ISBN 0-660-18606-3 DSS Catalogue Number CC273-2/01-4E

CCOHS 2001

This publication is a joint productionof the Canadian Centre forOccupational Health and Safety andHuman Resources DevelopmentCanada, Labour Program

Job Safety Analysis Made Simple

In every Canadian jurisdiction, health andsafety legislation holds employers account-able for ensuring the health and safety oftheir employees. Employers are responsiblefor assessing the health and safety risk(chance that somebody will be harmed) of ajob. Based on this assessment, employersmust implement safety measures to eliminateor mitigate any risks to their employees. Jobsafety analysis (JSA) is a proactive approachto ensuring health and safety in the workplace.The JSA process provides a way of identify-ing job-related hazards and determiningpreventive measures. This involves carefullyanalysing each task of a job, identifyingpotential health and safety hazards at eachstep, and determining practical ways ofpreventing or mitigating such hazards.These preventive measures can then beintegrated into an employer’s work practicesand procedures for the job.

This publication outlines the basic conceptof JSA and provides a step-by-step proce-dure for performing a JSA according to twosimple techniques: change analysis and theenergy barrier approach (see the flow charton the next page). Examples of job safetyanalysis for some common jobs are present-ed. These examples are intended to illustratethe application of JSA and do not necessarilyinclude a comprehensive list of all potentialhazards and related preventive measures. Inaddition, compliance with applicable occu-pational health and safety regulations mustbe considered as a part of the overall JSA.

DefinitionsIn this publication, hazard and risk aredefined as follows:

Hazard means anything that can cause harm.Examples of hazards include toxic chemicals,moving machinery parts, high-voltageelectricity, working on heights, temperatureextremes, slippery work-surfaces.

Risk means the chance that someone will beharmed by the hazard.

I

Summary

II

Job Safety Analysis Flow-Chart

The following flow-chart illustrates steps involved in Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1. What is a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. How to perform a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Step 1: What important factors should be considered in selecting a job for JSA? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Step 2: How are the basic tasks of a job established? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Step 3: How are the potential hazards identified? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Step 4: How are preventive measures determined? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Step 5: How should I communicate the JSA information to everyone else? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3. How and when to use Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4. Follow-up and Review of a Job Safety Analysis (JSA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

6. Examples of Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1. Transportation of dangerous goods (TDG). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2. Climbing trucks to inspect levels of substance in snow and rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3. Handling of heavy objects in ports and storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4. Machine maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5. Working at heights on communication towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6. Improvisation of tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Appendix A: Sample form for Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Appendix B: Step-by-step Instructions for Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . . 35

Appendix C: Practical Tips for Performing Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . and its Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

III

Table of contents

BackgroundEmployers are responsible for ensuring thehealth and safety of their employees. Thisincludes informing employees of workplacehazards, providing the equipment necessaryto safeguard health and safety, and establish-ing proper health and safety procedures andpractices. Therefore, employers have anobligation to assess health and safety risksand to develop safety procedures that willeliminate or mitigate these risks before anemployee is required to carry out work.

This publication outlines job safety analysis(JSA) as a method of identifying potentialhazards and developing safe work practicesto prevent injuries, illnesses, propertydamage and other losses.

ScopeThis publication introduces the concept ofjob safety analysis and outlines two practicalmethods of identifying potential hazards andapplicable preventive measures. It stimulatesthe thinking process and empowers the readerto perform job safety analysis. Examples ofanalysis are included to illustrate the process.The presentation level is narrative and doesnot require solving mathematical formulas.The level of presentation is suited for personswho are familiar with the workplace but arenot necessarily health and safety experts.

Target AudienceThis publication is intended for workers,managers and supervisors, members ofhealth and safety committees, and healthand safety representatives. Health and safetyprofessionals will find this publication apractical tool for workplace training sessionson health and safety programs and policies.

1

Introduction

Job safety analysis (JSA) is the systematicexamination of a job intended to identifypotential hazards, assess the degree of risk, andevaluate practical measures to control the risk.

It must be kept in mind that JSA is not aworkplace inspection or an audit procedure.Workplace inspection is a systematicexamination of workplace conditions andpractices to determine their conformity withcompany procedures and compliance withprescribed health and safety regulations. Anaudit process is a systematic examination ofthe safety management system to determineif work activities and related results complywith planned prevention policies and estab-lished programs. As well, an audit evaluateswhether the program is effective in achievingthe goals and objectives set out in the policy.

A JSA should be proactive, although it maybe used in response to a rising rate ofinjuries and illnesses. Hazards should berecognized and preventive measures imple-mented at the planning and organizingstages of the work. It should be emphasizedthat the focus of JSA is to examine the joband not the person who is doing the job.

Job safety analysis is an important elementof a risk management system. It involvesanalysing each basic task of a job to identifypotential hazards and to determine the safestway of doing the job. This procedure issometimes referred to as job hazard analysis.

Experienced workers and supervisors mayperform a JSA by analysing jobs throughdiscussion and observation. This approachhas two distinct advantages. Firstly, it involvesmore people which allows for a wider base ofexperience. Secondly, the participation ofmany stakeholders promotes faster accep-tance of the resulting work procedure.

Health and safety committee members andrepresentatives play an important role in theJSA and have a legal obligation to participatein the JSA process. They also provide practicalwork experience related to the risk evalua-tion and the feasibility of appropriatecontrols. Health and safety specialists mayparticipate in the JSA to eliminate any over-sight in accounting for potential hazards andrelated preventive measures.

Some individuals prefer to expand theanalysis into all aspects of the job, not justsafety. This approach is known as total jobanalysis or task analysis. The total job analy-sis is based on the concept that safety is anintegral part of every task performance andnot a separate entity. In this document, onlyhealth and safety aspects will be considered;however, it is recognized that this materialcould be used to conduct a total job analysis.

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1. What is a Job Safety Analysis (JSA)?

A job safety analysis involves five steps:1. Selecting the job to be analysed.

2. Breaking the job down into a sequenceof tasks.

3. Identifying potential hazards.

4. Determining preventive measures tocontrol these hazards.

5. Communicating the information to others.

STEP 1:

What important factors shouldbe considered in selecting a jobfor JSA?

Ideally, a JSA should be performed for alljobs. However, there are practical constraintson time and resources. Another considerationis that each JSA may require revision whenchanges occur in equipment, raw materials,processes, or the environment. For thesereasons, it is usually necessary to set priori-ties. Factors to be considered in assigningpriorities include:

❚ Accident, injury and illness statistics:jobs where accidents occur frequentlyor where they result in disablinginjuries or illnesses.

❚ Absenteeism: jobs where employees takefrequent sick leaves or other leaves ofabsence.

❚ Signs and symptoms of harmful expo-sures: the nature of the job poses a dan-ger of harmful exposure.

❚ Potential for severe injuries or illnesses:the consequences of an accident,hazardous condition, or exposure to a harmful substance are potentiallysevere.

❚ Modified jobs: new hazards may be associated with changes in job procedures/processes.

❚ Infrequently performed jobs: employeesmay be at greater risk when undertakingnon-routine jobs.

❚ Jobs with frequent work interruptionsdue to technical difficulties.

❚ Jobs with excessive waste generationand production losses.

❚ Jobs where employees are required towork alone in isolated workplaces.

❚ Jobs with the potential for violence inworkplace.

STEP 2:

How are basic tasks of a jobestablished?

A task is a segment of an overall job.Completion of each operational task inproper sequence leads to the completion ofthe job. It is important to keep the tasks intheir correct sequence. Any task which isplaced out of sequence may cause potentialhazards to be missed or introduce hazardswhich would not otherwise exist.

When conducting a JSA each task is record-ed in its proper sequence. Notes should bemade of what is to be done rather than howit is done. Each item is started with anaction verb.

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2. How to perform a Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

Appendix A illustrates a format that can beused as a worksheet for JSA.

Dividing a job into tasks requires a thor-ough knowledge of the job. If the tasks aremade too general, specific operations andrelated hazards may be missed. On the otherhand, too many tasks may make the JSAimpractical. A rule of thumb is that mostjobs can be described in less than ten tasks.If more operational steps are required, it isadvisable to break the job into two seg-ments, each with a separate JSA. As anexample, Table 1 presents the tasks involvedin changing a flat tire.

This part of the analysis is usually prepared bywatching the employee do the job. Theemployee being observed should be experi-enced and capable of performing all parts ofthe job. The observation team may includethe immediate supervisor, a health and safetyprofessional, and a member of the health andsafety committee or the health and safety rep-resentative. Key points are less likely to bemissed in this way.

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JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

JOB: changing tire on a vehicle

Analysed by: John Supervisor and Tom Worker Date: 29 May 2001

Reviewed by: Joe Expert Date: 1 June 2001

Approved by: Co-Chairs Health and Safety Committee Date: 5 June 2001

Sequence of Tasks Potential Hazards Preventive Measures

1. Park vehicle. 2. Get spare tire and tool kit. 3. Pry off hub cap. 4. Loosen lug bolts (nuts). 5. And so on ……..

Table 1. An example of JSA applied to changing a flat tire.

Helpful Tips for Performing a JSAEXPLAIN the purpose of the JSA to ensurefull co-operation and participation of theemployee.

ASSURE the employee that the purpose ofthe JSA is to make the job safer by identify-ing hazards and making changes to eliminateor reduce accidents, injuries, and illnesses.

CLARIFY that the JSA is neither a time andmotion study in disguise nor an attempt touncover individual unsafe acts.

ENSURE the employee understands thatthe JSA is an evaluation of the job, not theindividual.

RESPECT the employee’s experience anduse it as an important input in makingimprovements.

OBSERVE jobs during normal workinghours and situations. For example, if a job isroutinely carried out at night, perform JSAat night. Similarly, only regular tools andequipment should be used. The onlydifference from normal operations shouldbe the fact that the job performance isbeing observed.

DISCUSS with the employee:

❚ tasks of the regular process;

❚ any incidents;

❚ communication problems;

❚ difficulties in performing the tasks;

❚ training provided in the use ofequipment and safety procedures; and

❚ need for improvements.

DISCUSS the breakdown of tasks with allthe participants (including the employee).

ENSURE that all basic tasks have been notedand are in the correct order.

STEP 3:

How are potential hazards identified?

Two commonly used techniques for identify-ing potential hazards are: A) Kepner andTregoe method based on change analysis;B) Gibson and Haddon approach based onunwanted energy flow and energy barrier.

A) Change analysis (Kepner and Tregoe)

Change analysis helps establish the signifi-cance of changes in causing accidents andlosses. As well, it helps determine counter-changes to prevent these accidents and loss-es. Change is needed for improvement, butthe change may have unwanted side effects.Changes can be planned or unplanned.Sometimes, preventive changes can causeproblems if not introduced properly.

In planned changes potential problems canbe identified and controlled. Change analysisoffers a powerful safety analysis methodolo-gy for the unplanned and anticipatedchanges in the operation of equipment,material, or process. Any unplanned changesmay result in accidents and losses unlesspreventive measures (counter-changes) areimplemented.

First introduced by C.H. Kepner and B.B.Tregoe in 1965, as a managerial tool to solveproduction problems, change analysis tech-nique was eventually adapted to occupation-al health and safety issues. In the 1970s, the"What if " procedure was developed to iden-tify possible accident event sequences. Oncethese sequences are established it is easier topinpoint the hazards, consequences, andpotential methods for risk reduction.

The "What If " analysis involves conductinga thorough and systematic examination ofeach task by asking questions that beginwith "What if…?" The formulation of theexact questions is left up to those conductingthe examination.

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Helpful Tips for Change AnalysisFor a specific task, identify the task orprocess parameters to be investigated forchanges (normally one parameter).

Apply the guide words to this parameter inorder to qualify or quantify the changes.

Identify and assess the consequences of thechanges in terms of risk.

Task parameters are easy to find. Look at thetask and find parameters to be controlled inorder for the task to be performed normally.

Such parameters can be:

❚ a sensory signal: e.g., colour, the shapeof object, the emitted sound, an odour,the light level, the position of handle,the height of a pedal.

❚ a process specification: e.g., pressure,temperature, concentration, flow rate.

❚ a dynamic component: e.g., motion,sequence, pace, speed change, friction.

❚ a force or mass: e.g., electrical power,chemical energy, torque, impulse,impact.

❚ a geometric value and time: e.g.,location, dimensions, rate.

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Guide Word Meaning Examples: What if…

No or not - Negation of the operation The operation is stopped and nothing else is produced More - Quantitative increase - Temperature is higher than normal - Sooner (time) - Exposure time is greater than regular - Higher (height, T, P) - Temperature and/or pressure is increased

Less - Quantitative decrease - Quantity produced is less than usual - Later (time) - Shutdown time is greater than normal - Lower (height, T, P) - Temperature and/or pressure is decreased

As well as - Qualitative increase - An unwanted product is produced at the - Somewhere else same time as the wanted product - At the same time as (contamination) - A product is transferred from one tank to another with environmental release - A product is boiling during transfer with splashes

Part of - Qualitative decrease - A product is not added during production - Lack of - An operation is unachieved or interrupted

Reverse - Logical opposite of the - Tank is being emptied instead of operation being filled Other than - Complete substitution of - A product is heated instead of being one operation by another evacuated

Table 2. Guide words for "What if" questions.

❚ a piece of equipment: e.g., protectivedevices, position of a part, part inmotion.

❚ an environmental or externalcondition: e.g., weather, snow, rain,nuisances from neighbourhood.

❚ Or others.

When the parameter has been identified,apply the "What if " questions to it by usingthe guide words described in Table 2. Allquestions have the following format:

What if the (parameter) is not, more, less,as well as, part of, reverse, other than the one described in the task?

As an example, change analysis can beapplied to the "changing a flat tire" scenario.The first task "park vehicle" insists on the"location" of the vehicle as a specific para-meter. Normally, the vehicle must be parkedoff the road on a stable ground beforeremoving any wheel. Table 3 presentsexamples of applying "What if " questionsto this situation.

If the job is well defined, the employee’sworkstation is geographically limited, or hisactivities are repetitive in nature, the energybarrier approach is an alternative.

B)Unwanted energy flow and energy barrier approach(Gibson and Haddon)

The energy-barrier approach was developedby J.J. Gibson in 1961 and structured by W.C. Haddon in 1966. This approach ofaccident prevention is very popular becauseit is simple to apply and easy to under-stand.

We all use energy to perform work. Power isthe rate of energy use. In classic industrialprocesses, high power sources produce largeamounts of energy in a short time and arekey to high production rates. Controlledenergy is essential to accomplish work.Uncontrolled energy flow has the potentialto cause accident, injury, equipment dam-age, or property losses.

For example, controlled flow of electricalenergy will run motors, power lighting and

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Guide Word Example of "What if" Question

No or not What can happen if employee lost the control of his/her vehicle and cannot park?

More What can happen if the vehicle is parked on the road (on a bridge, obstruction by snowdrift)?

Less What can happen if employee cannot stop the vehicle rapidly?

As well as What can happen if employee cannot find a location in the dark?

Part of What can happen if the vehicle is on a soft shoulder?

Reverse Not applicable.

Other than What can happen if towing is mandatory on a road?

Table 3. Applying "What if" questions for changing a flat tire.

heating systems, and energize many otherdesirable operations. Uncontrolled electricalflow can cause electrocution or electricshocks to people, destroy machines, andpollute our environment. If a person comesin contact with a live electrical wire, theelectrical current will flow through his bodycausing electrocution, or in a less severecase, electric shock. In the same way, amoving belt drive possesses kinetic(motion) energy. If the belt breaks whilemoving, it can hit a person and causephysical injury, or damage a piece ofequipment and cause physical loss.

In the energy-barrier approach, hazard isdefined as uncontrolled energy flow and thepossible contact between the energy and aperson or equipment, resulting in:

❚ injury to persons;

❚ damage to equipment and property;

❚ reduction in the ability of persons toperform work; and

❚ harm to the environment.

The procedure of the energy barriertechnique is to look at each task and:

❚ identify the energy sources producing arisk (Table 4);

❚ describe the way the energy can comein contact with employee(s) (i.e., theenergy flow) (Table 5);

❚ find adequate barriers to eliminate orreduce the chances of this contact (i.e., controlling the energy flow).

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Type of energy Examples of contact

Gravitational Falls from same level, falls from different level, falling objects.

Kinetic Human energy: repetitive motion, overexertion, awkward posture. Machine energy: struck by moving object, projectiles, airborne particulate, motor vehicle, caught between, caught in, cut by.

Thermal Burns (hot and cold), hypothermia, heat stress, solar heat.

Biological Contact with infections resulting in diseases (of the lungs, blood, skin, etc.). Contact with pathogens.

Chemical Corrosion: degradation of materials. Reactions: exothermic, endothermic, explosive, toxic, corrosive. Fumes; gases, dusts.

Hydraulic Asphyxiation (drowning), motive force (resulting in crushing, caught between, etc.).

Electrical Electric shock, electrical burns, electrocution.

Radiation Ionizing radiation exposure from: radioactive material, cosmic rays, natural radioactive materials in the earth, x-ray machines. Electromagnetic radiation exposure from: microwaves ovens, radio and TV antennas. Ultraviolet radiation from: the sun, UV lamps. Infrared radiation from: the sun, heat sources. Electromagnetic field from: electrical power lines, power transformers, electrical equipment.

Animal Attacks, bites, stings.

Stored potential energy Motive force from: coil springs, flexed objects. Pressure: steam, compressed gases.

Noise Machine noise, human noise, environmental noise (wind, animals, etc.).

Multiple kinds of energy The interaction of two or more kinds of energy frequently causes accidents. This complexity can be best described or classified by the sequential listing of energies: for example, electrical shock resulting in fall from heights, bee sting resulting in motor vehicle accident.

Table 4. Types of energy.

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Types of contact Examples of contact with uncontrolled energy

Contact between objects Struck against object.and equipment Struck by object. Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects. Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials. Rubbed or abraded by friction or pressure. Rubbed, abraded, or jarred by vibration.

Falls Fall to lower level. Jump to lower level. Fall on same level.

Bodily reaction and exertion Bodily reaction. Overexertion. Repetitive motion. Sustained viewing. Static posture without the application of force to an object. Static posture with the application of force to an object. Bodily conditions.

Exposure to caustic, noxious, Exposure to noise. or allergenic substances Exposure to radiation. Exposure to traumatic or stressful event. Oxygen deficiency. Exposure to harmful substances or environments. Contact with electric current. Contact with temperature extremes. Exposure to air pressure changes.

Transportation accidents Highway accident. Non-highway accident (except rail, air, water). Pedestrian, non-passenger struck by vehicle, mobile equipment. Railway accident. Water vehicle accident. Aircraft accident. Transportation accident.

Fires and explosions Fire: unintended or uncontrolled. Explosion.

Assaults and violent acts Assaults and violent acts by person(s). Self-inflicted injury. Assaults by animals.

Source: CSA Standard Z795-96, Coding of Work Injury or Disease Information

Table 5. Examples of contact with uncontrolled energy sources.

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For each task, the observers use Table 4 todetermine all the possible types of energypresent in the process, and Table 5 as achecklist to cover all the possible ways inwhich a person may come in contact withthese energies. For example, for the task"park vehicle", the energy types and corre-sponding ways of contact are:

Kinetic energy:

a) from the employee’s vehicle: struck against objects in the environment (tree, snowdrift), caught in motor vehicle.

b) from passing traffic: struck by the oncoming vehicle, caught between oncoming vehicle and employee’s car.

Gravitational energy:

a) from the employee’s vehicle: sliding ofthe car into ditch, fall of the vehicle caused by soft shoulder, rolling down a hill.

Potential hazards identified using the energy-barrier approach are listed in the middlecolumn of the worksheet (Table 6), num-bered to match the corresponding job task.

JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

JOB: changing tire on a vehicle

Analysed by: John Supervisor and Tom Worker Date: 29 May 2001

Reviewed by: Joe Expert Date: 1 June 2001

Approved by: Co-Chairs Health and Safety Committee Date: 5 June 2001

Sequence of Tasks Potential Hazards Preventive Measures (Energy type & contacts) (Barriers)

1. Park vehicle. a) Can be hit by passing traffic. b) Can be hit by vehicle on uneven, soft ground. c) Vehicle may roll on the driver. 2. Get spare tire and tool kit. a) Lifting spare may cause strain.

3. Pry off hub cap. a) Hub cap may pop off and hit the driver.

4. Loosen lug bolts (nuts). a) Lug wrench may slip and hurt the driver.

5. And so on …….. a) .........

Table 6. Identifying potential hazards for changing a flat tire

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STEP 4:

How are preventive measuresdetermined?

The fourth step in a JSA is determiningways to eliminate or mitigate the hazardsidentified. There are two approaches fordoing this:

A)Hazard control strategies.

B) Energy-barrier approach involving controls:

❚ at the source;

❚ along the path; and

❚ at the person.

The objective of both approaches is thesame: the prevention of injuries, illnesses,and other losses. Preventive measuresdepend on the findings of the JSA and notthe method to perform it (i.e., the changeanalysis technique or the energy barrierapproach).

A) Hazard control strategiesThe following are common hazard controlstrategies, in order of preference:

1. Eliminate the hazard.

2.Substitute the hazard with less hazardous or non-hazardous options.

3.Minimize the risk due to the hazard:

- Reduces the exposition.

- Isolate the hazard.

- Provide personnel protective equipment and clothing.

- Implement administrative controls.

4. Have an emergency plan in place.

5. Adopt measures to reduce damage following an accident or emergency.

1. Eliminate the hazard

This is the most effective measure becausethe risk is eliminated. Examples of optionsin this category are:

❚ choose a different process;

❚ modify an existing process by changing the energy type;

❚ modify or change equipment or tools;

❚ lock out energy sources.

2. Substitute the hazard with less or non-hazardous options

This measure is very effective, especially forhazardous substances, but its application insafety field is practicable. Here are someexamples:

❚ replace solvents by water solutions;

❚ substitute vapour heating by electricdevices;

❚ use electronic controls instead ofpneumatic ones;

❚ crush explosive dusts in inert gasatmosphere instead of air;

❚ use a non-sparking copper hammer in aflammable atmosphere in lieu of steelhammer.

3. Minimize the risk due to the hazard

If the hazard cannot be eliminated or substi-tuted, efforts should be made to minimizethe risk to the employee due to the injuriouscontact with the hazard. This is achieved byusing one or a combination of the followingmethods of control:

Reduce the exposure

❚ Change the design of the workstation.

❚ Improve environment (e.g. ventilation).

❚ Implement emission controls.

❚ Add safety and alert devices.

❚ Develop safety procedures.

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❚ Train the workers to perform the task safely.

❚ Provide health and safety education.

Isolate the hazard

❚ Build enclosures to contain the hazard.

❚ Group noisy machinery in a room.

❚ Isolate the worker operations in a control room.

❚ Put a cabin on a lift truck.

Provide personnel protective equipment and clothing

❚ Use respirators in dangerous atmosphere.

❚ Select appropriate gloves correspondingto the type of solvent.

❚ Protect fingers with wire mesh to prevent cuts by knife.

❚ Wear a wide brim cap to prevent exposure to sunlight.

❚ Use fall protection when working atheight.

Implement administrative controls to reduce exposure to the hazard

❚ Implement job rotation schedule.

❚ Reduce time or frequency of exposureto a hazardous substance.

❚ Evaluate employee's physical, mental and emotional capacity before a jobplacement.

❚ Ensure that the employees can performwork without endangering their ownhealth and safety or that of others.

❚ Institute medical controls and examinations.

4. Have an emergency plan in place

Fires and emergencies may and do happen.Workplaces must have an emergency plan inplace to protect people, property, and busi-ness in case of such emergencies.

5. Adopt measures to reduce damage following an accident or emergency

Workplaces must have plans in place to dealwith the after effects of accidents andemergencies. These include plans for:

❚ rescue of the victims;

❚ emergency medical assistance for theinjured;

❚ repair and restoration of the damage;and

❚ compensation and insurance.

B) Energy-barrier approachThe basic concept in this approach is thataccidents occur because of the lack of barriersto control unwanted energy flow. Whetheror not a form of energy produces an injuryor loss in a given situation depends on the:

❚ magnitude of energy and rate of release;

❚ duration and frequency of contact; and

❚ concentration of forces: force per unitarea

The harmful effects of uncontrolled energytransfer can be prevented or reduced by asuccession of countermeasures or energybarriers (see Table 7 and Figures 1 and 2).

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Unacceptablenoise level

Noise levelunacceptable

Noise controlat the Source

Sound barrierenclosures

Ear protection

Harmful noisereaches ear

Energy Barrier and Unwanted Energy Flow

Figure 1. Barriers for unwanted energy flow from an energy source to a person.(Adopted from the CSA Z796-98 Standard)

Figure 2. Illustration of energy-barrier approach to describe control measures.(Adopted from the CSA Z796-98 Standard)

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1. Limit energy Lower speed, lower voltage, limit quantity

2. Substitute safer energy form Safer chemicals

3. Prevent build-up Fuses, floor loading

4. Prevent the release Containment, insulation

5. Provide slow release Safety valves, seatbelts

6. Channel the release Electrical grounding, lockouts, interlocks(separate in time and space)

7. Apply energy barrier on the source Acoustic enclosures, sprinklers

8. Apply energy barrier between Fire doors, welding curtainssource and target

9. Apply energy barrier on person Personal protective equipment, machine guards or object

10. Raise the injury or damage threshold Selection, acclimatization

11. Limit injury or damage from Emergency medical aid, emergency showers worsening

12. Rehabilitate Persons regain health, equipment repaired, special insurance, victim compensation

Barrier Type Examples

Table 7. Examples of energy barriers (in order of efficiency).

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Table 8. Suggested preventative measures for changing a flat tireusing the energy barrier approach.

JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

JOB: changing tire on a vehicle

Analysed by: John Supervisor and Tom Worker Date: 29 May 2001

Reviewed by: Joe Expert Date: 1 June 2001

Approved by: Co-Chairs Health and Safety Committee Date: 5 June 2001

Sequence of Tasks Potential Hazards Preventive Measures (Energy type & contacts) (Barriers)

1. Park vehicle. a) Can be hit by passing traffic. a) Drive to area well clear of traffic. Turn on emergency flashers. b) Can be hit by vehicle on uneven, b) Choose a firm, level area. soft ground. c) Vehicle may roll on driver. c) Apply the parking brake, leave transmission in gear or in PARK, place blocks in front and back of the wheel diagonally opposite to the flat.

2. Get spare tire a) Lifting spare may cause strain. a) Turn spare into upright position and tool kit. in the wheel well. Using your legs and standing as close as possible, lift spare out of truck and roll to flat tire.

3. Pry off hub cap. a) Hub cap may pop off and a) Pry off hub cap using hit the driver. steady pressure.

4. Loosen lug a) Lug wrench may slip and hurt a) Use proper lug wrench; apply bolts (nuts). the driver. steady pressure slowly.

5. And so on …….. a) …….. a) ……..

17

Step 5:

How should I communicate theJSA information to everyone else?

Once the preventive measures are selected,the results must be communicated to allemployees who are, or will be, performingthat job. The side-by-side format used inJSA worksheets is not an ideal one forinstructional purposes. Better results can beachieved by using the results of JSA to devel-op work procedure in a narrative-style for-mat. For example, the work procedure forchanging a flat tire might start out like this:

1. Park vehicle

a) Drive vehicle off the road to an area clear of traffic, even if it requires rolling on a flat tire. Turn on the emergency flashers to alert passing drivers so that they will not hit you.

b) Park on a firm, level area so that the vehicle does not roll when you jack it up.

c) Apply the parking brake, leave the transmission in gear or PARK, and turn off the engine.

d) Place blocks in front and back of the wheel diagonally opposite the flat tire to prevent the vehicle from rolling.

2. Get a spare tire and tool kit

Turn the spare tire up into an upright posi-tion in its well. Stand as close to the trunk aspossible and slide the spare close to yourbody. Lift out and roll to flat tire.

3. Pry off hub-cap

Pry off hub-cap slowly with steady pres-sure to prevent it from popping off andstriking you.

4. Loosen lug bolts (nuts)

Using the proper lug wrench, apply steadypressure slowly to loosen the lug bolts(nuts), so that the wrench will not slip andhurt your knuckles.

5. And so on…..

If a written job procedure already exists, itshould be revised to include health andsafety items identified by the job safetyanalysis process.

18

A completed JSA serves as a tool to ensureworkplace health and safety. Particularly, JSAserves as an excellent tool for:

Compliance with health and safety legislation.

Employee training.

Workplace inspection.

Safety observation.

Investigation.

Table 9 summarizes the usefulness of JSA inensuring workplace health and safety.

Health and safety How does JSA help activity

Compliance with health Employers are required to inform employees about the potential and safety legislation hazards in the workplace and safe work practices to prevent these hazards. JSA serves as an excellent source of such information.

Employee training Supervisors can use JSAs to provide job specific training. This will ensure that employees learn the safe way of performing each task and the potential dangers of not following the correct procedure.

Employee may post a copy of a JSA near his or her workstation for quick reference.

For non-routine jobs, JSAs should be viewed as a quick reminder of the potential hazards, safe work practices, and personal protection required.

Workplace inspection JSAs can be used together with an inspection checklist to ensure that recommended safe work practices are being followed.

Safety observation Employees can use JSAs as a tool for observing each other’s work practices and providing positive feedback to promote safe work practices, and ultimately, develop a safety culture.

Incident investigation JSA helps in incident investigation in three ways: 1. Provides insight into how accident might have occurred. 2. Identifies new hazards, which were overlooked in the previous JSA. 3. Updates JSA and improves safe work practices.

Table 9. Examples of uses of JSA.

3. How and when to use Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

19

It is essential to establish a follow-up andreview process for monitoring the effective-ness of the preventive measures implementedfollowing JSA. This is done to:

❚ ensure new hazards have not beencreated;

❚ seek feedback from employeesperforming the job;

❚ ensure employees are following theprocedures and practices requiredby the JSA;

❚ assess need for a repeat JSA; and

❚ implement continuous improvement.

Periodic review (e.g., annually), is useful toensure components of the JSA remain cur-rent and functional and that employees arefollowing the procedures and practices asrecommended by the JSA.

A need for a repeat JSA may arise when:

❚ a new job is created;

❚ an existing job is changed; or,

❚ equipment or process is changed.

The economic benefits of JSA include:

❚ reduced direct/indirect costs ofaccidents;

❚ improved quality and productivity;and,

❚ betterment of employee morale andpride.

The time and effort involved in JSA is aninvestment to control injury, property damage, and loss of production.

4. Follow-up and Review of a Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

20

CSA Z795-96 Standard, Coding of WorkInjury or Disease Information. Rexdale,Ontario: CSA International, 1996.

CSA Z796-98 Standard, AccidentInformation. Rexdale, Ontario: CSAInternational, 1998.

Haddon Jr., W. "Energy Damage and the TenCounter-Measure Strategies" Human FactorsJournal. Vol. 15, no. 4 (1973), pp. 355-366.

Johnson, W.G. "Change is the Mother ofTrouble" in MORT Safety Assurance System.New York: Dekker, 1980, Chapter 5.

Johnson, W.G. "Energy: For Work or Harm"in MORT Safety Assurance System. New York:Dekker, 1980, Chapter 3.

Kepner, C.H., and Tregoe, B.B. The RationalManager. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.

Wuorinen, V. Job Hazard Analysis (CCOHSPublication 87-1E). Hamilton, Ontario:Canadian Centre for Occupational Healthand Safety, 1987.

5. References

21

1.Transportation of dangerous goods(TDG).

2.Climbing trucks to inspect level of substance in snow and rain.

3.Handling of heavy objects in ports and storage.

4.Machine maintenance.

5.Working at heights on communicationtowers.

6.Improvisation of tasks.

6. Examples of Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

22

JOB

SAFE

TY A

NA

LYSI

S W

ORK

SHEE

TJO

B: T

rans

port

atio

n of

Dan

gero

us G

oods

(TDG

)

Ana

lyse

d by

: Joh

n Su

perv

isor

and

Mar

y W

orke

r

Dat

e: 5

May

200

1

Revi

ewed

by:

Joe

Expe

rt

Dat

e: 1

June

200

1

App

rove

d by

: Co-

Chai

rs H

ealth

and

Saf

ety

Com

mitt

ee

Dat

e: 5

June

200

1

Seq

uenc

e of

Tas

ks

Pote

ntia

l Haz

ards

Pr

even

tive

Mea

sure

s

(P

ossi

ble

chan

ges)

(C

ontr

ols)

1. In

spec

t pac

kage

a)

Im

prop

er p

acka

ging

.

a) E

nsur

e th

at th

e U

N re

com

men

datio

ns o

n pa

ckag

ing

have

bee

n

im

plem

ente

d as

des

crib

ed in

Nat

iona

l Sta

ndar

d of

Can

ada

CA

N/C

GSB

-43.

150-

97.

b) T

oxic

che

mic

als.

b)

Ens

ure

that

pac

kage

s ha

ve d

iam

ond

shap

ed s

afet

y m

arks

to

in

dica

te ty

pe o

f dan

gero

us g

oods

.

En

sure

that

pac

kage

s co

mpl

y w

ith T

DG re

gula

tions

.

Ensu

re th

at th

e co

mpa

ny h

as a

WHM

IS c

ompl

iant

MSD

S.

c) L

eaki

ng p

acka

ges,

c) I

nfor

m p

erso

n re

spon

sibl

e fo

r pac

kagi

ng.

da

nger

ous

spill

s.

Do

not

cle

an-u

p un

less

you

are

trai

ned

to d

o so

.

Do

not

acc

ept l

eaki

ng p

acka

ges

for t

rans

port

.

2. L

oad

pack

ages

a)

Pac

kage

s to

o he

avy.

a)

Fol

low

pro

per l

iftin

g te

chni

ques

, e.g

., se

ek a

ssist

ance

, use

lifti

ng d

evic

es.

b)

Tox

ic s

pills

.

b) E

nsur

e sp

ill is

cle

aned

up

by a

qua

lifie

d pe

rson

.

c) S

lippe

ry o

r clu

tter

ed s

urfa

ce.

c)

Ens

ure

that

the

wal

king

and

wor

king

surfa

ce is

not

slip

pery

or c

lutte

red.

d)

Pre

senc

e of

sou

rce

of fl

ame

d) F

ollo

w s

afet

y ru

les

for f

lam

mab

le a

nd c

ombu

stib

le m

ater

ials.

or

hea

t.

(Usi

ng th

e ch

ange

ana

lysi

s te

chni

que)

Exam

ple

1 Tr

ansp

orta

tion

ofd

ange

rous

goo

ds (

TD

G)

23

Sequ

ence

of

Task

s

Pote

ntia

l Haz

ards

Pr

even

tive

Mea

sure

s

(P

ossi

ble

chan

ges)

(C

ontr

ols)

3. Tr

ansp

ort p

acka

ges

a)

Traf

fic a

ccid

ents

.

a)

Info

rm y

our c

ompa

ny im

med

iate

ly.

Ensu

re th

at th

e sh

ippi

ng d

ocum

ent s

how

s:

- qua

ntity

and

type

of d

ange

rous

goo

ds;

- p

rimar

y an

d su

bsid

iary

pro

duct

cla

ssifi

catio

n;

- pac

kagi

ng g

roup

; and

- s

hipp

ers

24-h

our e

mer

genc

y te

leph

one

num

ber.

En

sure

that

ther

e ar

e fo

ur id

entic

al p

laca

rds

(if re

quire

d)

visi

ble

from

any

dire

ctio

n.

b) S

pills

of t

oxic

mat

eria

ls.

b)

Ens

ure

that

spi

ll is

cle

aned

up

by a

qua

lifie

d pe

rson

.

c) E

xtre

me

wea

ther

con

ditio

ns.

c)

Wea

r ade

quat

e cl

othi

ng to

pro

tect

from

col

d an

d ra

in.

Ca

rry

plen

ty o

f drin

king

wat

er in

sum

mer

mon

ths.

C

arry

em

erge

ncy

win

ter k

it (c

loth

ing,

bla

nket

etc

).

d) V

ehic

le b

reak

dow

n.

d)

Call

911

for a

ssis

tanc

e.

Fol

low

you

r com

pany

’s em

erge

ncy

proc

edur

es.

4. D

eliv

er p

acka

ges

a)

Pac

kage

s to

o he

avy.

a)

Fol

low

pro

per l

iftin

g te

chni

ques

: e.g

., se

ek a

ssis

tanc

e, u

se

lift

ing

devi

ces.

b) D

amag

ed p

acka

ging

.

b)

If

pack

age

show

s si

gns

of le

akag

e do

not

unl

oad.

Cal

l

e

mer

genc

y nu

mbe

r for

ass

ista

nce

and

furt

her i

nstr

uctio

ns.

c) S

igns

of s

pill.

c)

In

form

per

son

resp

onsi

ble

for p

acka

ging

.

Do

not c

lean

up

unle

ss y

ou a

re tr

aine

d to

do

so.

5. A

nd s

o on

……

..

a) …

…..

a) …

…..

24

JOB

SAFE

TY A

NA

LYSI

S W

ORK

SHEE

T

JOB:

Clim

bing

truc

ks to

insp

ect l

evel

of s

ubst

ance

s in

sno

w a

nd ra

in

Ana

lyse

d by

: Jan

e Su

perv

isor

and

Tom

Wor

ker

Dat

e: 5

May

200

1

Revi

ewed

by:

Joe

Expe

rt

Dat

e: 1

0 M

ay 2

001

App

rove

d by

: Jan

e Su

perv

isor

and

HS

repr

esen

tativ

e

D

ate:

5 J

une

2001

Sequ

ence

of

Task

s

Pote

ntia

l Haz

ards

Pr

even

tive

Mea

sure

s

(E

nerg

y ty

pe &

con

tact

) (B

arri

ers)

1. P

ark

the

truc

k a)

Bei

ng h

it by

pas

sing

traf

fic.

a) P

ark

in a

rea

clea

r of t

raffi

c.

Turn

on

emer

genc

y fla

sher

s.

b)

Bei

ng h

it by

mov

ing

or ti

lting

Wea

r hig

h vi

sibi

lity

vest

at n

ight

.

of v

ehic

le p

arke

d on

une

ven

and

soft

grou

nd.

b) P

ark

on a

firm

and

leve

l are

a.

c) B

eing

or c

omin

g un

der i

f tru

ck

c)

Appl

y pa

rkin

g br

akes

.

rolls

ove

r.

Le

ave

tran

smis

sion

in g

ear o

r par

k.

Plac

e bl

ocks

in fr

ont a

nd b

ack

of th

e w

heel

s.

2. C

limb

up th

e tr

uck

a)

Fal

l fro

m s

lippe

ry s

urfa

ce

a) U

se fa

ll ar

rest

/ fa

ll pr

otec

tion.

ca

used

by

snow

or r

ain.

Use

pro

per l

adde

r.

b) E

xpos

ure

to c

old/

rain

. b)

Wea

r ade

quat

e cl

othi

ng to

pro

tect

from

col

d an

d ra

in.

(Usi

ng th

e en

ergy

-bar

rier a

ppro

ach)

Exam

ple

2 C

limbi

ng

truc

ks to

insp

ect l

evel

ofs

ubst

ance

in

sn

ow a

nd

rain

25

Sequ

ence

of

Task

s

Pote

ntia

l Haz

ards

Pr

even

tive

Mea

sure

s

(E

nerg

y ty

pe &

con

tact

) (B

arri

ers)

3. In

spec

t the

con

tent

s

a) C

onte

nts

may

be

unde

r pre

ssur

e

a-c)

Rea

d TD

G d

ocum

enta

tion

and

MSD

S of

the

cont

ents

.

and

may

exp

lode

.

Use

pro

per p

erso

nal p

rote

ctiv

e eq

uipm

ent s

uch

as g

love

s,

foo

twea

r, re

spira

tory

pro

tect

ion.

b) C

onte

nts

may

reac

t with

wat

er

an

d pr

oduc

e he

at, t

oxic

vap

ours

.

c)

Exp

osur

e to

toxi

c du

sts,

gase

s,

vapo

urs.

d) S

kin

cont

act w

ith to

xic

or

d) W

ear p

rote

ctiv

e cl

othi

ng a

nd g

love

s.

irrita

nt m

ater

ials.

4. C

limb

dow

n th

e tr

uck

a)

Fal

l fro

m s

lippe

ry la

dder

. a)

Fol

low

ladd

er s

afet

y pr

oced

ures

.

b) C

onta

min

ated

clo

thin

g an

d

b) K

eep

cont

amin

ated

glo

ves,

apro

ns, e

tc.,

sepa

rate

from

you

r

pers

onal

pro

tect

ive

equi

pmen

t.

norm

al c

loth

ing.

Fo

llow

reco

mm

ende

d cl

eani

ng a

nd m

aint

enan

ce p

roce

dure

s.

26

JOB

SAFE

TY A

NA

LYSI

S W

ORK

SHEE

T

JOB:

Han

dlin

g of

hea

vy o

bjec

ts in

por

ts a

nd s

tora

ge

Ana

lyse

d by

: Jan

e Ex

pert

and

Kat

ie E

mpl

oyee

D

ate:

5 M

ay 2

001

Revi

ewed

by:

Joe

Expe

rt

Dat

e: 1

June

200

1

App

rove

d by

: Co-

Chai

rs H

ealth

and

Saf

ety

Com

mitt

ee

D

ate:

5 J

une

2001

Sequ

ence

of

Task

s

Pote

ntia

l Haz

ards

Pr

even

tive

Mea

sure

s

(E

nerg

y ty

pe &

con

tact

) (C

ontr

ols

& B

arri

ers)

1. In

spec

t bef

ore

a)

Haz

ardo

us w

orki

ng c

ondi

tions

. a)

Insp

ect a

nd b

e fa

mili

ar w

ith th

e lo

ad w

eigh

t, si

ze a

nd s

hape

cap

acity

u

nloa

ding

of th

e ho

istin

g eq

uipm

ent.

Se

lect

pro

per e

quip

men

t for

the

job.

In

stal

l gua

rds

to p

reve

nt a

cces

s to

are

as w

ith m

ovin

g ov

erhe

ad o

bjec

ts.

b)

Exp

osur

e to

haz

ardo

us su

bsta

nces

. b)

Che

ck th

e TD

G s

ymbo

ls o

n pa

ckag

es a

nd fo

llow

saf

e w

ork

proc

edur

es

as s

et o

ut in

the

MSD

S of

the

prod

uct.

Id

entif

y, is

olat

e an

d re

mov

e ha

zard

ous

pack

ages

.

c) E

xpos

ure

to d

ange

rous

c)

Mak

e su

re th

ere

is n

o da

nger

of h

azar

dous

exp

osur

e.

envi

ronm

ent.

U

se a

dequ

ate

pers

onal

pro

tect

ive

equi

pmen

t

2. U

nloa

d

a) B

eing

hit

by h

oist

ed lo

ad.

a) F

ollo

w a

udio

and

vis

ual s

igna

ls.

b) B

eing

hit

by o

r com

ing

unde

r b)

Use

gua

rds,

war

ning

sig

ns, t

o m

ark

area

s un

der l

oad.

sh

iftin

g lo

ad.

(Usi

ng th

e en

ergy

-bar

rier a

ppro

ach)

Exam

ple

3H

andl

ing

ofhe

avy

obje

cts

in p

orts

an

d st

orag

e

27

Sequ

ence

of

Task

s

Pote

ntia

l Haz

ards

Pr

even

tive

Mea

sure

s

(E

nerg

y ty

pe &

con

tact

) (C

ontr

ols

& B

arri

ers)

3. T

rans

port

obj

ects

a)

Bei

ng h

it by

rollo

ver o

r tip

ove

r a)

Goo

d ho

usek

eepi

ng.

by

lift

truc

k

of e

quip

men

t or v

ehic

le.

Fo

llow

saf

e op

erat

ing

proc

edur

es.

b) E

xpos

ure

to h

azar

dous

b)

Che

ck th

e TD

G s

ymbo

ls o

n pa

ckag

es a

nd fo

llow

saf

e w

ork

su

bsta

nces

.

proc

edur

es a

s se

t out

in th

e M

SDS

of th

e pr

oduc

t.

Iden

tify,

isol

ate

and

rem

ove

haza

rdou

s pa

ckag

es.

c) E

xpos

ure

to d

ange

rous

c)

Use

ade

quat

e pe

rson

al p

rote

ctio

n.

envi

ronm

ent.

d) H

it pe

rson

s pa

ssin

g by

clo

se to

d)

Ens

ure

good

vis

ibili

ty.

th

e lif

t tru

ck.

U

se w

arni

ng s

ound

s, lig

hts

and

sign

s.

4. S

tore

the

obje

cts

a) C

omin

g in

con

tact

with

mov

ing

a) P

rope

r clo

thin

g an

d eq

uipm

ent.

pa

rts

such

as

conv

eyor

s.

b)

Ove

rexe

rtio

n.

b) E

stab

lish

acce

ptab

le li

mits

for m

anua

l mat

eria

ls h

andl

ing.

U

se m

echa

nica

l lift

ing

aids

.

28

JOB

SAFE

TY A

NA

LYSI

S W

ORK

SHEE

TJO

B: M

achi

ne M

aint

enan

ce

Ana

lyse

d by

: Exp

ert C

ompa

ny L

td

D

ate:

5 M

ay 2

001

Revi

ewed

by:

Co-

Chai

rs H

ealth

and

Saf

ety

Com

mitt

ee

Dat

e: 1

0 M

ay 2

001

App

rove

d by

: Co-

Chai

rs H

ealth

and

Saf

ety

Com

mitt

ee

D

ate:

5 J

une

2001

Sequ

ence

of

Task

s

Pote

ntia

l Haz

ards

Pr

even

tive

Mea

sure

s

(E

nerg

y ty

pe &

con

tact

) (B

arri

ers)

1. K

now

pro

per

a) A

ccid

ents

, inj

urie

s, lo

sses

due

–

Follo

w p

roce

dure

s re

com

men

ded

by th

e m

anuf

actu

rer/y

our e

mpl

oyer

.

mai

nten

ance

to c

onta

ct w

ith h

igh

ener

gy

pr

oced

ures

mov

ing

part

s or

sto

red

ener

gy.

– U

se o

nly

reco

mm

ende

d to

ols

and

repl

acem

ent p

arts

.

2. T

urn

off p

ower

to

a) O

bjec

ts fl

ying

off

the

slow

ing

a)

Loc

ate

and

turn

off

pow

er fr

om a

saf

e lo

catio

n.

stop

the

mac

hine

mac

hine

.

Use

app

ropr

iate

per

sona

l pro

tect

ive

equi

pmen

t.

b)

Ele

ctric

al s

park

. b)

Use

app

ropr

iate

eye

pro

tect

ion.

Gro

und

met

al h

ousi

ng o

f the

sw

itch.

c) M

alfu

nctio

n of

oth

er e

quip

men

t c)

Ens

ure

that

aux

iliar

y eq

uipm

ent d

riven

by

the

mac

hine

are

isol

ated

atta

ched

to th

e m

achi

ne.

or

set

in a

saf

e po

sitio

n.

3. D

e-en

ergi

ze th

e pa

rts

a)

Con

tact

with

par

ts s

et in

a)

Sec

ure

all a

ttac

hmen

ts a

nd p

arts

aga

inst

inad

vert

ent m

otio

n.

by re

leas

ing

stor

ed

m

otio

n in

adve

rten

tly.

en

ergy

suc

h as

pres

sure

s, te

nsio

ns,

b) B

eing

cru

shed

und

er e

quip

men

t b)

Low

er ra

ised

par

ts to

zer

o en

ergy

pos

ition

(flo

or) t

o pr

even

t fal

ling

ra

ised

par

ts

pa

rts

rais

ed u

nder

hyd

raul

ic.

un

der g

ravi

ty.

Re

leas

e th

e hy

drau

lic p

ress

ure

used

to ra

ise

the

part

abo

ve g

roun

d.

c)

Ele

ctric

sho

ck fr

om

c) D

isch

arge

ele

ctric

ally

cha

rged

com

pone

nts

usin

g a

grou

nded

met

al ro

d.

ch

arge

d co

nden

sers

.

(Usi

ng th

e en

ergy

-bar

rier a

ppro

ach)

Exam

ple

4 M

achi

ne

mai

nte

nan

ce

29

Sequ

ence

of

Task

s

Pote

ntia

l Haz

ards

Pr

even

tive

Mea

sure

s

(E

nerg

y ty

pe &

con

tact

) (B

arri

ers)

4. Is

olat

e en

ergy

sou

rce

a)

Mac

hine

is s

et in

mot

ion

a-b)

Loc

k ou

t ene

rgy

sour

ces

such

as

elec

tric

sw

itch,

hyd

raul

ic p

ress

ure,

to

pre

vent

acc

iden

tal

un

inte

ntio

nally

.

stea

m v

alve

s, fo

llow

ing

your

com

pany

’s lo

ckou

t pro

cedu

res.

m

otio

n

Com

bina

tion

lock

s ar

e no

t rec

omm

ende

d fo

r loc

kout

.

b)

Mac

hine

is s

et in

mot

ion

by

In

terlo

cks

are

not a

sub

stitu

te fo

r loc

kout

.

a

co-w

orke

r.

5.

Cle

an u

p de

bris,

a)

Trip

s an

d fa

lls o

n sl

ippe

ry a

nd

a)

Clea

n up

deb

ris a

nd s

pills

.

was

tes,

and

toxi

c

cl

utte

red

floor

s.

mat

eria

ls a

nd p

urge

any

toxi

c ga

ses,

fum

es

b) C

onta

ct w

ith c

onta

min

ated

b-

c) U

se g

love

s, ap

rons

and

oth

er p

erso

nal p

rote

ctiv

e eq

uipm

ent.

or

vap

ours

equi

pmen

t.

Follo

w re

com

men

ded

clea

ning

and

mai

nten

ance

pro

cedu

res.

c) C

uts

from

sha

rp e

dges

.

d) E

xpos

ure

to to

xic

subs

tanc

es.

d)

Mon

itor w

ork

envi

ronm

ent t

o en

sure

that

it is

saf

e to

go

ahea

d

with

the

wor

k.

6. P

erfo

rm th

e

a) C

uts,

brui

ses,

stra

ins,

spra

ins.

a)

Follo

w p

roce

dure

s re

com

men

ded

by m

anuf

actu

rer.

m

aint

enan

ce w

ork

and

reas

sem

ble

the

mac

hine

b)

Har

mfu

l exp

osur

es to

che

mic

als,

b)

U

se o

nly

qual

ified

per

sons

to d

o th

e w

ork.

an

d eq

uipm

ent

no

ise,

etc

.

7.

Tur

n on

the

pow

er

a) M

isha

ps d

ue to

: a)

Fo

llow

test

ing

proc

edur

es re

com

men

ded

by th

e m

anuf

actu

rer.

so

urce

and

per

form

- inc

ompl

ete

mai

nten

ance

wor

k;

St

ay in

a s

afe

loca

tion.

a

tria

l run

- fau

lts d

evel

oped

dur

ing

Ke

ep th

e ar

ea c

lear

of o

ccup

ants

.

mai

nten

ance

wor

k.

8. D

ocum

ent t

he

a) M

aint

enan

ce o

vers

ight

. a)

N

ote

the

date

, the

type

of m

aint

enan

ce w

ork

done

, and

the

nam

e of

m

aint

enan

ce w

ork

the

empl

oyee

in c

harg

e of

the

wor

k.

Not

e: M

aint

enan

ce t

asks

cou

ld b

e fa

irly

com

plex

and

req

uire

exp

ertis

e, k

now

ledg

e an

d sk

ills

to p

erfo

rm t

he jo

b. E

ach

mai

nten

ance

job

will

th

eref

ore

requ

ire a

det

aile

d JS

A. T

he a

bove

exa

mpl

e pr

ovid

es a

gui

delin

e to

hig

hlig

ht s

afet

y is

sues

in m

achi

ne m

aint

enan

ce.

30

JOB

SAFE

TY A

NA

LYSI

S W

ORK

SHEE

T

JOB:

Wor

king

at h

eigh

ts o

n co

mm

unic

atio

n to

wer

s

Ana

lyse

d by

: Joh

n Su

perv

isor

and

Mar

ie W

orke

r

D

ate:

5 M

ay 2

001

Revi

ewed

by:

Kat

e Ex

pert

D

ate:

1 Ju

ne 2

001

App

rove

d by

: Co-

Chai

rs H

ealth

and

Saf

ety

Com

mitt

ee

Dat

e: 5

June

200

1

Sequ

ence

of

Task

s

Pote

ntia

l Haz

ards

Pr

even

tive

Mea

sure

s

(E

nerg

y ty

pe &

con

tact

) (B

arri

ers)

1. A

sses

s an

d pr

epar

e

a) B

urns

and

ele

ctric

sho

cks

from

a)

De-

ener

gize

the

tow

er u

nles

s te

sts

have

bee

n m

ade

whi

ch s

how

that

wor

k si

te

in

duce

d el

ectr

ical

cha

rge

in

no

sig

nific

ant e

lect

ric c

harg

e is

indu

ced

in th

e eq

uipm

ent a

nd m

ater

ials.

eq

uipm

ent a

nd m

ater

ials

by

U

se g

roun

ded

equi

pmen

t mat

eria

ls w

hile

wor

king

nea

r ene

rgiz

ed to

wer

s.

elec

trom

agne

tic fi

eld

(EM

F) fr

om

th

e an

tenn

a.

b)

Fire

haz

ard

from

spa

rks

caus

ed

b) D

o no

t brin

g fla

mm

able

and

com

bust

ible

mat

eria

ls n

ear t

ower

s.

by

EM

F.

c) F

allin

g ob

ject

s fro

m a

dam

aged

c)

Lo

cate

peo

ple

and

mat

eria

ls a

way

from

are

as o

f fal

ling

obje

cts.

to

wer

.

d)

Ext

rem

e w

eath

er a

nd w

ind

d)

Sno

w, s

tron

g w

inds

, and

rain

add

add

ition

al h

azar

ds.

co

nditi

ons.

Po

stpo

ne n

on-e

mer

genc

y w

ork

durin

g su

ch w

eath

er.

(Usi

ng th

e en

ergy

-bar

rier a

ppro

ach)

Exam

ple

5 W

orki

ng

at h

eigh

ts o

n c

omm

unic

atio

n to

wer

s

31

Sequ

ence

of

Task

s

Pote

ntia

l Haz

ards

Pr

even

tive

Mea

sure

s

(Ene

rgy

type

& c

onta

ct)

2. C

limb

up th

e to

wer

a)

Pot

entia

lly fa

tal f

alls

from

a)

Use

ade

quat

e fa

ll pr

otec

tion

and

body

pos

ition

ing

gr

eat h

eigh

ts.

(b

elt a

nd s

afet

y st

raps

) sys

tem

.

b)

Exp

osur

e to

col

d/ra

in.

b) W

ear a

dequ

ate

clot

hing

to p

rote

ct fr

om c

old

and

rain

.

c)

Bei

ng h

it by

the

repa

ir eq

uipm

ent

c) S

tay

away

from

mat

eria

ls b

eing

hoi

sted

.

and

mat

eria

l hoi

sted

by

the

cran

e.

Pa

y sp

ecia

l att

entio

n w

hen

it is

win

dy.

3. C

limb

dow

n th

e to

wer

a)

Bei

ng h

it by

falli

ng o

bjec

ts le

ft

a) E

nsur

e th

at a

ll to

ols,

equi

pmen

t and

mat

eria

ls a

re s

ecur

ed b

efor

e

on th

e to

wer

by

mis

take

.

com

ing

dow

n th

e to

wer

.

32

JOB

SAFE

TY A

NA

LYSI

S W

ORK

SHEE

T

JOB:

Impr

ovis

atio

n of

task

s

Ana

lyse

d by

: Bill

For

eman

and

Tom

Wor

ker

D

ate:

5 M

ay 2

001

Revi

ewed

by:

Joe

Exp

ert

D

ate:

1 Ju

ne 2

001

App

rove

d by

: Joh

n Su

perv

isor

and

HS

repr

esen

tativ

e

Dat

e: 5

June

200

1

Sequ

ence

of

Task

s

Pote

ntia

l Haz

ards

Pr

even

tive

Mea

sure

s

(P

ossi

ble

chan

ges)

(C

ontr

ols)

1. M

ake

an a

sses

smen

t

a) G

ettin

g in

the

way

of:

a) F

ind

a sa

fe lo

catio

n.

of th

e jo

b, a

ctiv

ities

- veh

icle

s;

St

ay w

ithin

saf

ety

zone

s.

arou

nd th

e w

ork

area

,

- mat

eria

l flo

w;

W

ear h

igh

visi

bilit

y ve

st.

an

d th

e w

ork

- ene

rgy

flow

;

envi

ronm

ent

- m

ovin

g eq

uipm

ent.

b)

Pre

senc

e of

har

mfu

l sub

stan

ces.

b) A

sses

s th

e le

vel o

f pot

entia

lly h

azar

dous

exp

osur

es.

c) I

nade

quat

e cl

othi

ng a

nd

c) U

se a

dequ

ate

clot

hing

and

per

sona

l pro

tect

ive

equi

pmen

t.

pers

onal

pro

tect

ive

equi

pmen

t.

d) N

ot q

ualif

ied

or a

utho

rized

to

d) S

eek

info

rmat

ion

abou

t req

uire

d qu

alifi

catio

ns, p

erm

its, c

ertif

icat

ion,

do th

e jo

b.

or

lice

nsin

g re

quire

men

ts.

e) P

oten

tially

haz

ardo

us to

e)

Sec

ure

the

area

usi

ng b

arric

ades

, war

ning

sig

ns, e

tc.

co

-wor

kers

and

vis

itors

nea

rby.

(Usi

ng th

e ch

ange

ana

lysi

s te

chni

que)

Exam

ple

6 Im

prov

isat

ion

oft

asks

33

Sequ

ence

of

Task

s

Pote

ntia

l Haz

ards

Pr

even

tive

Mea

sure

s

(Ene

rgy

type

& c

onta

ct)

2. P

erfo

rm jo

b sa

fety

a)

Saf

ety

conc

erns

for s

imila

r job

s. a)

Dev

elop

saf

e w

ork

prac

tice.

an

alys

is

U

se a

dequ

ate

prot

ectio

n e.

g., f

all p

rote

ctio

n, s

afet

y gl

asse

s.

b)

Pot

entia

l har

mfu

l exp

osur

es to

b)

Im

plem

ent e

ngin

eerin

g co

ntro

ls.

chem

ical

s, no

ise,

radi

atio

n et

c.

W

ear p

erso

nal p

rote

ctio

n.

c) L

ack

of tr

aini

ng, e

duca

tion,

c)

Kno

w p

oten

tial h

azar

ds a

nd s

afe

wor

k pr

oced

ures

.

licen

sing

.

Do n

ot p

erfo

rm ta

sks

for w

hich

you

are

not

qua

lifie

d.

d) W

hat t

o do

in c

ase

of

d) H

ave

a pl

an to

dea

l with

em

erge

ncie

s.

emer

genc

y.

34

Appendix A Sample form for Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

JOB:

Analysed by: Date:

Reviewed by: Date:

Approved by: Date:

Sequence of Tasks Potential Hazards Preventive Measures

35

Step 1

Select a job for JSA.

Step 2

Break the job into ten basic tasksor less.

Step 3

Analyse each task by one of thefollowing methods.

Method 1A)Find the most important job parameter

for each task.

B) Find potential hazards by asking questions that begin by "What if ".

Method 2A)Determine the type of energy involved

in each task.

B) Determine the potential risk of contact between energy and employee.

Guide words Parameters

No or not Colour, shape, height

More Sound, odour, light, pressure

Less Motion, sequence, pace

As well as Power, energy, temperature

Part of Protective devices

Reverse Substance, component, ensemble

Other than Location, environment, etc.

Type of energy Type of contact

Gravitational Contact with objects or Kinetic equipment

Thermal Falls Biological Bodily reaction and exertionChemical Exposure to substancesHydraulic Transportation accidentsElectrical Fires and explosionsRadiation Assaults and violent actsAnimalStored potential

energyNoise

Step 4

Determine preventive measure(s)using hazard control strategies orthe energy-barrier approach.

Control strategy Energy barrier

Eliminate the hazard Limit energy

Substitute the hazard Substitute safer energy form

Mitigate the risk: Prevent build-up

- adopt safe work practices; Prevent the release of energy

- comply with acts and Provide slow release of energyregulations;

- develop organizational Channel the release of energyrules;

- reduce exposure source. Apply energy barrier on the source

Have an emergency plan Barrier between source and target

Repair damages Barrier on person or object

Raise damage threshold

Limit damage evolution

Rehabilitate

Step 5

Communicate the information toevery person concerned in anarrative-style format.

Appendix B Step-by-step Instructions for JobSafety Analysis (JSA)

36

REVIEW JSA when equipment or process changes or new information becomes available regarding potential hazards associated with the job.

INCLUDE implementation of JSA as a measure of the job performance ofemployees at all levels.

ENCOURAGE the use of JSA in work place inspection and accident/incident investigation.

INVOLVE employees in the development,implementation and review of JSA.

KEEP written JSA short and simple,preferably one page long.

ILLUSTRATE safe practices and the use of personal protective equipment with the help of pictures and drawings.

ASSIGN responsibility of JSA and its implementation to supervisors.

TRAIN all employees and supervisors on the benefits of implementing recom-mendations of JSA.

INCLUDE relevant JSA in the new and transferred employee orientation kit.

EXPLAIN the use of JSA to employees beforethey start their new or modified job.

IMPLEMENT safe work practices recommended in the JSA as a part ofthe overall health and safety program.

POST relevant JSA close to the workstationto provide easy access to workers.

MAINTAIN a binder of all JSAs and make it accessible to all employees at all times.

Appendix C Practical Tips for Performing Job Safety analysis (JSA) and its Implementation