople came running to the quay, forcing the Americansto retreat, and extinguishing the flames with the townstwo fire-engines. However, hopes of sinking Joness boatswith cannon fire were dashed by the prudent spiking.[15]

Crossing the Solway Firth from Whitehaven to Scotland,Jones hoped to hold for ransom the Earl of Selkirk, wholived on St Marys Isle near Kirkcudbright. The Earl,Jones reasoned, could be exchanged for American sailorsimpressed into the Royal Navy. When the Earl was dis-covered to be absent from his estate, Jones claims he in-tended to return directly to his ship and continue seekingprizes elsewhere, but his crew wished to pillage, burn,and plunder all they could. Ultimately, Jones allowedthe crew to seize a silver plate set adorned with the fam-ilys emblem to placate their desires, but nothing else.Jones bought the plate himself when it was later sold offin France, and returned it to the Earl of Selkirk after theWar.Although their effect on British morale and allocation ofdefense resources was significant,[16] the attacks on St.Marys Isle and Whitehaven resulted in no prizes or prof-its which under normal circumstances would be sharedwith the crew. Throughout the mission, the crew, led byJoness second-in-command Lieutenant Thomas Simp-son, acted as if they were aboard a privateer, not a war-ship.

2.2.4 Return to Ireland

Nevertheless, Jones now led Ranger back across the IrishSea, hoping to make another attempt at the Drake, stillanchored off Carrickfergus. This time, late in the after-noon of April 24, 1778, the ships, roughly equal in fire-power, engaged in combat. Earlier in the day, the Ameri-cans had captured the crew of a reconnaissance boat, andlearned that Drake had taken on dozens of soldiers, withthe intention of grappling and boarding Ranger, so Jonesmade sure that did not happen, capturing Drake after anhour-long gun battle which cost the British captain hislife. Lieutenant Simpson was given command of Drakefor the return journey to Brest. The ships separated dur-ing the return journey as Ranger chased another prize,leading to a conflict between Simpson and Jones. Bothships arrived at port safely, but Jones filed for a court-martial of Simpson, keeping him detained on the ship.Partly through the influence of John Adams, who wasstill serving as a commissioner in France, Simpson wasreleased from Joness accusation. Adams implies in hismemoirs that the overwhelming majority of the evidencesupported Simpsons claims. Adams seemed to believeJones was hoping to monopolize the missions glory, es-pecially by detaining Simpson on board while he cele-brated the capture with numerous important European

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4 2 CAREER

dignitaries.[17]

Even with the wealth of perspectives, including thecommanders,[13] it is difficult if not impossible to tell ex-actly what occurred. It is clear, however, that the crew feltalienated by their commander, who might well have beenmotivated by his pride. Jones believed his intentions werehonorable, and his actions were strategically essential tothe Revolution. Regardless of any controversy surround-ing the mission, Rangers capture ofDrakewas one of theContinental Navys few significant military victories dur-ing the Revolution, and was of immense symbolic impor-tance, demonstrating as it did that the Royal Navy was farfrom invincible. By overcoming such odds, Rangers vic-tory became an important symbol of the American spiritand served as an inspiration for the permanent establish-ment of the United States Navy after the revolution.

2.2.5 Bonhomme Richard

Engraving based on the paintingAction Between the Serapis andBonhomme Richard by Richard Paton, published 1780

The "John Paul Jones flag" was entered into Dutch records tohelp Jones avoid charges of piracy when he captured the Serapisunder an unknown flag.

In 1779, Captain Jones took command of the 42-gun USSBonhomme Richard (or as he preferred it, Bon HommeRichard),[18] a merchant ship rebuilt and given to Amer-ica by the French shipping magnate, Jacques-DonatienLe Ray. On August 14, as a vast French and Spanish

invasion fleet approached England, he provided a diver-sion by heading for Ireland at the head of a five shipsquadron including the 36-gun USSAlliance, 32-gun USSPallas, 12-gun USS Vengeance, and Le Cerf, also accom-panied by two privateers, HMS Monsieur and Granville.When the squadron was only a few days out of Groix,Monsieur separated due to a disagreement between hercaptain and Jones. Several Royal Navy warships weresent towards Ireland in pursuit of Jones, but on this oc-casion, he continued right around the north of Scotlandinto the North Sea, creating near-panic all along Britainseast coast as far south as the Humber estuary. Jonessmain problems, as on his previous voyage, resulted frominsubordination, particularly by Pierre Landais, captainof Alliance. On September 23, 1779, the squadron meta large merchant convoy off the coast of FlamboroughHead, east Yorkshire. The 50-gun British frigate HMSSerapis and the 22-gun hired ship Countess of Scarbor-ough placed themselves between the convoy and Jonesssquadron, allowing the merchants to escape.Shortly after 7 p.m. the Battle of Flamborough Head be-gan. Serapis engaged Bonhomme Richard, and soon af-terwards, Alliance fired, from a considerable distance, atCountess. Quickly recognizing that he could not win abattle of big guns, and with the wind dying, Jones madeevery effort to lock Richard and Serapis together (his fa-mous, albeit possibly apocryphal, quotation I have notyet begun to fight!" was uttered in reply to a demand tosurrender in this phase of the battle), finally succeedingafter about an hour, following which his deck guns andhis Marine marksmen in the rigging began clearing theBritish decks. Alliance sailed past and fired a broadside,doing at least as much damage to Richard as to Serapis.Meanwhile, Countess of Scarborough had enticed Pallasdownwind of the main battle, beginning a separate en-gagement. When Alliance approached this contest, aboutan hour after it had begun, the badly damaged Countesssurrendered.With Bonhomme Richard burning and sinking, it seemsthat her ensign was shot away; when one of the officers,apparently believing his captain to be dead, shouted a sur-render, the British commander asked, seriously this time,if they had struck their colours. Jones later rememberedsaying something like I am determined to make youstrike, but the words allegedly heard by crew-membersand reported in newspapers a few days later were morelike: I may sink, but I'll be damned if I strike. An at-tempt by the British to board Bonhomme Richard wasthwarted, and a grenade caused the explosion of a largequantity of gunpowder on Serapis ' s lower gun-deck.Alliance then returned to the main battle, firing twobroadsides. Again, these did at least as much damage toRichard as to Serapis, but the tactic worked to the ex-tent that, unable to move, and with Alliance keeping wellout of the line of his own great guns, Captain Pearson ofSerapis accepted that prolonging the battle could only killthe British prisoners on the board of Bonhomme Richard.

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5

Paul Jones the Pirate, British caricature

One of prisoners had escaped, came on board of Serapisand explained to Pearson that Jones had been completelycrazy and would kill his crew and all prisoners by pro-longing the battle. He persuaded Captain Pearson to bea gentleman contrary to Jones and to save the souls ofBritish prisoners and of crews of both ships. This is whyPearson surrendered. Most of Bonhomme Richards crewimmediately transferred to other vessels, and after a dayand a half of frantic repair efforts, it was decided thatthe ship could not be saved, so it was allowed to sink, andJones took command of Serapis for the trip to neutral (butAmerican-sympathizing) Holland.In the following year, the King of France Louis XVI, hon-ored him with the title "Chevalier". Jones accepted thehonor, and desired the title to be used thereafter: whenthe Continental Congress in 1787 resolved that a medal ofgold be struck in commemoration of his valor and bril-liant services it was to be presented to Chevalier JohnPaul Jones. He also received from Louis XVI a decora-tion of l'Institution du Mrite Militaire and a sword. Bycontrast, in Britain at this time, he was usually denigratedas a pirate.

2.3 Russian service

Further information: Russo-Turkish War (17871792)

In June 1782, Jones was appointed to command the 74-gun USS America, but his command fell through whenCongress decided to give America to the French as re-

placement for the wrecked Le Magnifique. As a result,he was given assignment in Europe in 1783 to collectprize money due his former hands. At length, this tooexpired and Jones was left without prospects for activeemployment, leading him on April 23, 1787 to enter intothe service of the Empress Catherine II of Russia, whoplaced great confidence in Jones, saying: He will get toConstantinople. He was granted name as a French sub-ject (Pavel de Zhoves, Paul de Joves).[19]

Jones avowed his intention, however, to preserve the con-dition of an American citizen and officer. As a rear ad-miral aboard the 24-gun flagship Vladimir, he took partin the naval campaign in the Dnieper-Bug Liman (anarm of the Black Sea, into which flow the Southern Bugand Dnieper rivers) against the Turks, in concert withthe Dnieper Flotilla commanded by Prince Charles ofNassau-Siegen. Jones (and Nassau-Siegen) repulsed theOttoman forces from the area, but the jealous intriguesof Nassau-Siegen (and perhaps Joness own inaptitude forImperial politics) turned the Russian commander PrinceGrigory Potmkin against Jones[20] and he was recalled toSt. Petersburg for the pretended purpose of being trans-ferred to a command in the North Sea. Another factormay have been the resentment of several ex-British navalofficers also in Russian employment, who regarded Jonesas a renegade and refused to speak to him. Whatevermotivated the Prince, once recalled he was compelledto remain in idleness, while rival officers plotted againsthim and even maliciously assailed his private characterthrough accusations of sexual misconduct. In April 1789Jones was arrested and accused of raping a 12-year-oldgirl named Katerina Goltzwart.[21] But the Count de Se-gur, the French representative at the Russian court (andalso Jones last friend in the capital), conducted his ownpersonal investigation into the matter and was able to con-vince Potmkin that the girl had not been raped and thatJones had been accused by Prince de Nassau-Siegen forhis own purposes;[22] Jones, however, admitted to pros-ecutors that he had often frolicked with the girl for asmall cash payment, only denying that he had deprivedher of her virginity.[23] Even so, in that period he was ableto author his Narrative of the Campaign of the Liman.On June 8, 1788, Jones was awarded the Order of St.Anne, but he left the following month, an embittered man.In 1789 Jones arrived in Warsaw, Poland, where he be-friended another veteran of the American RevolutionaryWar, Tadeusz Kociuszko. Kociuszko advised him toleave the service of the autocratic Russia, and serve an-other power, suggesting Sweden. Despite Kociuszkosbacking, the Swedes, while somewhat interested, in theend decided not to recruit Jones.[24]

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6 4 LEGACY

John Paul Jones Memorial in Washington, D.C.

3 Later life and death

In May 1790, Jones arrived in Paris, where he remainedin retirement for the rest of his life cut short, although hemade a number of attempts to re-enter the service in theRussian navy. In June 1792, Jones was appointed U.S.Consul to treat with the Dey of Algiers for the release ofAmerican captives. Before Jones was able to fulfill his ap-pointment, however, he was found dead (aged 45) lyingface-down on his bed in his third-floor Paris apartment,No. 19 Rue de Tournon, on July 18, 1792. The causeof death was interstitial nephritis. [25] A small processionof servants, friends and loyal family walked his body thefour miles (6 km) for burial. He was buried in Paris atthe Saint Louis Cemetery, which belonged to the Frenchroyal family. Four years later, Frances revolutionary gov-ernment sold the property and the cemetery was forgot-ten. The area was later used as a garden, a place to disposeof dead animals and where gamblers bet on animal fights.

4 Legacy

In 1905, Joness remains were identified by U.S. Ambas-sador to France Gen. Horace Porter, who had searchedfor six years to track down the body using faulty copiesof Joness burial record. Thanks to the kind donation ofa French admirer, Pierrot Francois Simmoneau, who haddonated over 460 francs, Joness body was preserved in al-cohol and interred in a lead coffin in the event that should

John Paul Jones and John Barry, honored on U.S. Postage, NavyIssue of 1937

John Paul Joness marble and bronze sarcophagus at the UnitedStates Naval Academy

the United States decide to claim his remains, they mightmore easily be identified. Porter knew what to look for inhis search. With the aid of an old map of Paris, Portersteam, which included anthropologist Louis Capitan, iden-tified the site of the former St. Louis Cemetery for AlienProtestants. Sounding probes were used to search for leadcoffins and five coffins were ultimately exhumed. Thethird, unearthed on April 7, 1905, was later identified bya meticulous post-mortem examination by Doctors Cap-itan and Georges Papillault as being that of Jones. Theautopsy confirmed the original listing of cause of death.The face was later compared to a bust by Jean-AntoineHoudon.Joness body was ceremonially removed from intermentin a Parisian charnel house and brought to the UnitedStates aboard the USS Brooklyn (CA-3), escorted bythree other cruisers. On approaching the American coast-line, seven U.S. Navy battleships joined the processionescorting Joness body back to America. On April 24,1906, Joness coffin was installed in Bancroft Hall at theUnited States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, fol-lowing a ceremony in Dahlgren Hall, presided over byPresident Theodore Roosevelt who gave a lengthy tribu-tary speech.[26] On January 26, 1913, the Captains re-mains were finally re-interred in a magnificent bronze

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_Memorialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_nephritishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Porterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierrot_Francois_Simmoneauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Capitanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Houdonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Houdonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charnel_househttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Brooklyn_(CA-3)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy#Halls_and_principal_buildingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Marylandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt

7

and marble sarcophagus at the Naval Academy Chapelin Annapolis.[27]

5 In popular culture

The 1824 novel The Pilot by James FenimoreCooper contains fictionalized accounts of Jonessmaritime activities.[28] Alexandre Dumas's CaptainPaul, a follow-up novel to The Pilot, was publishedin 1846.[29]

In Herman Melville's Israel Potter (1855), the maincharacter met John Paul Jones, who is negotiatingwith Benjamin Franklin. Later on Israel joins himin several of Jones attacks and sea battles.

In 1923, Franklin Delano Roosevelt wrote a screen-play about John Paul Jones and sent it to ParamountPictures founder Adolph Zukor, who politely re-jected it. In 1983, the TV show Voyagers! used thatfact as part of an alternate history where Roosevelthas become a successful movie director.[30]

John Paul (Jones) appears as a largely true-to-historycharacter in the Revolutionary-era novel RichardCarvel by American author Winston Churchill, (notthe British Prime Minister of the same name), pub-lished in 1899.

Jones was portrayed by actor Robert Stack in the1959 film John Paul Jones, directed by John Farrow.

Nicholas Nicastro wrote two historical novels aboutJones and his times, The Eighteenth Captain (1999)and Between Two Fires (2002), published by Mc-Books Press.

The John Paul Jones Junior High School inPhiladelphia was added to the National Register ofHistoric Places in 1988.[31]

The story of Joness attack on Whitehaven Harbourfeatures in Dan Chapmans 2012 novel Looking forLucy.[32]

In David Weber's Alternate history story The Cap-tain from Kirkbean, when John Paul was twelve hisfather had been able to secure for him a position asa Midshipman on a Royal Navy ship, leading to anillustrious naval career culminating with his becom-ing Captain Sir John Paul, using all his abilities infighting for King George of Britain and against theAmerican rebels.

6 See also

Armada of 1779

Bibliography of early American naval history: JohnPaul Jones

John Paul Jones Cottage Museum, birthplace ofJones in Scotland

John Paul Jones House, residence in New Hamp-shire during construction of America

USS Paul Jones (DD-10), a Bainbridge-classdestroyer, commissioned in 1902, decommissionedin 1919.

USS Paul Jones (DD-230), a Clemson-classdestroyer, commissioned in 1921, decommissionedin 1945.

USS John Paul Jones (DD-932), a Forrest Sherman-class destroyer of the US Navy. Commissioned1956; decommissioned 1982.

USS John Paul Jones (DDG-53), an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer in active service in the US Navy asof 2015. Commissioned in 1991.

7 References

This article incorporates text from a publication nowin the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge Univer-sity Press.

[1] Morison, 1959 pp.91(John Hancock), 120-121(BenjaminFranklin)

[2] John Paul Jones, a US naval officer]

[3] John Paul Jones Timeline, SeacoastNH.com

[4] 1770 Extract of Warrant for the arrest of John Paul(Jones)", Virtual Vault - Court Records (Scottish ArchiveNetwork (SCAN)), retrieved 22 October 2012

[5] Brady, 1906 pp.10, 164

[6] Biography - Captain John Paul Jones. History.navy.mil.Retrieved 2014-04-22.

[7] Cotten, Elizabeth. The John Paul Jones-Willie Jones Tra-dition Charlotte: Heritage Printers, 1966

[8] Old Halifax, Ambistead C. Gordon

[9] Morison, S.E. (1999) John Paul Jones: A Sailors Biogra-phy. Naval Institute Press,ISBN 1-55750-410-5, p. 52

[10] Morison, Samuel Eliot (1959). John Paul Jones: A SailorsBiolgrarphy (1964 ed.). New York: Time, Inc. p. 78.

[11] Morison, Samuel Eliot (1959). John Paul Jones: A SailorsBiolgrarphy (1964 ed.). New York: Time, Inc. p. 101.

[12] Paullin, 1906 p.293

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Academy_Chapelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Seahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melvillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Potterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Zukorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyagers!https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Carvelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Carvelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(novelist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_(film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Nicastrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_Junior_High_Schoolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Placeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Placeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Weberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_of_1779https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_early_American_naval_history#John_Paul_Joneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_early_American_naval_history#John_Paul_Joneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_Cottage_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_Househttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Paul_Jones_(DD-10)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge-class_destroyerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Paul_Jones_(DD-230)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson-class_destroyerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_John_Paul_Jones_(DD-932)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Sherman-class_destroyerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Sherman-class_destroyerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_John_Paul_Jones_(DDG-53)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleigh_Burke-class_destroyerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleigh_Burke-class_destroyerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Editionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones#Morisonhttp://www.seacoastnh.com/Maritime-History/John-Paul-Jones/John-Paul-Jones-Timeline/http://www.scan.org.uk/researchrtools/courtrecords.htmhttp://www.scan.org.uk/researchrtools/courtrecords.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones#Bradyhttp://www.history.navy.mil/bios/jones_jp_conrad.htmhttps://archive.org/stream/oldhalifax00gord/oldhalifax00gord_djvu.txthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1557504105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones#Paullin

8 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[13] Jones, John Paul (1785), Extracts from the Journals of myCampaigns, retrieved 2007-10-27

[14] Green, Ezra (1875), Diary of Ezra Green M.D., retrieved2007-10-27

[15] news report from Whitehaven, Cumberland Chronicle,April 25, 1778

[16] Seitz, Don (1917), Paul Jones: His Exploits in English Seasduring 177880, retrieved 2009-03-06

[17] Adams, John (1778), autobiography part 2, 'Travels, andNegotiations , Massachusetts Historical Society, retrieved2007-10-27

[18] Log of the 'Bon Homme Richard', 1779 (PDF), John PaulJones Cottage Museum, retrieved 2007-10-27

[19] Kravtsevych-Rozhnetsky, V. . (Sydir Bilyi and the Black Corsair. How Cossacks with thefounder of USN battled). Ukrayinska Pravda. March 30,2011.

[20] Martelle, Scott (2014). The Admiral and the Ambassador:One Mans Obsessive Search for the Body of John PaulJones. Chicago Review Press. pp. 102106. ISBN 978-1613747308. Retrieved March 4, 2015. (English)

[21] John Paul Jones: A Sailors Biography - Samuel Eliot Mori-son. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-04-22.

[22] Jaroslav Poleschuk, http://www.webpro.cimis.com.ua(2014-04-16). J.Paul Jones. For.lib.kherson.ua.Retrieved 2014-04-22.

[23] Charles King, Odessa: Genius and Death in a City ofDreams (W. W. Norton & Company, 2011; ISBN 0-393-07084-0), p. 47.

[24] Alex Storozynski (January 2011). Kosciuszko Ksiazechlopow. W.A.B. pp. 189191. ISBN 978-83-7414-930-3. Retrieved 2 January 2013.

[25] John Paul Jones House at uswarmemorials.org

[26] Roosevelt, Theodore Dedication speech, Annapolis (24April 1906)- via theodore-roosevelt.com

[27] USNA Traditions U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Associa-tion

[28] James Fenimore Cooper: Sea Tales. The Library ofAmerica. Retrieved 2012-11-28.

[29] Paul Jones, or, The son of the sea [electronic resource]".Stanford University Libraries. Retrieved 2012-11-28.

[30] Recipe for Success, by Jane West Walton. The Coronet,February 1947. Retrieved 2014-12-01.

[31] National Register Information System. National Regis-ter of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09.

[32] Chapman, D. (2012), Looking for Lucy, UK: ConceptISBN 978-1-4701-2860-9

8 Bibliography

This article incorporates text from a publication nowin the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge Univer-sity Press.

Boudriot, Jean (1987), John Paul Jones and theBonhomme Richard (technical study of the ship),Collection archeologie navale franaise, ISBN 2-903178-20-8.

Bradford, James C, ed. (1986), The papers of JohnPaul Jones (35 mm) (10 microfilm reels), Cam-bridge, UK; Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey.

(1986), Guide to the microfilm edition of thepapers of John Paul Jones, 17471792, Alexandria,VA: Chadwyck-Healey.

Brady, Cyrus Townsend (1906). Commodore PaulJones. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 482 pp; orig-inal from Univ. California.

Cotten, Elizabeth H (1966), The John Paul Jones-Willie Jones Tradition, Charlotte: Heritage Printers,ASIN B0007F8TO2.

de Koven, Reginald (Mrs) (1913), The Life and Let-ters of John Paul Jones, London: Werner Laurie, 2vols.

Frost, John (1845), The Pictorial Book of The Com-modores; Comprising Lives of Distinguished Com-manders In The Navy of The United States, NewYork: Nafis & Cornish.

Gilkerson, William, The Ships of John Paul Jones(technical study), Annapolis, MD: Naval InstitutePress, ISBN 0-87021-619-8 .

Goodheart, Adam (April 2006), Home is thesailor, Smithsonian Magazine: 3246.

John Paul Jones, Harpers Magazine (New York,NY: Harper & Bros) 11 (62), 1855: 14570.

Morison, Samuel Eliot (September 1999) [1959].John Paul Jones: A Sailors Biography. US Naval In-stitute Press Bluejacket Books. Raisz, Erwin, chartsand diagrams. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co.ISBN 1-55750-410-5. LCC E207.J7 M6.

Paullin, Charles Oscar (1906). The navy of theAmerican Revolution: its administration, its policyand its achievements. Iowa: The Burrows Broth-ers/Republican Printing., 549 pp.

Purcell, L Edward (1993), Who was Who in theAmerican Revolution, New York: Facts on File,ISBN 0-8160-2107-4.

http://www.americanrevolution.org/jpj.htmlhttp://www.americanrevolution.org/jpj.htmlhttp://www.public.coe.edu/~theller/soj/ttl/jpj/green.htmlhttp://www.pastpresented.info/cumbria/chron78ma.htmhttp://www.archive.org/stream/pauljoneshisexpl00seituoft/pauljoneshisexpl00seituoft_djvu.txthttp://www.archive.org/stream/pauljoneshisexpl00seituoft/pauljoneshisexpl00seituoft_djvu.txthttp://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/aea/cfm/doc.cfm?id=A2_36http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/aea/cfm/doc.cfm?id=A2_36http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/bhrlog.pdfhttp://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/03/30/33852/http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/03/30/33852/http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/03/30/33852/http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/03/30/33852/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravdahttps://books.google.com/books?id=Qqk2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102https://books.google.com/books?id=Qqk2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102https://books.google.com/books?id=Qqk2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1613747308https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1613747308http://books.google.com/books?id=Hi44whI49akC&pg=PA459&lpg=PA459&dq=John+Paul+Jones+rape&source=bl&ots=W1meeNT2dQ&sig=0Es9k1tsYJfwwGae3yXXjCQC7oc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vbT7T_PgOujg2QXax6DvBg&ved=0CGIQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=John%2520Paul%2520Jones%2520rape&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=Hi44whI49akC&pg=PA459&lpg=PA459&dq=John+Paul+Jones+rape&source=bl&ots=W1meeNT2dQ&sig=0Es9k1tsYJfwwGae3yXXjCQC7oc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vbT7T_PgOujg2QXax6DvBg&ved=0CGIQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=John%2520Paul%2520Jones%2520rape&f=falsehttp://www.webpro.cimis.com.ua/http://for.lib.kherson.ua/en-jones.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393070840https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393070840http://books.google.com/books?id=yvanuAAACAAJhttp://books.google.com/books?id=yvanuAAACAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7414-930-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7414-930-3http://www.uswarmemorials.org/html/site_details.php?SiteID=238http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/trjpjburial.htmlhttp://www.usna.com/Parents/SPPA/Library_Dir/USNA-Traditions.htmhttp://www.loa.org/volume.jsp?RequestID=30http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9308477http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/FDR_Hollywood_biography_Triviahttp://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781470128609https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Editionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-903178-20-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-903178-20-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Bradfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Townsend_Bradyhttp://books.google.com/books?id=a_9EAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://books.google.com/books?id=a_9EAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Numberhttps://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007F8TO2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-619-8http://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/issues/2006/april/poi.phphttp://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/issues/2006/april/poi.phphttp://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABK4014-0011-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%2527s_Magazinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morisonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusettshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-410-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classificationhttp://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=E207.J7+M6&Search_Code=CALL_&CNT=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O._Paullinhttp://books.google.com/books?id=Ws5EAAAAIAAJhttp://books.google.com/books?id=Ws5EAAAAIAAJhttp://books.google.com/books?id=Ws5EAAAAIAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-2107-4

9

Thomas, Evan (2003), John Paul Jones: Sailor,Hero, Father of the American Navy (popular biog-raphy), Waterville, ME: Thorndike Press, ISBN 0-7862-5875-6.

8.1 Further reading

Brown, Charles Walter (1902), John Paul Jones ofnaval fame: a character of the revolution, MA:Donohue & co, 271 pp.

Callo, Joseph (2011), John Paul Jones: AmericasFirst Sea Warrior, Naval Institute Press, 289 pp.

Sherburne, John Henry (1825). The Life of PaulJones: From Original Documents in the Possessionof John Henry Sherburne. London: John Murray.320 pp.

(1851). The life and character of John PaulJones:a captain in the United States navy. During therevolutionary war. New York: Adriance, Sherman& co., 408 pp.

9 External links John Paul Jones, US: Navy.

FAQ, US: Navy.

Excerpts form the Journals of my Campaign JohnPaul Jones

John Paul Jones Museum

Official report by Jones from aboard Serapis in Hol-land (1779)

The Best Quote Jones Never Wrote

John Paul Jones and Asymmetric Warfare

Battle of Flamborough Head

John Paul Joness attack upon Whitehaven, as re-ported in Lloyds Evening Post, 1778

John Paul Jones. Find a Grave. Retrieved May 7,2015.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7862-5875-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7862-5875-6http://books.google.com/books?id=IaBBAAAAYAAJ&dq=john+paul+jones&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://books.google.com/books?id=IaBBAAAAYAAJ&dq=john+paul+jones&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://books.google.com/books?id=uX8CbfFntvQC&dq=john+paul+jones&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://books.google.com/books?id=uX8CbfFntvQC&dq=john+paul+jones&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://books.google.com/books?id=y8NCAAAAYAAJhttp://books.google.com/books?id=y8NCAAAAYAAJhttp://books.google.com/books?id=y8NCAAAAYAAJhttp://books.google.com/books?id=JB5CAAAAIAAJ&dq=john+paul+joneshttp://books.google.com/books?id=JB5CAAAAIAAJ&dq=john+paul+joneshttp://books.google.com/books?id=JB5CAAAAIAAJ&dq=john+paul+joneshttp://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/traditions/html/jpjones.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Americahttp://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq58-1.htmhttp://www.americanrevolution.org/jpj.htmlhttp://www.americanrevolution.org/jpj.htmlhttp://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htmhttp://www.numa.net/articles/report_of_john_paul_jones.htmlhttp://sppa.usnaparents.com/Library_Dir/Qualifications%2520of%2520a%2520Naval%2520Officer.htmhttp://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/general/articles/johnpauljones.aspxhttp://www.yorkshirehistory.com/http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/whitehaven.pdfhttp://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/whitehaven.pdfhttp://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=554https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_a_Grave

10 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text

John Paul Jones Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones?oldid=674539826 Contributors: Magnus Manske, The Epopt,Koyaanis Qatsi, Rjstott, Amillar, Rmhermen, Jinian, Isis~enwiki, D, JohnOwens, Ixfd64, Kalki, CesarB, MartinSpamer, Ahoerstemeier,Stan Shebs, Docu, Theresa knott, Ugen64, Jiang, John K, JASpencer, Wik, Grendelkhan, Morwen, Taxman, Fvw, Wetman, Finlay McWal-ter, Dimadick, Friedo, Naddy, Postdlf, Ukuk~enwiki, Sunray, Aetheling, Xanzzibar, Dina, Jooler, Carnildo, DocWatson42, Haeleth,Folks at 137, Angmering, Everyking, Bkonrad, No Guru, Kpalion, ElfMage, Ukas, Utcursch, Mfv2, Piotrus, Quarl, Roisterer, Gauss,Acad Ronin, Mike Rosoft, Ouro, N328KF, KNewman, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Wrp103, LindsayH, Pavel Vozenilek,Bender235, CanisRufus, Lankiveil, Dennis Brown, Adambro, Bobo192, Martey, Shenme, Kevin Myers, JW1805, Eritain, Irishpunk-tom, Nsaa, Alan Isherwood, Danski14, Alansohn, Hektor, Ghostalker, Karlthegreat, Ben davison, User6854, Milesli, Snowolf, WiccanQuagga, Wtmitchell, Benson85, SidP, BDD, Axeman89, Denspark, Dryman, Ceyockey, Japanese Searobin, Tom.k, Crosbiesmith, RichardArthur Norton (1958- ), Woohookitty, Bellhalla, Pinball22, Queerudite, Chochopk, Knuckles, JRHorse, SDC, Kralizec!, Dysepsion, Gra-ham87, Brazzy, MC MasterChef, Rjwilmsi, George Burgess, AllanHainey, Tstockma, ElKevbo, Ghepeu, Durin, DoubleBlue, MikeJ9919,RobertG, WillC, Trekkie4christ, Nivix, Gurch, Phoenix2~enwiki, Shauni, DVdm, Gdrbot, Bgwhite, Cactus.man, EamonnPKeane, Yurik-Bot, RussBot, Zafiroblue05, ScottMainwaring, Cryptic, ALoopingIcon, NawlinWiki, IAMTHEEGGMAN, Mike Halterman, Tlincoln,Rjensen, Howcheng, Cleared as filed, Irishguy, Dsol, Brian Crawford, Xdenizen, Addps4cat, Tuckerresearch, FF2010, Phgao, Seanher-man, DingoGroton, Closedmouth, Pb30, Puritan Nerd, Kestenbaum, Brianlucas, JLaTondre, Mais oui!, Curpsbot-unicodify, Garion96,Jonathan.s.kt, RG2, Carlosguitar, D Monack, One, Bibliomaniac15, SpLoT, Scolaire, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Unschool, Cubs Fan,Herostratus, Davidhand, KnowledgeOfSelf, C.Fred, Grye, Blue520, Atomota, Dbnull, Yamaguchi , Quidam65, Hmains, Betacom-mand, Andy M. 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10.2 Images 11

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12 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10.3 Content license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/Early life and educationCareerThe American ColoniesRevolutionary War commandEarly commandCommand of RangerRanger attacks the BritishReturn to IrelandBonhomme RichardRussian serviceLater life and deathLegacyIn popular cultureSee alsoReferencesBibliographyFurther readingExternal linksText and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license