106
LA-5050-PR EPORT Electroexplosives Safety Qualifications July 1 through August 31, 1972 I I JI a amos scientific laboratory of the University of California LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO 87S44 UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION CONTRACT W-740 S-ENG. 36

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Page 1: JIa amos - Sciencemadnesslibrary.sciencemadness.org/lanl2_a/lib-www/la-pubs/... · 2005-07-27 · LA-5050-PR EPORT Electroexplosives Safety Qualifications July 1 through August 31,

LA-5050-PREPORT

Electroexplosives Safety Qualifications

July 1 through August 31, 1972

I

I

JIa amosscientific laboratory

of the University of CaliforniaLOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO 87S44

UNITED STATES

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

CONTRACT W-740 S-ENG. 36

ABOUT THIS REPORT
This official electronic version was created by scanning the best available paper or microfiche copy of the original report at a 300 dpi resolution. Original color illustrations appear as black and white images. For additional information or comments, contact: Library Without Walls Project Los Alamos National Laboratory Research Library Los Alamos, NM 87544 Phone: (505)667-4448 E-mail: [email protected]
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R&D CONTRACT STATUS REPORT

FOR

EVALUATION OF ELECTROEXPLOSIVE DEVICE (EED)RESPONSE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EMR)

—-

~:LT- ‘“’

L~g-.Em ““‘–”— —.- -

Project 5610

Task 01

Period 1 July through 31 August 1972

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory-Under AEC Contract W-7405-ENG-36. .

.-. ..

—for _— r.

Department of the Air ForceA@ Force Systems Command

Aeronautical Systems Division

-.

-.

.. ..

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2.

PROJECT 5610, TASK 01

This project report

1972. Activity for this

eral areas:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

is for the period 1 July through 31 August

period was primarily in the following gen-

Addition of thermal time constant and EMR susceptibility/

status columns to the EED listings. ,The most current list-

ing, in three formats, is included as Attachment 1 to this

report. Also included are

which were not included in

RF firing test data.

photographs of additional EEDs

the March-April progress report.

RF field measurement instrumentation.

Antenna modeling.

Miscellaneous activities.

These various activities.

sections of this report.

There has been some

are reviewed in detail in the following

reorganization at LASL, but the conduct ofProject 5610, Task 01 will not be affected. Correspondence on the

project, however, should be addressed to WX-7 (formerly GMX-7).

I. ADDITIONS TO EED LISTING

As mentioned in the May-June 1972 progress

constants of several EEDs have been measured at

report, thermal time

approximately the dc

no-fire current level using an electrothermal bridge circuit.$e

While not extremely accurate in some cases, and considering that the

thermal time constant changes with current levels, these data are,

nevertheless, considered to be of sufficient importance to be in-

cluded in the electrical characteristics of EEDs. A column for this

information has been provided in the electrical characteristics● format, giving the thermal time constant in seconds.

~ 3:NASATR 32-1494, “Nondestructive Testing ok Insensitive ElectroexplosiveDevices by Transient Techniques”, JPL, July 1970.

Rosenthal, L. A., “ElectroexplosiveDevices”, IEEE Transactions onInstrumentationand Measurement, June 1965.

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1

5

An attempt has been made to classify EED EMR susceptibility

status of EEDs in the inventory. Inasmuch as EED RF sensitivity

to date has been found to correlate with the dc sensitivity, the

following classifications,based on dc no-fire current ratings,

have been given:

dc No-fire Current Rating

0.1 ampere or less very sensitive0.5 ampere or less not recommended1.0 ampere or greater recommended0.5 to 1.0 ampere no statementunknown unknown characteristicsexperimental under development

Particular mention was made of the Mk 71 detonator sensitivity

in the May-June report. Further contact with the Naval Weapons

Laboratory, Dahlgren, Virginia has disclosed no EMR hazard problems

with this detonator> primarily because it is p=t of a mechanically

rotated safe-arm unit suitably shielded within a weapons system.

Its low firing energy is required by system constraints. Courtesy

of NWL, several of the LASL-tested EEDs and the systems in which

they appear are listed below:

Mk 71 Detonator Mk 1 Squib

The GG20D3

sitive, but the

squib operation

Sidewinder (AIM-9) “ 2.75 in. FFARChaparral ZuniSparrow (AIM-7) Sidewinder-lCShrike (AGM-45) Mk 44 TorpedoNATO SeasparrowBasic Point Defense Mk 2 Sauib

(AIM-9c)

Standard Arm (AGM-78)Standard Missile

Mk 23 JATO

Phoenix (AIM-54)ASROC (RUR-5)

Mk 52 Mine “BUnpUP (AGM-12)

Mk 57 MineBUHPUP (AGM-12)

gas generator has also been found to be quite sen-

only known USAF application is one in which parallel

reduces the sensitivity. The GG20D3 is found in

3.

the AGM-28B M5B1 thermal battery (part number 019-NA-01 or GAP 4019-7,

FSN 6135-483-4629 or 1336-650-0801). Average minimum all-fire current

for a single GG20D3 gas generator is 0.160 ampere. Average firing

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4.

.

current (obtained from test-firings of out-of-date batteries supplied

by SAAMA) was 0.476 ampere for the GAP 4019-7 batteries. Per T.O.

llN-C5013-2, three squibs are wired in parallel for battery activa-

tion. As a matter of general interest, the battery activation

times (from squib firing to 28 volt constant terminal voltage) are

on the order of 300 milliseconds. Under a

the 28 volt terminal voltage is maintained

dicating a nominal l-ampere-hour capacity.

of 100 amperes have been obtained from the

ceeding one second.

constant l.1-ampere load

for one hour, thus in-

Peak currents in excess

batteries for times ex-

A similar squibs-in-parallel installation appears in the

AGM-28B Explosive Switch Box where twelve 0M351C (FSN 1336-515-5492)

explosive switches are wired in parallel. Testing results of the

characteristics of individual switches will be given’in a later re-

port. Preliminary indications are that 25 kV electrostatic (pin-to-pin

and pin-to-case) and dc firing characteristics are satisfactory.

Four carbon bridge EEDs appear in the current data listing.

Carbon bridge devices are normally not recommended because of the

ease with which relatively high voltages can be developed (because

of the characteristic high bridge resistance).

System Nominal Bridge Resistance (ohms)

1336-776-6731 M52 Fuze pistol ASM-4F/G 1,000 - 10,0001336-152-3304 Fuze AIM-9/B/E/J 2,000 - 5,000P/N 779658 Detonator AIM-9/B/E/J 700 - 15,000M52-A-3B1 Primer, electric 20 mm 1,000 - 12,000

II. RF FIRING TEST DATA

In testing for RF susceptibility, we have previously used ten EEDs

exposed to an RF power level equal to that of the dc mean. In no case

were firings observed, thus allowing a conclusion (with 5.5% risk)

that the RF mean was higher than the dc mean. It is, however, highly

desirable to obtain data on the actual level at which firings occur.

The problem is that a sufficient number of EEDs are usually not avail-

able to permit statistically precise data for the various frequencies

and various firing modes (Consider, for example, four frequencies and

pin-to-pin and pin-to-case modes; at 30 samples, for a Bruceton test,

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5.

240 EEDs would be required.). We have examined other statistical

methods which might be applicable for small samples without much

success.>: It appears that a method wherein the stimulus (power

level) is continuously applied and gradually increased until firing

occurs offers about the only alternative. The data sheets presented

in the following pages were obtained in this manner. Ten samples

of each device were used for each mode; the maximum power level,

minimum power level, and average firing levels are plotted. These

data are being examined for statistical properties (standard devi-

ation, confidence level, etc.) in comparison with dc Bruceton test

data for the same devices.

III. RF FIELD MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION

As mentioned in the May-June 1972 progress report, firings

in a “free-field” RF environment have been induced, but instrumen-

tation to determine the exact electric field intensity has given

widely varied results. Although this “free-field” radiation was

not directly a part of the original statement-of-work, it is con-

sidered an important supplement to the direct-drive RF firings

and network analyzer facets of the program, and is therefore being

continued. The discovery that a full-wavelength antenna was the

most susceptible lead configuration (at the MSR frequency) is a

significant example of the benefits derivable from experiments

performed in a free-field RF environment.

Using a Sandia Laboratories development~s$~as a start, a diode-

detector unit more suited to high intensity E-fields, together with

a dipole power-meter probe, are being calibrated at various fre-

quencies in a parallel plate transmission line facility similar to

that used by Sandia. Calibration results to date appear promising,

and reasonable correlatioriof peak and average field intensities

with firings is anticipated by the next report.

.

~A Reliability Test Method forNo. U-1792, August 10, 1972.

$~:SandiaReport, SC-DR-71 0219,July 1971.

t!one-shot!l Items, Aeronutronic publications

“Radio Frequency E-Field Sensor”, J. C. Barnes,

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6,

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sm

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t.●

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,..-.

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..-

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...,

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n

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15.

IV. ANTENNA MODELING

A mathematical model of a full-wavelength antenna is currently

being exercised with previous EED RF impedance data (see March-

April progress report, p. 4). A full-wavelength antenna was shown

(by free-field experiments at the MSR frequency) to be the most

susceptible configuration. The radiation resistance for such an

antenna is high, depending upon length-to-diameterratios*, and

the reactance changes from highly inductive to highly capacitive

at the full-wavelength frequency. Using typical 24 or 26 gage

leads (such as appear on Mk 1, Mk.2, Mk 71, GG20D3 EEDs), a radi-

ation resistance of about 900 ohms was calculated. The reactance

characteristics are such that a complex conjugate match may be

easily achieved and is therefore assumed. The induced voltage is

approximately twice that of a halfwave dipole. The new model is

then:

antenna

Power delivered

is placed in an

f MHz) may then

R

+jX EED

to the resistive part of the EED, when the antenna

electric field of E volts/meter (at a frequency of

be calculated,

v. MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES

a. As mentioned in past reports, we will attempt to measure

the dielectric constant of some primary explosives, as a func-

tion of frequency, using the HP 8542A Automatic Network Analyzer.

Additional fixtures for the HP 8542A have been received and

have been forwarded to the Mason & Hanger - Silas Mason Company,

AEC Plant, Burlington for loading with lead styphnate, lead azide,

and a titanium potassium perchlorate compound.

*See, for example, Jasik, H., “Antenna Engineering Handbook”, McGraw-Hill,

1961, pp., 3-4, 3-5.

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16.

b. Undesirable electrical characteristics of the hot-wire type

of EED (i.e., low energy pin-case firing, electrostatic firing,

etc.) are caused principally by three factors:

10 inherent sensitivity of primary explosives

2. undesirable properties of metal additives in

explosives (higher electrical conductivity,

lowered dielectric strength)

3. physical (geometric) properties of the bridgewire

arrangement such that high voltage arcs propagate

directly through the explosive.

All of these undesirable properties could be eliminated by the

use of secondary explosives only, combined with judicious header

design (such as that of the Mk 101 illustrated on Page 12 of the

January-February 1972 progress report). The difficulty is that

second~ explosives are not easily initiated by a hot bridge-

wire. Most EBW (exploding bridgewire) detonators use only sec-

ondary ‘explosivesbecause the firing pulse and subsequent sharp

bridgewire decomposition provide adequate thermal and mechanical

shock to initiate the secondary explosive.

Hot wire EEDs, using only secondary explosives, may be

feasible if a bimetallic bridgewire composite is used. Typical

of such bridgewire materials are palladium and aluminum, plat-

inum-aluminum, or ruthenium-palladium alloy and aluminum.

(Pyrofuze, a registered trademark of the Sigmund-Cohn Company,

is one of the bimetallic bridgewire composites commercially

available.) Bridgewires, such as I@ofuze, when heated to 6600C,

react by alloying violently and exothermically, resulting in

deflagration without support of oxygen. The reaction reaches

temperatures on the order of 2800°C, and the bridgewire is

always consumed. It is believed that such a reaction may be

sufficient to initiate secondary explosives and therefore serve

as the basis for a far less vulnerable EED. Principal disad-

vantages of Pyrofuze bridgewire devices are their relative slow-

ness (millisecond firing times) and high power requirements (when

compared with EBWS). We believe such disadvantages are not

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17.

applicable to the typical aircraft application where firing times

need not be precise and where 28 volt - 10 ampere firing energies

are in common use with present EEDs.

We have obtained Pyrofuze wire samples of 0.020, 0.015, 0.010,

and 0.003 in. diameters. These will be mounted on test detonator

heads with bridgewire lengths of 0.090, 0.060, 0.040, and 0.030 in.

Electrical characteristics of these assemblies will be measured

and trial initiation of various suitable secondary explosives

will be examined. This effort is intended only as a rapid feasi-

bility investigation at this time.a

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.

.

ATTACHMENT I

LISTING OF KNOWN

USAF

ELECTROEXPLOSIVE DEVICES

.

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1.

EXPLANATION OF TERHS:

Electrical Characteristics:

Low resistance

High resistance

No-fire current

All-fire current

Normal use

Continuity test

Thermal time constant

EMR Susceptibility/Status:

Not recommended

Very sensitive

Recommended

Unknown characteristics

Experimeirtal

Removed from inventory

: Lower limit, nominal bridgewire re-sistance.

: Upper limit, nominal bridgewire re-sistance.

: -5 U current value in amperes (usuallycalculated from Bruceton test data,which accurately determines the meanfiring current value and an estimateof standard deviation (Y).

: +5 (Ycurrent value in amperes (de-termined as described above).

: Recommended firing current (usuallygreater than the all-fire current).

.!.

: Maximum allowable current recommended “ “for bridgewire continuity checks; thisvalue is typically limited to one-tenththe no-fire current value or less).

: A value (in seconds) determined ex-perimentally (at approximately the no-fire current value) which is equal tothe ratio of the equivalent heat ca-pacity Cp to the heat loss factor y;i.e., T =C /y.

fThe rate at which the

bridgewire emperature climbs, observedas a transient change, is directly re-lated to @T of the system. The methodused to determine ‘ris described inJet Propulsion Laboratory TechnicalReport 32-1494, “Nondestructive Test-ing of Insensitive ElectroexplosiveDevices by Transient Techniques”,July 15, 1970. See also Rosenthal, L. A.,“Electrothermal Measurements of Bridge-wi.resUsed in Electroexplosive Devices”,IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation andMeasurement, Vol. IM-12, No. 1, pp. 17-21,June 1963.

: dc no-fire current is .1 to .5 ampere.

: dc no-fire current is .1 ampere or less.

: dc no-fire current is 1 ampere or greater.

: Electrical characteristics (no-firecurrent) unknown.

: This device still under development.

: This device no longer stocked in USAFsupply system,

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——

2.

Note that EEDs with no-fire currents between ,5 ampere and1 ampere bear no EMR status decimation unless the device hasbeen-found to ~ particularly RF-sensitive.RF sensitivities follow dc sensitivities asfire current level.

Part number :

Federal stock number :

System designation .:

Manufactmer’s

As a general rule,indicated by no-

part number.

Federal stock number of the EED (ifavailable as an issue item) or ofthe subassembly of which I:heEED isa part.

Weapons system designation (e.g.,C-5A) with which the EED is uniquelyidentified; in some cases (e.g.,AERO-27/A) the EED is used with aparticular ejection rack which mayfit several aircraft.

,,

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..

*

.

.

The

1,

2.

3.

4.

15-86.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION ON IMPULSE CARTRIDGES

following text from T.0, 11-1-34 isprovided for

3.

information:

Present. The,explosive devices that are presently in the

inventory and the preferred item for jettisoning applicable

store.

Substitute. The explosive devices that are authorized

substitutes for the applicable preferred item for each

application.

Interim. Explosive devices now under development that are

intended to replace the applicable present devices as the

preferred item in the inventory (see paragraph t5-86).

Goal. Explosive devices not under development that are

intended to be the ultimate replacement as the preferred

item.

‘INTERIM”CARTRIDGES.

:artridges,listed as

The Mk 124 Mod O and Mk 125

“interim” devices, are under

Mod O impulse

development.

?irst procurement, which is expected in FY69, is dependent upon

development of an approved data package. The Mk 124 Mod O is

designed to replace the ARD 446-1 and Mk 9 Mod O impulse car-

tridges, and the Mk 1 Mod 3 in some applications. The Mk 125

Mod O is designed to replace the ARD 863-1 and Mk 2 Mod 1 im-

pulse cartridges. Complete replacement,in all applications

will depend upon results of the testing program.

15-87. “GOAL” CARTRIDGESo The CCU-9/B (MLU-34/B) and CCU-10/B

(MLU-35/B) are under development and are expected to be ready

for procurement in FY70. These cartridges are specifically

being developed for high temperatures, e.g., F-ill aircraft

application. The CCU-9/B is being designed to be inter-

changeable with the ARD 446-1 and Mk 9 Mod O, or the Mk 124

Mod O impulse cartridges. The CCU-10/B will be interchange-

able with the ARD 863-1 and Mk 2 Mod 1, or the Mk 125 Mod O

impulse cartridges. Replacement of the above “present” and

“interim” cartridges in all applications with the CCU-9/B and

CCU-10/B will depend upon cost and demonstrated performance

of the present and interim cartridges.

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. ..—. —.

.

-.

4.

. .

The following text from T. O. 11A16-1-7 is provided for information:

2-36. IMPULSE CARTRIDGE INTERCHANGEABILITYDATA:

2-37. The Mk 2 Mod 1 and ARD 863-1 cartridges are interchange-

able in multiple ejector rack (MER) and triple ejector

rack (TER) applications on all applicable aircraft.

2-38. The Mk 2 Mod 1 and ARD 863-1 cartridges are interchange-

able in F-105 pylon stores ejector rack.

2-39. The Mk 8 Mod O and Mk 1 Mod 3 cartridges are interchange-

able in all applicable aircraft applications except re-

fueling hose guillotine cutters.

2-40. Two each CCU-1/B cartridges are interchangeable with one

each ARD 446-1 cartridge and one each ARD 863-1 cartridge in

MAU-12 pylon ejector rack application for F-ill and FB-111

Aircraft.

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... -—- ..._

5..

IMPULSE CARTRI~GE APPLICATIONS

(Ref. T.O. 11-1-34, AFATLTR 68-58)

.

Rack

A/A 37B-1 Rack Bomb Ejector (MBR-l)(Navy)

BRU-3/A Rack Bomb Ejector (MER-1OO)

MAu-41/A Rack (MER 1-6)

MAU-42/A Rack Bomb Ejector (MER-1-4L)MAu-43/A “ “ 11 (mR-1-4R)

MAU-60/A Rack Bomb Ejector (TER-3)

MAU-61/A Bomb Ejector (MER-3 R & L)

MAU-63/A Bomb Ejector (MBR-3)

MAU-73/A Bomb Ejector (MER-3C)

Rack Bomb Ejector Aircraft (MER-9)

Rack Bomb Ejector dircraft (MER-1O)

Rack Bomb Ejector Aircraft (MER 10/A)

Rack Bomb Ejector Aticraft (TER-9)

Rack Bomb Ejector Aircraft (TER-9A)

Rack Bomb Ejector Aircraft (TER-15)

MAU-12 B/A Bomb Ejector

MAU-40/A Bomb Ejector

MAU-46/A Bomb Ejector

MAU-50/A Bomb Ejector

AERO-3/A Bomb Ejector

AERO-7/A Bomb Ejector

AERO-27/A Bomb Ejector

AERO-15/C-l Bomb Ejector

Wing Tank Pylon (outboard F-4C)

MAU-12 B/A Ejector

Pylon, Type Series (Mod O, Mod R)

30” Special Purpose

Wing Pylon

Fuselage Centerline Pylon

Fuselage Multiple Ejector Rack Pylon

C!al?t??id$?es

Mk 17

ARD-863, Mk 2, Mk 125

ARD-863, Mk 125

ARD-863, Mk 125, Mk 2

ARD-863, Mk 2, Mk 125

ARD-863, Mk 2, Mk 125

Mk 17

ARD-863, Mk 2, Mk 125

ARD-863, Mk 2, Mk 125

ARD-863, Mk 2, Mk 125

ARD-863, Mk 2, Mk 125

ARD-863, Mk 2, Mk 125

ARD-863, Mk 2, Mk 125

ARD-863, Mk 2, Mk 125

ARD-446, ARD-863, Mk 124, Mk 125, CCU-1/

ARD-446, ARD-863, Mk 124, Mk 125

ARD-863, Mk 2, Mk 125

ARD-446, ARD-863, Mk 124, Mk 125

Mk 1, Mk 2

Mk 1, Mk 2, Mk 8, Mk 10, Mk 51

Mk 1, Mk 2, Mk 124, Mk 125

Mk 13 Mod O

Mk 9 Mod O

ARD-446-1

ARD-446-1

EX-107 Mod 5

Mk2Modl

ARD-446-1, ARD-863-1

ARD-446-1, ARD-863-1

Page 25: JIa amos - Sciencemadnesslibrary.sciencemadness.org/lanl2_a/lib-www/la-pubs/... · 2005-07-27 · LA-5050-PR EPORT Electroexplosives Safety Qualifications July 1 through August 31,

.

.

6.

Rack

Pylon, T$pe Series, I, II, III,IIIA, VII,VIII, IX, X ARD-446-1

Wing Tip Launcher!Red Dog Mkl Mod3

Centerline Multiple Weapon Pylon ARD-4f+6-1,ARD-863-1

Inboard Multiple Weapon Pylon ARD-446-1, ARD-863-1

Inboard Universal Pylon ARD-446-1, ARD-863-l

Outboard Universal Pylon ARD-446-1, ARD-863-1

.

.

Page 26: JIa amos - Sciencemadnesslibrary.sciencemadness.org/lanl2_a/lib-www/la-pubs/... · 2005-07-27 · LA-5050-PR EPORT Electroexplosives Safety Qualifications July 1 through August 31,

.- ——

7.

CARTRIDGE LIST

FSN

13’77-516-9924

1377-585-9291

1377-183-5952

NSL

NSL

1377-162-7136

NSL

1377-293-8183

1377-724-9271

1377-293-8184

1377-894-5689

1377-075-5846

1377-731-9264

1377-793-9927

1377-707-0585

1377-021-4231

1377-632-8714

1377-115-3433

1377-952-3925

1377-193-8832

1377-193-8834

NSL

1377-739-5472

NSL

1377-870-9296

Nomenclatw?e

ARD-446-1

ARD-863-1

CCU-1/B

ecu-9/B (MLU-34/B)

ecu-lo/B (MLu-35/B)

ccu-16/B

EX-107 Mod S

Mk 1 Mod 3

Mk2Mod0

Mk2Modl

Mk 2 Mod 5

Mk8Mod0

Mk9Mod0

Mk 13 Mod O

Mk 17 Mod O

Mk 17 Mod 1

Mk 23 Mod O

Mk 51 Mod O

Mk 51 Mod 1

Mk 124 Mod O

Mk 125 Mod O

MLU-8/B

MLu-9/B

10!Ju-11/c

MLu-12/c

Page 27: JIa amos - Sciencemadnesslibrary.sciencemadness.org/lanl2_a/lib-www/la-pubs/... · 2005-07-27 · LA-5050-PR EPORT Electroexplosives Safety Qualifications July 1 through August 31,

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