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John Mikulin Regional Lead, Electric Vehicle Deployment
Public Fleets Sector Lead, West Coast Collaborative Clean Energy & Climate Change Office – Air Division
U.S. EPA, Region 9
Valley of the Sun Clean Cities Coalition Arizona Clean Diesel Workshop
October 25, 2012
REGION 9
1
Presentation Topics 1) West Coast Collaborative (WCC)
a) National Clean Diesel Campaign (NCDC) b) Partnership Opportunities
2) Air Quality in Arizona a) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) b) National Emissions Inventory (NEI)
3) Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) a) Eligible emissions reduction strategies b) DERA grant project examples & requirements
4) Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) Deployment a) Why electrification? b) Business Case for PEVs 2
REGION 9 REGION 10
3
Public-Private
Partnership
EPA Regions 9 & 10
AK, AZ, CA, HI, ID,
NV, OR, WA, Pacific
Islands & 419 Native
Tribes
Over 1,000
Partners
4
West Coast Collaborative Goals
1) Help meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) by reducing diesel emissions along the West Coast.
2) Support Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reductions.
3) Improve Energy Security and Clean Energy Production.
5
WCC Sectors - http://westcoastcollaborative.org/sectors.htm
Trucking Locomotives & Rail Agriculture & Biofuels Marine Vessels & Ports Public Fleets Construction & Distributed Generation 6
7
8
9
Air Quality in Arizona
NAAQS Attainment Designations 8-hr Ozone, 24-hr PM2.5
http://www.epa.gov/region9/air/maps/index.html
NEI 2008 Data Analysis Arizona & Maricopa County http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2008inventory.html
REGION 9
10
11
27%
8%
8% 28%
20%
6%
2% 1%
Arizona - NOx (%) Mobile - On-Road Diesel Heavy
Duty Vehicles
Mobile - Non-Road Equipment - Diesel
Mobile - Locomotives
Mobile - Gasoline, Aircraft, LD
Diesel, Other Non-Road
Fuel Combustion - Stationary
Biogenics - Vegetation & Soil
Industrial Processes
Fires Relevant Clean Diesel Finding Mobile Heavy-Duty Diesel = 43% of AZ NOx Emissions
Note - Waste Disposal + Solvents + Miscellaneous < 1%
Source: U.S. EPA, NEI (2008)
12
36%
15% 2%
36%
10%
1%
Maricopa County - NOx (%)
Mobile - On-Road Diesel Heavy Duty Vehicles
Mobile - Non-Road Equipment - Diesel
Mobile - Locomotives
Mobile - Gasoline, Aircraft, LD
Diesel, Other Non-Road
Fuel Combustion - Stationary
Biogenics - Vegetation & Soil
Relevant Clean Diesel Finding Mobile HD Diesel = 52% of Maricopa County NOx Emissions
Note - Industrial Processes + Fires + Waste Disposal + Commercial Cooking + Miscellaneous < 1% Source: U.S. EPA, NEI (2008)
13
14
7% 3%
1%
29%
22%
17%
6%
5% 5% 3%
2%
Arizona - Primary PM2.5 (%) Mobile - On-Road Diesel Heavy Duty Vehicles Mobile - Non-Road Equipment - Diesel Mobile - Locomotives
Dust - Construction, Roads
Industrial Processes
Fires - Prescribed, Wild, Ag
Burning Fuel Combustion - Stationary
Waste Disposal
Agriculture - Crops, Livestock Dust & Waste Mobile - Gasoline, LD Diesel, Aircraft, Other Non-Road Commercial Cooking
Relevant Clean Diesel Finding Mobile HD Diesel = 11% of Arizona Primary PM2.5 Emissions
Note – Solvents + Miscellaneous < 1% Source: U.S. EPA, NEI (2008)
15
18%
7%
0.3%
31%
16%
7%
6%
6% 5%
2% 1%
Maricopa County - Primary PM2.5 (%) Mobile - On-Road Diesel Heavy Duty Vehicles
Mobile - Non-Road Equipment -
Diesel
Mobile - Locomotives
Industrial Processes
Dust - Roads, Construction
Fuel Combustion - Stationary
Mobile - Gasoline, LD Diesel,
Aircraft, Other Non-Road
Agriculture - Crops, Livestock
Dust & Waste
Commercial Cooking
Fires - Wild, Ag Burning,
Prescribed
Waste Disposal
Relevant Clean Diesel Finding Mobile HD Diesel = 26% of Maricopa County Primary PM2.5 Emissions
Note – Miscellaneous < 1% Source: U.S. EPA, NEI (2008)
16
17
North American Emission Control Area (ECA) PM2.5 Benefits in 2030
PM-2.5 standard Current: 15ug/m3; proposed 12-13ug/m3 (annual) 35ug/m3 (24 hour)
Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA)
REGION 9
18
Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA)
State Allocation (30%)
Emerging Technologies Program
National Competitive (70%)
U.S. EPA National Clean Diesel Program (NCDC)
Funding Assistance Program
SmartWay Finance Program 19
DERA Reauthorization – January 2011 H.R.5809 (Inslee D-WA1) – Reauthorized U.S. EPA
DERA funding at up to $100M per year through FY2016 for diesel retrofit, repower and replacement grant projects.
New authorization for clean diesel rebate program.
http://epa.gov/cleandiesel/dera-rebate.htm
FY2013 Funding Status Depends on appropriations.
FY2012 DERA RFP – Closed on 6/4/12
FY2012 Funding = $30M nationwide / $5M in Region 9
Congressional Debate – Uncertainty regarding DERA appropriations for FY2013-2016.
20
DERA Funding – Eligible Entities
• Public Agencies w/ jurisdiction over transportation or air quality
– State, regional & local
– Tribes – governments & intertribal consortia
– Port authorities
• Nonprofit Organizations that:
– Represent or provide pollution reduction, or
– Educational services to persons, or
– That own or operate diesel fleets, or
– Have, as their principal purpose, the promotion of transportation or air quality.
21
DERA Funding – Eligible Strategies & EPA Cost Share
• Note – FY12 cost share displayed; subject to change.
• Exhaust Control Technologies = 100%
• Engine Upgrades = 50%
• Cleaner Fuel Use = Incremental fuel cost vs. ULSD
• Idle Reduction Technologies = 100% if combined w/ exhaust control. 0% stand-alone, except for:
– Locomotive Idle Reduction = 50%
– Shorepower & Truck Stop Electrification = 25%
• Aerodynamic Technologies & Low Rolling Resistance Tires = 100% if combined w/ exhaust control, 0% if stand-alone. 22
DERA Funding – Eligible Strategies & EPA Cost Share (cont.)
• Engine Repower = 50%
• Vehicle/Equipment Replacement:
– Nonroad = 25%
– On-Highway = 25%
– Drayage Trucks = 50% if replacement vehicle is powered by a model year 2007, or newer heavy-duty engine.
• EPA Verified Technologies – Verified List - http://epa.gov/cleandiesel/verification/verif-list.htm
– Exhaust Retrofits - http://epa.gov/cleandiesel/technologies/retrofits.htm
– SmartWay Technology - http://www.epa.gov/smartway/technology/index.htm
– California Air Resources Board (CARB) - Technology Verification Reciprocity • http://epa.gov/cleandiesel/documents/epa-arb_moa.pdf
• http://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/verdev/vt/cvt.htm
23
DERA Funding – Competitive Project Elements
• Strong Partnerships – clear financial commitments, letters of support, etc.
• Community Benefits – identify county(ies) and local community(ies) that will benefit from reduced diesel emissions exposure.
• Community Engagement – demonstrate process for fostering community support and involvement in project implementation.
• Past Performance – demonstrate competence and success in implementing projects similar to those being proposed for DERA funding.
24
DERA Project Examples 25
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
Overhead truck stop electrification system
$1.03M
EPA
Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)
Installed 81 truck stop electrified (TSE) parking spaces, which provide heating, cooling, electrical outlets and internet access at two truck stops in Cochise County, AZ. Love’s Truck Stop in Benson will have 51 spaces and the Sunmart Truck Stop in San Simon, will provide 30 spaces. The TSE spaces provide air quality benefits by reducing idling, and reduce operating costs for drivers.
Annual
Emission
Reduction
512 tons CO2
0.25 tons PM
8.69 tons NOx
Funding Sources
26
City of Phoenix – Department of Public Works
Hybrid Refuse Hauler $830k
$679k
EPA Leveraged
Refuse Haulers – DPF Retrofits, Hybrid & CNG Replacements
The City of Phoenix Public Works Department retrofitted 32 refuse haulers with diesel particulate filters (DPFs), replaced 1 refuse hauler with a hydraulic hybrid launch assist refuse hauler, and replaced 2 diesel refuse haulers with compressed natural gas (CNG) refuse haulers.
Annual
Emission
Reduction
66.4 tons CO2
3.7 tons PM
6.32 tons NOx
Funding Sources
27
Salt River Pima Maricopa Indian Community
EPA Leveraged
$150k
$10k
Mining Equipment Retrofit Project
Retrofit 7 pieces of heavy-duty diesel mining
equipment owned and operated by the Salt
River Materials Group with diesel particulate
filters (DPFs) .
Annual
Emission Reduction
0.2 tons PM
0.45 tons HC
1.25 tons CO
Funding Source
Project located in a non-attainment area
for PM10 & 8-hour Ozone
Greatest Impact: Maricopa County
28
South Coast Air Quality Management District
Zero-Emission Truck Deployment
The project will replace at least 35
medium-duty diesel urban delivery trucks
with new battery-electric electric trucks.
Annual
Emission Reduction
0.48 tons PM
11.79 tons NOx
707 tons CO2
5.61 tons CO
1.16 tons HC
Funding Source
Selected trucks will have principal operations
in highly impacted communities
Greatest Impact: South Coast Air Basin, CA
EPA Leveraged
$4.22M
$1.05M
29
Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District
Irrigation Pump Electrification Project
The Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District (SMAQMD) will
establish a voucher program to replace 200 diesel agricultural irrigation pump
engines with new electric motors.
Annual
Emission Reduction
4.58 tons PM
74.34 tons NOx
4.52 tons HC
12.1 tons CO
11,100 tons CO2
Funding Source
Impacted agricultural lands located in an
ozone non-attainment area
Greatest Impact: Sacramento, CA
30
CALSTART
Pushback tug & ground support equipment
$896K
$454k
EPA Leveraged
This project retrofitted, repowered, and fueled heavy-duty
diesel equipment at 4 airports in California (i.e., SFO, OAK,
SJC & LAX). Retrofitted 12 pieces of on-field equipment
and 5 transit busses with DPFs, repowered 9 aircraft
pushback tugs with all-electric motors, and purchased
123,480 gallons of B20 biodiesel.
California Airports Partnership - Retrofit, Electric Repower & Biodiesel Fueling
Annual
Emission Reduction
0.45 tons PM
2.03 tons NOx
0.56 tons HC
3.89 tons CO
70 tons CO2
Funding Sources
31
San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Repowering Locomotives in the San Joaquin Valley
This project will repower two locomotives
to reduce diesel emissions in California’s
San Joaquin Valley.
Annual
Emission Reduction
0.82 tons PM
19.09 tons NOx
0.67 tons HC
0.18 tons CO
222 tons CO2
Funding Source
Generator set switch locomotives
significantly reduce PM & NOx
Greatest Impact: SJV Rail Yards TBD
32
Idaho Department of Environmental Quality
Emission Controls for On Road and Nonroad Vehicles
This project will retrofit 20 pieces of non-road
construction equipment and 12 school buses
with pollution control devices such as DOCs,
CCVs and/or DPFs.
Funding Source
Uncontrolled emission
on a school bus
EPA
$148k
Lifetime
Emission Reduction
2 tons PM
7.6 tons NOx
4.7 tons HC
16.3 tons CO
252 tons CO2
Greatest Impact: Statewide
Construction Equipment will be identified
by their proximity to priority areas.
33
FHWA Congestion Mitigation & Air Quality (CMAQ) Funding
• FY13 Funding Estimate = $2.21B nationwide
– Diesel retrofits & outreach.
– Electric or natural gas fueling.
– Alternative Fuel Vehicles - transit, school bus & refuse.
• CMAQ in Arizona
– ADOT Main Page - http://www.azdot.gov/mpd/air_quality/CMAQ.asp
– MAG Project Selection Criteria - http://www.azdot.gov/mpd/PDF/MAGCMAQ.pdf
• FHWA CMAQ Resources – Main Page - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/cmaq/
– Guidance - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/map21/guidance/guidecmaq.cfm
– Program Fact Sheet - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/map21/cmaq.cfm
– Overview Presentation - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/map21/docs/13sep_cmaq.pdf 34
Maeve Clancy Project Officer - State, Tribal & Local Air Grants
Tribal Air Coordinator Grants & Program Integration Office – Air Division
U.S. EPA, Region 9
Valley of the Sun Clean Cities Coalition Arizona Clean Diesel Workshop
October 25, 2012
REGION 9
35
Award Timeline (based on FY2012) • April 20, 2012 RFP opens
– Posted to grants.gov – All questions must be submitted to National Diesel Hotline – Informational webinars held
• June 4, 2012 RFP closes – proposals due – Proposals reviewed by EPA Regional Offices – Selections reviewed by EPA HQ
• July 2012 notification of selection – Selected grantees notified by email or letter – Unselected grantees notified by letter, may request a debrief
• Fall 2012 awards made – Project and budget period is usually 2 years, beginning October 1 – November 2012 – NCDC webinar for DERA grantees & EPA staff (date TBA)
• Sign up for NCDC email listserv - http://epa.gov/cleandiesel/
36
Award Process
• Selected grantees receive a guidance letter – Total amount of funding available – Workplan modifications that must be negotiated – Forms that must be submitted
• Grantees revise the workplan and budget and submit required assurances and certifications
• Revised application is approved by EPA • EPA issues award document
– Funds are legally obligated to recipient – Work may begin once award is signed by recipient and
returned to EPA
37
Managing Your Grant
• Read your grant agreement – Amount of matching or cost sharing – Programmatic and financial reporting requirements and
deadlines – Terms and conditions – Payment procedures
SCRAPPAGE
38
Managing Your Grant
• Manage day to day operations of grant supported activities
• Request reimbursement as grant funds are utilized – ASAP or hard copy payment requests – Consequences if grant funds are drawn down too quickly
or too slowly
39
Managing Your Grant
• Complete quarterly (due 30 days after the end of each quarter) and final programmatic reports (due 90 days after the end of the grant – Fleet spreadsheet and diesel emissions quantifier (DEQ) – Report templates are provided by EPA
40
Managing Your Grant
• Complete financial reports and audits as required
• Identify potential problems and areas where project officer or technical assistance might be necessary
• Request budget or workplan changes that require prior approval
• Communicate with EPA – Project Officer: Programmatic lead – Grant Specialist: Fiscal lead – WCC Sector Leads: Technical lead
41
DERA Grants Overview
http://epa.gov/cleandiesel/grantfund.htm
National Funding Assistance Program
http://epa.gov/cleandiesel/prgnational.htm
Emerging Technologies Program
http://epa.gov/cleandiesel/prgemerg.htm
SmartWay Finance Program
http://epa.gov/cleandiesel/prgfinance.htm
Grant Reporting Templates
http://epa.gov/cleandiesel/grant-reporting.htm
42
WCC & PEV Deployment
REGION 9
43
Electric Projects
• Diesel-to-Electric = Lower Mobile Emissions – Compliments mobile source regulatory strategies.
• DERA-Funded Projects – State of Arizona Truck Stop Electrification
– SMAQMD BEVs for regional delivery, HEV buses & electric ag pumps.
– SCAQMD BEVs for regional delivery.
– Ports of SF, LA, LBC OGV Shorepower & electric cargo handlers
• Outreach & Partnerships – WCC Partners Meetings & Sector Calls + External Events
– Partnerships – DOE Clean Cities Coalitions, CALSTART Electric Truck Task Force, Hybrid, Efficient & Advanced Truck Research Center, Plug-In Electric Vehicle Collaborative, Fuel Cell Partnership, and many others.
• Technical & Economic Analysis – Localized Business Case Analyses for PEVs
44
Business Case for PEVs
REGION 9
45
PEV Terminology & Benefit Metrics
PEV = Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
BEVs Large emissions, petroleum, and cost reductions w/ grid, or renewable electricity.
PHEVs Lower emissions, petroleum, and costs + greater range per fueling event.
Benefit Metrics o Emissions = tons reduced/yr vs. gasoline & diesel
o Petroleum = gallons of gasoline & diesel saved/yr
o Operational Costs = $ saved/yr vs. gasoline & diesel 46
Why electrification?
Emissions, energy security & cost savings.
47
U.S. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
2009 = 1,816.9 MMT CO2e = 27% of U.S. Inventory
48
U.S. Petroleum Dependence
49
Qualitative Benefits of PEV Deployment
1) Fuel Cost Certainty
2) Public Preferences
3) Positive Public Exposure
4) Improved Driving Performance
5) Driver Recruitment & Retention
6) Supports U.S. Energy Security
7) Social Responsibility Source: U.S. EPA West Coast Collaborative, Fleet Partner Testimonials (2012)
50
Criteria for Optimal Deployment – BEV
1) Average Route < 90 mi/day;
2) Operate on predictable/fixed routes;
3) Access to centralized fueling facilities;
4) High idling time; and,
5) Frequent stop-and-go driving conditions.
51
Criteria for Optimal Deployment – PHEV
1) Average Route < 35 mi/day;
2) Occasional Route = 36-379 mi/day;
3) Access to gasoline fueling for longer trips;
4) High idling time; and,
5) Frequent stop-and-go driving conditions.
52
Light-Duty PEV Benefit Estimates Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) < 10,001 lbs (Class 1-2)
Baseline Usage = 15,000 mi/yr
BEV vs. Gasoline ICE (28 mpg) Emissions > 1.68 CO2e tons reduced/yr/vehicle (AZ grid) Petroleum > 536 gasoline gallons saved/yr/vehicle Operational Costs > $2,058 (78%) saved/yr/vehicle
PHEV vs. Gasoline ICE (28 mpg) Emissions > 1.25 CO2e tons reduced/yr/vehicle (AZ grid) Petroleum > 367 gasoline gallons saved/yr/vehicle Operational Costs > $1,704 (58%) saved/yr/vehicle
53
Medium-Duty PEV Benefit Estimates Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) = 10,001-26,000 lbs (Class 3-6)
MD E-Truck vs. Diesel ICE (7.4 mpg) Baseline Usage = 19,800 mi/yr Emissions > 15 CO2e tons reduced/yr/vehicle (AZ grid) Petroleum > 2,670 diesel gallons saved/yr/vehicle Operational Costs > $11,168 (84%) saved/yr/vehicle
E-School Bus vs. Diesel ICE (5.6 mpg) Baseline Usage = 13,000 mi/yr Emissions > 16 CO2e tons reduced/yr/vehicle (AZ Grid) Petroleum > 2,302 diesel gallons saved/yr/vehicle Operational Costs > $9,662 (88%) saved/yr/vehicle
54
PEVs in Arizona
• Average Emissions Reductions Diesel-to-AZ Grid Electricity= 58% CO2e
• Payback from Operational Savings $ Incremental Cost / $ Annual Operational Savings
Light-Duty = -0.2 (BEV) to 2.3 yrs (PHEV)
Medium-Duty = 5.2 (E-Truck) to 7.5 yrs (E-School Bus)
• Distributed Renewable Energy & Electric Vehicle Charging Greater emissions reductions, petroleum conservation,
and cost savings than grid-based electricity.
55
WCC Partnership Opportunities
1) WCC Announcements & Events a) Join/Sign Up - http://64.251.197.192/list-signup.asp b) Participate in WCC Sector Workgroups (quarterly) c) Participate in WCC Partners Meetings (biannual)
2) SmartWay Transport Partnership a) Join - http://www.epa.gov/smartway/partnership/index.htm
3) Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) a) Support implementation of H.R.5809 (Inslee D-WA1, 2010)
b) Apply for Grants - http://epa.gov/cleandiesel/grantfund.htm 56
John Mikulin Regional Lead, Electric Vehicle Deployment
Public Fleets Sector Lead, West Coast Collaborative Clean Energy & Climate Change Office – Air Division
U.S. EPA, Region 9 (415) 972-3956
[email protected] http://www.linkedin.com/in/johnmikulin
57
Ideas, Comments, Questions…?
http://www.westcoastcollaborative.org/
http://epa.gov/cleandiesel/
http://www.epa.gov/region9/climatechange/
Maeve Clancy Project Officer - State, Tribal & Local Air Grants
Tribal Air Coordinator Grants & Program Integration Office – Air Division
U.S. EPA, Region 9 (415) 947-4105
Appendix
58
59
IMO MARPOL Annex VI (2008) OGV Fuel Sulfur Standard*
“Global standard”** (Regulation 14.1)
– 4.5% < 2012
– 3.5% (2012-19)
– 0.5% 1 Jan. 2020
Emission Control Area (ECA) standard (Reg. 14.4)
– 1.5% <Jul. 2010
– 1.0% after January, 2010
– 0.1% after January, 2015
59
*All dates are subject to 12 month grace period. Reg. 14.7. ** The 2020 Global Standard is subject to feasibility review in 2018; may be delayed to 2025.
60
North American ECA – Benefits
Compliance with ECA standards is expected to result in annual reductions starting in 2020: – 320,000 tons of NOx
– 90,000 tons of PM2.5
– 920,000 tons of SOx
– 23%, 74% and 86% reduction of predicted levels absent the ECA
ECA benefits include preventing as many as 14,000 premature deaths and relieving respiratory symptoms for nearly 5 million annually.
61
2% 1%
0.3%
54% 25%
7%
5%
2% 1%
1%
1%
Arizona - Primary PM10 (%) Mobile - On-Road Diesel Heavy
Duty Vehicles Mobile - Non-Road Equipment - Diesel Mobile - Locomotives
Dust - Roads, Construction
Industrial Processes
Agriculture -Crops, Livestock Dust
& Waste Fires - Wild, Prescribed, Ag Burning Fuel Combustion - Stationary
Mobile - Gasoline, Aircraft, LD
Diesel, Other Non-Road Waste Disposal
Commercial Cooking
Relevant Clean Diesel Finding Mobile HD Diesel = 3% of Arizona Primary PM10 Emissions
Note – Solvents + Miscellaneous < 1% Source: U.S. EPA, NEI (2008)
62
6%
2%
0.1%
62%
12%
10%
3%
2% 2% 1%
Maricopa County - Primary PM10 (%) Mobile - On-Road Diesel Heavy Duty Vehicles
Mobile - Non-Road Equipment -
Diesel
Mobile - Locomotives
Dust - Roads, Construction
Agriculture - Crops, Livestock
Dust & Waste
Industrial Processes
Mobile - Gasoline, Aircraft, LD
Diesel, Other Non-Road
Fuel Combustion - Stationary
Commercial Cooking
Fires - Wild, Ag Burning,
Prescribed
Relevant Clean Diesel Finding Mobile HD Diesel = 8% of Maricopa County Primary PM10 Emissions
Note – Waste Disposal + Miscellaneous < 1% Source: U.S. EPA, NEI (2008)
63
64
2%
1%
0.2%
58%
25%
10%
2% 2% 1%
Arizona - CO (%) Mobile - On-Road Diesel Heavy Duty Vehicles
Mobile - Non-Road Equipment - Diesel
Mobile - Locomotives
Mobile - Gasoline, Aircraft, LD
Diesel, Other Non-Road
Biogenics - Vegetation & Soil
Fires - Wild, Prescribed, Ag Burning
Fuel Combustion - Stationary
Waste Disposal
Industrial Processes
Relevant Clean Diesel Finding Mobile HD Diesel = 3% of Arizona CO Emissions
Note – Solvents + Commercial Cooking + Miscellaneous < 1% Source: U.S. EPA, NEI (2008)
65
2.5%
2.1%
0.1%
83%
9%
2% 1%
0.4%
Maricopa County - CO (%) Mobile - On-Road Diesel Heavy
Duty Vehicles
Mobile - Non-Road Equipment - Diesel
Mobile - Locomotives
Mobile - Gasoline, Aircraft, LD
Diesel, Other Non-Road
Biogenics - Vegetation & Soil
Fuel Combustion - Stationary
Fires - Wild, Ag Burning, Prescribed
Industrial Processes Relevant Clean Diesel Finding Mobile HD Diesel = 5% of Maricopa County CO Emissions
Note – Waste Disposal + Commercial Cooking + Miscellaneous < 1% Source: U.S. EPA, NEI (2008)
66
67
3%
0.3%
0.3%
57%
37%
2% 1%
Arizona - SO2 (%) Mobile - On-Road Diesel Heavy
Duty Vehicles
Mobile - Non-Road Equipment - Diesel
Mobile - Locomotives
Fuel Combustion - Stationary
Industrial Processes
Fires - Prescribed, Wild, Ag
Burning
Mobile - Gasoline, Aircraft, LD
Diesel, Other Non-Road Relevant Clean Diesel Finding Mobile HD Diesel = 4% of Arizona SO2 Emissions
Note – Waste Disposal + Solvents + Commercial Cooking + Miscellaneous < 1% Source: U.S. EPA, NEI (2008)
68
42%
0.4%
1%
30%
20%
4%
2% 1%
Maricopa County - SO2 (%) Mobile - On-Road Diesel Heavy
Duty Vehicles
Mobile - Non-Road Equipment -
Diesel
Mobile - Locomotives
Fuel Combustion - Stationary
Mobile - Gasoline, Aircraft, LD
Diesel, Other Non-Road
Industrial Processes
Waste Disposal
Fires - Wild, Prescribed, Ag
Burning Relevant Clean Diesel Finding Mobile HD Diesel = 43% of Maricopa County SO2 Emissions
Note – Commercial Cooking + Miscellaneous < 1% Source: U.S. EPA, NEI (2008)
69