JOB MARKET AND JOB DISCRIMINATION

• LABOUR MARKET.

The labour market can be viewed as a process by which the supplies of a particular type of labour and the demand for the same are balanced.

• Characteristics of Labour Market.

• It is viewed as a process by which supplies of a particular type of

labour and demands for that type of labour are balanced.• The relation between the seller and the buyer cannot be ignored.

It continues for a longer period of time.• There is lack of perfect mobility of labour which gives rise to

diversity of wage rates for the same type of work.• The labour market is more complex.• Wage fixing is an essential characteristic of the labour market,

where (in the absence of unions) the buyer of labour normally sets the price.

• Classification of Labour Market

1)The perfect market: This kind of market is made up of a large number of relatively small and undifferentiated buyers and sellers. There is a complete freedom of entry and exit, complete mobility of all resources within the market area.

2)The neo-classic market: It recognises the existence of ‘imperfections'. The supply of skilled labour cannot be expanded suddenly because it takes time for a worker to acquire skill. In spite of the imperfections, it is assumed that wages will tend towards equality for workers in given skill classification.

3)The natural market: The typical worker has a very limited knowledge of the market as a whole unless he is unemployed or just entering the labour force,

4)The institutional market: The institutional market is one in which the policies of unions , employers and the government are more to do with the wage movement than the free competitive forces. Indeed the objective of policies developed by all three- unions , employers and the government – is to limit the free operation of the forces of demand and supply.

5)The management market :The management market like the perfect market ,does not exist in the real world. The objective of management market would be to tie the wage setting and labour movement more closely together than they are in the natural market.

• Structured and Unstructured Labour Markets.

Labour markets range all the way from the highly structured to the unstructured, depending upon the presence or absence of rules covering the employment relationship.

The unstructured labour market is, in general , the market of individual bargains in which there are few rules affecting employment practices.

It has the following features:• There are no unions• Relations between the employer and the employees is

transitory• Workers are unskilled• Payment is by unit of produces and• Little capital is employed.

• Structured and Unstructured Labour Markets.

• Structured Markets. In a structured market ,institutional rules limit the movement of

workers , they affect hiring policies and often they are the deciding factor in wage determination.

Phelps has distinguished three main types of structured labour markets-

1) There is the market for public employees which is highly structured from the entry to exit by legislation and administration rules.

2) The second is the non-union labour market in the large firm where the rules laid down by the personnel department.

3) The third is in which rules are derived from the collective bargining agreements and union work rules.

• Indian Labour Market

The Indian labour market is dominated by a feature called casual

worker.

In Indian absenteeism is very high and due to a high rate of absenteeism and employment of “budlis” , a casual labour market has grown even in the manufacturing industries.

One of the main features of the industrial labour in India is its migratory character.

• Workforce Diversity

Gender diversity women are entering the work force in growing numbers and the workforce is becoming more gender –balanced.

Cultural diversity India is a big , multicultural and muti –religious country .Owing to the rapid industrialisation ,cultural diversity will increase.

Age diversity age diversity is effecting the workforce.

• JOB DISCRIMINATION.

Discrimination means the act of making distinctions among people or groups of people.

Discrimination is a human relations problem for both management and workers. Since it affects so many people in the job market and because people have to work in order to live, discrimination need serious attention.

example : discriminating employer may make a distinction between men and women for a job and choose only male applicants.

• There are different kinds of discrimination in the job market.

Religious DiscriminationRacial DiscriminationGender DiscriminationAge DiscriminationMedical Discrimination