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integrated water management program
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5Days
TrainingModule
INTEGRATEDWATERSHED
MANAGEMENTPROGRAMME(IWMP)
Trainees:WDTmembers
M.BhaktharValiSab..
Watershed Support Services and Activities Network (WASSAN)
12-13-450, Street No.1, Tarnaka, Secunderabad 500 017
Ph: 040- 27015295 / 96, 27018581 email : [email protected], Web: www.wassan.org
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Contents ObjectivesoftheTrainingProgram:...............................................................................................4
TargetGroup:............................................................................................................................... 4
ContentsofModule:..................................................................................................................... 5
1. Session1:RegistrationsandIntroductions.............................................................................6
2. Session2:WhyWatershed?..................................................................................................7
3. Session3:VisionBuilding.....................................................................................................9
4. Session4:SalientfeaturesofIWMP....................................................................................10
5. Session5:ImpactofClimateChangeonnaturalresourcesandlivelihoods............................14
6. Session6:PhasesandTimelines.........................................................................................15
7. Session7:InterventionsrequiredtoachieveEndResults.....................................................17
8. Session8:TypesofinterventionstodevelopNaturalResourcesandtechnologicaloptions....20
9. Session9:Horticulture.......................................................................................................22
10. Session10:GroundwaterandCPRsSituationandmanagement....................................23
11. Session11:ScopeforGroundWaterandCPRmanagement............................................25
12. Session12:InterventionsforGroundWaterandCPRmanagement.................................27
13. Session13:Livestockbasedlivelihoods..........................................................................28
14. Session14:Agricultureproductionssystemsdevelopment.............................................30
15. Session15:IssuesinLivestockdevelopment....................................................................31
16. Session16:AnalysingLivelihoodOptions........................................................................34
17. Session17:Understandinglivelihoodcycles.....................................................................36
18. Session18:LivelihoodoptionsunderIWMP.....................................................................37
19. Session19:Indicatorsforsuccessfulimplementationofwatershedprogramme................38
20. Session20:IndicatorsforgoodWSC...............................................................................40
21. Session21:Postprojectsustainabilityofwatershed........................................................41
22. Session22:Goodpracticesofwatershedcommunities...................................................42
23. Session23:Functionaries,Institutions,Processes,Timelines,RoleandResponsibilities.....43
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24. Session24:DPRPreparationParticipatoryprocesses,toolsandmethodologies..............44
25. Session25:applicationofRemoteSensing,GISandInformationTechnology....................46
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Moduleon
OrientationtoWDTson
IWMPCommonGuidelines,PlanningandImplementation
ObjectivesoftheTrainingProgram:1. To develop comprehensive understanding of Common Guidelines and Salient
featuresofIWMP2. Toanalysetheli velihoodprofilesofwatershedcommunitiesinthe contextofclimate
change.3. Todrawtheendresul tstobe achieved.4. To explore the potentiality of watershed programme in developing natural
resources,convertingthemtoproductive assetstosecureli velihoods .5. To understand the good practices by the communities with regard to natural
resources,theirmanagementandli velihoods ,6. Toexplain implementationarrangementsand toattain greater clari tyon the role
andresponsibilitiesofWDTsandotherstakeholders .7. To develop understanding on the key processes in implementation of the
programme.8. Tofamiliari zewithprocessesofDPRpreparationtools,methodologyandprocesses9. Tofamiliari zewiththe filesandrecords .
TargetGroup: WatershedDevelopmentTeammembers
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ContentsofModule: Statusofnaturalresources Needofwatersheddevelopmentprojects Salientfeaturesofcommonguidelines
o Difference betweenpreviousschemesandpresentscheme Gapsandlimitations inpreviousschemes Needforcomprehensive andintegratedapproach
o ShiftfromdevelopmenttoManagemento Clusterapproach:Increaseinarea,cost/unito Phasesandfundso Use ofScience andmoderntechnologyo Convergencewithschemes anddepartments
The adverse impacts ofclimate changeo OnLivelihoods
Typesofli velihoods mostaffected Reasons
o OnNaturalresources ,rainfallo OnAgricul ture,soils,cropso OnLivestock
ExpectedEndResults Possibleandpermittedinterventionsfor
o Soilandmoisture conservation,Soil Fertili tyImprovemento WaterResources Developmento Plantationactivi tieso Horticul ture developmento Productivi tyEnhancementinli vestockandfisherieso Productivi tyEnhancementinagricul tureo LivelihoodsandMicroEnterprisesdevelopment
Goodpractices inNRM,Agriculture,Livestock,Ins ti tutions KeyProcessesandRoleandresponsibilitiesofWDTsandOthers DPRPreparation
o Timelineso Methodologyo Toolsandtechniqueso PreparationProcess
Records andBooks
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1. Session1:RegistrationsandIntroductionsLearningObjectives:
Toimprove the level offamiliaritybetweenparticipantsandfacilitators Todevelopcommonmindonthe purposeofthe trainingprogram
Content:
Welcome andselfintroductionofParticipants andfacilitatingteam Objectives ofthetrainingprogram GroundRules
Outcomeofthesession:
Allparticipants wouldovercometheirinhibitions . Theyare abletoparticipate activelyinnextsessions. Participants understand and explain the purpose of the training program and
developacommonunderstandingonthe groundrulesofthe program.
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2. Session2:WhyWatershed?LearningObjectives:
To enhance the understanding of participants on the importance ofwatersheddevelopmentprogramme.
Content:
The present si tuation issues and problems related to natural resources andli velihoods
o Presentsi tuationofnaturalresourcesandli velihoodsis worseornotgood.o The natural resources aredegradedo The productivi tyincrops ,livestockislowo Fodderisscarceo Drinkingwaterisscarceo Cropfailure iscommonphenomena o LowSoilFertili tyo Seedproblemo Fluctuations inrainfallo Laborproblemo Lowvegetativecovero Highusage ofChemicalFertili zersandChemical pesticideso Competitivediggingofborewellso Anyother
Causes oftheabove issuesandproblems
o Overexploi tationo Improperuseofnatural resourceso Unscientificapproachinmanagementofnaturalresourceso Lackoftechnicalknowledgeandcollectiveactiono Rainfallislowo LowSoilFertili tyo Seedproblemo Unseasonalrainfallo Norechargeo Veloci tyofrunoffishigho Soilerosiono Highusage ofChemicalFertili zersandChemical pesticides
Effects oftheabove issuesandproblemso Povertyo Lowproductivi tyoflando Lowproductivi tyofli vestocko Migrationo Rainfallislowo Drought
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o Foodgrainshortageo Foddershortageo Decreaseincattle populationo Highincidence ofdiseasesli vestock,crops ,humanbeings o Nowageemploymento Agricul ture productiongotdecreasedo LowSoilFertili tyo Seedproblemo Labourproblemo DepletionofGroundWatero Overexploi tationo Rainwaterrunoffo Soilerosiono Lowvegetativecovero Costofcul tivationishighandfarmers cannotbearo Investmentcostishighandreturnsare lowo Productivi tyincrops islowo Productivi tyinli vestockis lowo Manybore wellswithlowyieldso Defunctbore wells.
OutcomesoftheSession:
Participants would be able toexplain the presentsi tuationofnatural resources,li velihoodsourcesincludingthecausesandeffects .
They would also realize that the causes and effects are interlinked and interchangeable.The cause ofa particularproblemcouldbe effectofanotherproblemandvise versa .
Theywouldbe able toexplain the need foreffective managementof theirnaturalresourcesandli velihoodsources (agricul ture,li vestocketc.)
They would be able to explain the relationship between natural resources andli velihoods.
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3. Session3:VisionBuildingLearningObjectives:
Todevelopclearvisionofwatershedprogramme Content:
Endresul tso There shouldnot be anyscarcity ofdrinkingwater forboth li vestockand
humanbeings .o Harvestrainwateras muchaspossiblewithinwatershedboundarieso Recharge ofdriedupbore wellsandopenwellso Streams shouldbecome perennialor the durationofwater flowshouldbe
more.(colorlessrunoffwaterisanindicatorforthis)o Soilshouldbecomevery fertile.Poorlandsandlandbelong topoorfamilies
shouldbebroughtintocultivationo Increaseofcropyields .Householdlevel foodneedsshouldbe addressedby
watershedprogramme.o Sufficientavailabilityoffodder,fuelo The village shouldbecome fishsufficient,eggsufficient,milksufficient,grain
sufficient.o Increasedwage days fromthe increasedsi tuationofagriculture.Reductionin
migrationso Assets andresourcestothe assetless/resourcelesspooro Allthe schoolagechildrenshouldbegoingtoschool includinggirlso Equitable dis tributionofbenefi tsofassets createdo Resource use agreements are in place and practice with clearly defined
norms andregulationswithoutanydeviations .o Increasedresistance todroughthigh/low/norainfallo UGs andSHGs areinactive functioning, thereby the members ofwatershed
programmeare economicallybenefi ting.o Meaningful space forwomenin the programme includingdecisionmaking.
The drudgery is reduced andwomen are progressing towards equal justsociety.
OutcomesoftheSession:
Participants wouldbe able to frame endresul ts tobe achievedin theirwatershedprogramme.
Theywould beable to visualize the benefi tofwatershed programme inbringingpositive changestowardsbetterlife withsustainability.
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4. Session4:SalientfeaturesofIWMPLearningObjectives:
To analyse the evolution process of participatory watershed developmentprogrammeinIndia
Tolistoutkeydifferencesbetweenprevious watershedprogrammesandIWMPContent:
Historicaltransectofwatershedprojects
o
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Evolutionofwatershedprojects
Evolutionofwatershedapproach
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Key comparisons of different programmes, viz., DPAP, 1995 guidelines , 2001guidelines,Hariyali,CommonGuidelines
Feature DPAPRevisedGuidelines2001
HARIYALICOMMONGUIDELINES
Year 199596 200101 2003 2008
SchemesDPAP,DDP,IWDP,EAS,IJRY
DPAP,DDP,IWDP,EAS,IJRY
IWDP,DPAP,DDP IWMP
PurposeDroughtProofing,Optimumuseofnaturalresource
DroughtProofing,Optimumuseofnaturalresource
DroughtProofing,Optimumuseofnaturalresource
RainfedFarming,participatoryapproaches,Technology,Convergence
Objectives
EconomicDvptthroughdroughtmitigation
EconomicDvptthroughdroughtmitigation
Harvestingeverydropofrainwater
Productivityenhancementandlivelihoodsshallbegiven
Ecologicalrestoration
EcologicalrestorationSustainablesourceofincomeforvillagecommunity
Priorityalongwithconservationmeasures.
MoreEquitabledistributionofbenefitstoresourcelesspoor
MoreEquitabledistributionofbenefitstoresourcelesspoor
OveralldvptofruralareasthroughGP
Area 500HA 500HA 500HA 10005000HACosts 4000/HA 6000/HA 6000/HA 12000/HADuration 5YEARS 5YEARS 5YRS 47YRS
Allocation
Works80% Works80% CO&CB5% IB,CB5% CO5% CO5% Admin10% EPA4%Trg5% Trg5% Works60% DPR1%Admin10% Admin10% PE15% M&E2% LH10% Admin10% Works50% LH10% PE13% Consolidation5%
ImplementationArrangementsState
LindeDepts,GPs,PreferencetoNGOs
PreferancetoPRIs,LineDepts,NGOs
IntermediaryPanchayats,LineDepts,andVerywellreputedNGOs(OrderofPreference)
SLNAwithdelegationofpowers,DWDU
Institutions
UG,SHG,WUA,WSC,RepforGP,VillagelocalasSecretary
SameasabovebutSAMEpersonasWUAPresandWSCChairperson
UG,SHG,GP,VO
RegisteredWSC,
NomentionaboutWUA,WSCGPSecretaryasWSSecretaryLocalVillagersasparaworkers
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Feature DPAP RevisedGuidelines2001
HARIYALI COMMONGUIDELINES
RoleofPRIs OneRepresentation OneRepresentation ExclusivelybyPRIs
DPCtooversee,guide,approvePPs.ConvergencethroughZP.PanchayatsasPIAs.
Phases
NotwelldefinedStartdate:DateofsanctionatMoRD, DateofStart:NoMention PreparatoryPhase:
12yearsMainImplementationPhase:24years,ConsolidationPhase:12Years
ByPIAwhenfullWDTispresent
Noclarityonphases, Phases:Nomention,
910monthsforPlanning,IB
ST,LTBenefitsconfused
3yearsImplementation
ReleasesDirectlytoWSCs(IfWSC isweakthroughGP)
WSCthroughPIAsDirectlytoGP
NLNASLNADist
RFtoSHGs 20%,50%,30%
Executionthrough
Ugs UGs GP WSC
Paymenttrhough
WSCtoUGs, GPtoworkers SoftwareMCC
UG,SHG,GramaSabhafornamesake,
GPSurpanchandSecretaryrepresentedoverallGPRoleunderstoodasspendingfunds
SalientfeaturesofIWMP
o SummaryofallabovepointsOutcomesoftheSession:
Participants wouldbeabletolistoutsalientfeatures ofIWMP They would be able to highlight the key improvements in IWMP compared to
previous guidelines
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5. Session5:ImpactofClimateChangeonnaturalresourcesandlivelihoods
LearningObjectives: To list out the adverse impacts of climate change on natural resources and
li velihoods.
Content: Whatis climatechange
o Unevenfluctuationsandvariations inrainfallcausedby GlobalWarming, GreenHouseGasses
The impacts ofclimate changeo Raiseofsealevelo Fluctuations inrainfall,o Occurrence offrequentdroughts ,cropfailureso Heatwaves,powerful waveso Sandcyclones,acidrains,etc
Statusofrainfedagricul ture inthe contextofclimate changeo OnAgricul ture
Decreaseincropyields Threattofoodsecuri ty FodderScarci ty Unemployment/Underemploymentofwage laborers
o OnGroundWater Scarci tyofi rrigationwater Scarci tyofdrinkingwater PollutionofGroundwater IncreaseofSalinityinsoils
o OnLivestock FodderScarci ty Fallinproductivi ty Mortality IncreaseinthePressureonnaturalresources forfodder Sale ofli vestock Migrations . Pressure increases at the migrated places on natural
resourceso OnSociety
Waterscarci ty Threattofoodsecuri ty InflationandPrice hike Fallinsales(Purchasingabili tyofpeople getsdecreased) MigrationsandScarci tyoflabour InfantandChildmortality Drinkingwatersources getpolluted
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6. Session6:PhasesandTimelinesLearningObjectives:
Toexplain the phasesand timelines ofwatersheddevelopment programme andtheirrationale
Toexplainthe fundingavailableforeachcomponentinthe programme
Content:Differentphasesofwatersheddevelopmentprogramme
PreparatoryPhaseo Thisphaseisforini tial12yearso PIA builds awareness of communities on importance of watershed
programme Communicationcampaign Ini tialorientation Exposure visits tosuccessful watershedprojects
o Ins ti tution building organising into SHGs, UGs, CIGs and WatershedCommittee(WSC)
o Regis trationofWSCo This phase enables the communities towards preparedness towatershed
programme.o Detailed Project Report with clear action plans for the enti re watershed
periodwillbe preparedthroughparticipatoryexercises PRAexercises FocusedGroupDiscussions
o EntryPointActivi tyshallbe takenupduringthisphase.o IdentificationandOrientationtopara workers
WorksPhaseo Executionofactionplans
NRMworks Agricul ture andalliedsectors Propoorbiaslivelihoods Contributions Maintenance ofContributionfunds Maintenance ofLivelihoodfunds (Revolvingfunds)
o Capaci tybuildingo Ins ti tutionbuildingso The timeline forthisphaseis34years .
ConsolidationPhaseo Consolidationoflessons learnto Arrangementsforassets maintenanceo Bridgingthe gapsforpostprojectsustainability
Fundingrequirements andcontributionso 10005000ha willbe oneIWMPProject
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o Thisprojectisclusterofmicrowatershedso The costperha isRs .12,000/(Incaseofhillyareas15000/)o The contributionfrombeneficiaries o Forindividualworks xxxxx%o ForCommunityWorksxxx%
OutcomesoftheSession:
Participants wouldbeabletolistofphases,timelines ofeachphase Theywouldbeable tolistofsetofactivi tiestobecarriedoutundereachphase Participantswouldbewithgreatclarityabout the needofdifferentsetofactivities
whichleadtoachieveendresults . Participants would be able to explain the cost details for each category of
interventions includingcontributions andadministrative cost.
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7. Session7:InterventionsrequiredtoachieveEndResults
LearningObjectives: To lis t outactivi ties tobe carried out toachieve each end resul t ofwatershed
programmeContent:Listofactivitiestobecarriedouttoachieveendresults.(Endresultsactivities)
There should notbe anyscarci ty ofdrinkingwater for both li vestockand humanbeings .
o Drainage linetreatmentworks toharvestrainwatertoraisethe groundwaterlevel
o Recharge pits , farm ponds and desil ting the Water Harvesting Structures(WHSs)toharvestmorewaterandenableinfil tration.
o Creationofnewdrinkingwatersources Harvestrainwateras muchaspossiblewithinwatershedboundaries
o ExecutionofnewWHSs suchasfarmponds ,sunkengullypits ,o Repair,restorationoftradi tionalWHSs suchastanks,openwells,etc.o Desil tingofWHSs
Recharge ofdriedupbore wellsandopenwellso SoilandMoistureconservation(SMC)workso WHSso Drainageline treatmentworks
Streamsshouldbecome perennial or thedurationofwater flowshouldbemore.(colorlessrunoffwaterisanindicatorforthis )
o SMCworkso Drainageline treatmentworkso Plantationworkso Vegetationdevelopmentincludingplantsandfodder
Soilshouldbecomeveryfertile.Poorlandsandlandbelong topoor familiesshouldbe broughtintocul tivation
o Developmentofcommonlandso Soilfertilityimprovementworkso Soilfertilitymanagementinterventions
Increase of crop yields . Household level food needs should be addressed bywatershedprogramme.
o Reductionof cost of inputs Using low cost inputs with locallyavailablematerial
o Increaseinproductionandproductivi tyo Foodgrainproductiono DiversifiedFarmingSystemso PromotingNPM,IPM,INMo Establishingsupportsystems suchas seedbank,easingbullockconstraints,
Panta mitra shops ,customhiringcentreetc.
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Sufficientavailabilityoffodder,fuelo Plantations incommonlandso Effective usageofnonconventional energyresourceso Fodderdevelopmentincommonlands,hillocks ,onbunds ,byintegratinginto
croppingpatternetc. The village should become fish sufficient, egg sufficient, milk sufficient, grain
sufficient.o Promotionofinlandfisheriesandenhancingproductivi tyo Promotionofbackyardpoultryandsupportsystemsforhealthmanagement,
feed,production,productivi tyenhancementandmarketingo Promotionof li vestock based li velihoodswithestablishingsupportsystems
such as Artificial insemination, health management, mortality reduction,insurance,marketing,milkproductionandmeatproduction,etc.
o Developingandnurturingcommunityknowledgeandenhancingtheirskillso Promotingfoodcrops forhouseholdgrainsufficiency
Increased wage days from the increased situation of agricul ture. Reduction inmigrations
o Creationofwage employmentbyprovidingwage throughexecutionofworkso By promotingseveral interventions in cropping practicesandmarketing of
inputsandoutputso Strengtheningexistingli velihoods NRMbasedo Promotingonfarmandofffarmlivelihoodactivi tieso Creatingnewli velihoodsincludingmicroenterpriseso Promotionofhorticul turedevelopment
Assets andresourcestothe assetless/resourcelesspooro Developingcommonpool resourceso Resource useagreementso PromotingNRMbasedli velihoodsincludingdairy,poultry,fishery,etc.o Promotingmicroenterprisesandsupportsystems
Allthe schoolagechildrenshouldbegoingtoschool includinggirlso Enhancedincomesourcesandsustainedli velihood resource basewillcreate
thisopportunityo Awarenessgeneration
Equitable dis tributionofbenefi tsofassets createdo PromotingEquityas afundamentalbaseforthe programmeo Buildingconsciousnessandconcerns ofandfortheresourcelesspooro Resource useagreements
Resource use agreements are inplace andpractice withclearlydefinednormsandregulationswithoutanydeviations .
o Awarenessbuildingactivi ties includingcommunicationcampaignso Capaci tybuildingactivi tieso Developmentofnormsandregulationso Resource useagreements
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Increasedresistance todroughthigh/low/norainfallo Preparednesstodroughto Strengtheningsupportsystemsforfoodgrains ,li vestock,agricul ture,etco Poolingandsharingofgroundwaterandotherresourceso Cri ticali rrigationfacili tieso Promotingal ternative li velihoodinterventions
UGs and SHGs are in active functioning, thereby the members of watershedprogrammeare economicallybenefi ting.
o Ins ti tutionalisationofprocessesandinterventionso Organisingallunorganizedwomen,farmersandthematicCIGso Strengtheninginsti tutionalcapaci tieso Buildingcapaci tiesofrepresentatives andmembers
Meaningful space forwomen in the programme including decision making. Thedrudgeryisreducedandwomenareprogressingtowardsequaljus tsociety.
o DesigningSystems andnonnegotiablesforincreasingwomenparticipationo Priori tytothe works whichbenefitwomeno Activi ties and interventions to reduce drudgery ofwomenwith regard to
fetchingdrinkingwater,procurementoffuel,fodder,gettingwageetc.o Priori tyforsinglewomenandwomenheadedhouseholds ,etc.
OutcomesoftheSession:
Participants wouldbe able tolistofactivi ties tobe carriedout forachievingeachobjective.
Participants wouldbe able to identi fy the activi ties whichachieve more thanoneobjective.
Participants wouldbe able todefine activi tiesaschange makers in theirlife ratherthanjus tphysicalworks ,physicaltargets .
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8. Session8:TypesofinterventionstodevelopNaturalResourcesandtechnologicaloptions
LearningObjectives: Tobuild the understanding ofparticipants on types of interventions required for
achievingdesi redendresul ts . Todevelopknowledge ofparticipantsintechnological andengineeringoptions Todevelop the level of familiari tyofparticipants to technological options ,people
choicesandpracticesContent:
Endresul ts relatedtoNRMo There shouldnot be anyscarcity ofdrinkingwater forboth li vestockand
humanbeings .o Harvestrainwateras muchaspossiblewithinwatershedboundarieso Recharge ofdriedupbore wellsandopenwellso Streams shouldbecome perennialor the durationofwater flowshouldbe
more.(colorlessrunoffwaterisanindicatorforthis)o Soilshouldbecomevery fertile.Poorlandsandlandbelong topoorfamilies
shouldbebroughtintocultivationo Increaseofcropyields .Householdlevel foodneedsshouldbe addressedby
watershedprogramme.o Assets andresourcestothe assetless/resourcelesspoor
Categorizingtheworkso Lis toutallpossibleworkstoachieve the above mentionedendresul tso Categorizethembasedontheirnatureandtype
SoilandMoistureConservation(SMC)works SoilFertilityImprovement(SFI)works WaterResource Development(WRD)works
Typesofworks undereachcategoryo SMC
NewFarmbunding ContourTrenches WaterAbsorptiontrenches Pebblebunding Stone bunding Vegetative checks Brushwooddams LooseBoulderStructures RockFillDams Plantations bunds ,banksofWHSs Anyother
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o SoilFertilityImprovement Sil tapplication Biomassapplication Vermicompost Insi tucompostpits(NADEP,etc.) Croppingpracticesfornitrogenfixing Bundplantation Anyother
o WaterResource Developmetn Farmponds Bore wellRecharge pits SunkenGullypits Percolationtanks Renovationoftradi tionalWHSs Gabionstructures Desil tingofWHSs RemovalofBushinWHSs Repairs andimprovementworkstoWHSs Checkwalls CheckDams SubSurface dykes Pickupanicuts Collectivisationofgroundwater WatersavingtechniquesDrip/sprinkleri rrigation Anyother.
OutcomesoftheSession:
The participants would be able to lis t the technological options for watersheddevelopmentworks
Theywould beable to list type ofworks tobe takenup undereach category toachieve desi redendresul tsofwatersheddevelopmentprogramme.
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9. Session9:HorticultureLearningObjectives:
Todeveloptechnicalskillsofparticipants onhorticul ture plantationsContent:
Typesofhorticulture plants Benefi ts ofHorticul turePlantations Suitabilityofvarious types ofhorticulture plants indi fferent types ofagroclimatic
zones Necessaryconditions forgrowthofhorticul ture plants
o Soilso Watero Climate Conditions(rainfall,temperatures max/min;humidity;windspeed,
etc) PlantingTechniques ofhorticul tureplants
o Distance o Depthofpitso Inputs(composts ,etc)o Protectiono Wateringo Processoftakingcare foraperiodoffi rs tfive yearso Care duringtheflowingtimeo Pestmanagemento Intercroppingforfi rstthreetofive years
ProcessingandMarketingo Processofharvestingo Storingfruitso Packaging,grading;transporting,marketingo Estimatingthe marketpotentialo CostBenefitAnalysis
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10. Session10:GroundwaterandCPRsSituationand management
LearningObjectives: To build theunderstandingofsi tua tion ofgroundwater To build theunderstandingofsi tua tion ofCPRs To educate the peopleon issuesand constraintsin utili zationofCPRs and groundwater To orientonthe need ofdevelopingCPRs and Ground waterrecharges tructures under
watershedprogrammeContent:
Ground waterlevelo Si tuationanalysis
Datacollected No ofborewells
Functioning Driedup
Dischargingcapaci ty Ridge Middle Valley
Densityofborewells Competiti vedigging
o Fluctua tionsinrainfallo Measuringgroundwater
Technical method Materialrequi red Method
Source forrecharginggroundwatero Tradi tionalwaterbodies
Tanks Streams Kuntas
o Constructeds tructures Checkdams Farmponds Dugoutponds Runoffcontrol s tructures
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Si tuationofgroundwaterrechargingstructureso Driedupo Sil ted upo Breachedo Repairofsluices ,spillways
Issuesand Rights overgroundwatero Ground waterbecamepriva tepropertyo Recharge atridges,use atvalleys (butnotnecessa rily)o Density,competiti ve digging,dis tance betweentheborewellso Goingdeeper,failure ofborewellso APWALTA
TypeandSitua tionofCPRso Types
Hillocks Tanks ,smallWHSs Villagewoodlots , Grazinglands,porambokes/
o Si tuation Degraded Barren Encroached Fallinsize Conversiontoagri cul ture lands and otherpurposes
Issuesand Cons traintsin utiliza tionofCPRso Legalissues
Encroachment Controlbyri ch
o Constraintsin accessbypoor,landless
Outcome The parti cipantswouldbeable tolistthesourcesofgroundwaterrecharging Theywouldbeableto explain thesitua tion ofground waterrechargings tructures Theywouldbeableto listthe cons traintsinutilization ofground waterandCPRs .
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11. Session11:ScopeforGroundWaterandCPR management
LearningObjectives: To build theconsciousnessofendresul tsofwatershedrelated to ground water To build theconsciousnessofendresul tsofwatershedrelated to CPRmanagement To educateaboutthe difference between goodandnotsogood managementofCPRs
and groundwater.Content:
End resul ts ofwatershed relatedtogroundwatero Harves trainwateras muchaspossiblewithin watershedboundarieso Recharge ofdried upborewellsandopenwellso Streams should becomeperennialorthedura tion ofwaterflowshouldbe more.
(colorlessrunoffwaterisan indica torforthis )o Assets and resourcesto the assetless/resourcelesspooro Equitable dis tribution ofbenefi tsofassets createdo Resource use agreementsare i n place and practice with clearlydefined norms
and regula tionswithoutanydeviations .o Increasedresistance to droughthigh/low/no rainfall
End resul ts ofwatershed relatedtogroundwatero There should notbe anysca rci tyofdrinkingwaterforboth li ves tockand human
beings .o Harves trainwateras muchaspossiblewithin watershedboundarieso Recharge ofdried upborewellsandopenwellso Streams should becomeperennialorthedura tion ofwaterflowshouldbe more.
(colorlessrunoffwaterisan indica torforthis )o Sufficientavailabilityoffodder,fuelo The village shouldbecome fish suffi cient,eggsufficient, milksuffi cient, grain
sufficient.o Assets and resourcesto the assetless/resourcelesspooro Equitable dis tribution ofbenefi tsofassets createdo Resource useagreementsare in placeandpractice withclea rlydefinednorms
and regula tionswithoutanydeviations . Lessonslearntfrompreviouswatershed programmes
o Lessonsfromgoodpractices Recharginggroundwater Sharingground water Properutiliza tion ofground waterwatersavingmeasures
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o Lessonsfromnoso good practi ces Diggingofnewborewells Competiti vedigging Driedup borewells Migra tions/losses
Outcome The parti cipantswouldbeable tolisttheendresul ts ofwatershed relatedtoground
water The parti cipantswouldbeable tolisttheendresul ts ofwatershed relatedtoCPR
management Theywouldbeableto illustra te good practi ces requi redforbetterground water
managementand CPRmanagement
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12. Session12:InterventionsforGroundWaterandCPR management
LearningObjectives: To explain the opportunitiesavailable under watershed programme to recharge and
utilize the ground water To exploreoptionsforbetterCPRmanagementandgettingaccessto
Content:
Activi tiesforground rechargeo SMCo Gullycontrolmeasureso Sunken gullypi tso Farmpondso ConstructionofnewWHSso Repairandres tora tion ofWHSs
Activi tiesforground watermanagemento Recharge s tructureso Shiftfromflood irriga tion to Microi rri ga tiono Waterpoolingandsharingo Preventingcompeti ti vediggingo Effective implementa tionofAPWALTAo Promotingsocialregula tions
Activi tiesforCPRDevelopmentand managemento DevelopmentofCPRs
SMC WHSs Drainageline trea tment Planta tion
o Addressinglegalissueso Easingconstraints ofaccessingbypoorandwomeno Socialregula tionso Socialfencingo Effective resource useagreements
Outcome
The parti cipantswouldbeable tolisttheactivi tiesforrecharge,manageandusethe ground water
The parti cipantswouldbeable tolisttheactivi tiesforrecharge,manageanduseCPR
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13. Session13:LivestockbasedlivelihoodsLearningObjectives:
To build theunderstandingofparticipants on the importance of li vestock inwatershedprogramme
Toeducate theparticipantsaboutthepotentialofli vestockinpromotinglivelihoods Theywouldalsoexplaintheneedforsecuringlivestockbasedlivelihoods
Content: Potentialofli vestock
o Datacollected fromthewatershedvillagesrelatedto livestocko Totalnumberofli vestocko Numberofhouseholdspossesslivestocko Averagenumberoflivestockpossessedbyeach householdo Totalmilkproduction,averagemilkproductionperHH,permilchanimalo NumberofHHpossesslivestockas
primarysourceoflivelihood secondarysourceoflivelihood Territorysource oflivelihood
o Case s tudies related to livestock rearing households and thei r contribution insecuringlivelihoods
o Potentialofli vestockbasedlivelihoodsduringdrought,failureofrainfalletc. Si tuation analysis
Thepresentsitua tionissuesandproblemsrelatedto livestock
o Nonavailabilityofdrinkingwaterintraditionalwaterbodieso Foddersca rcityo Scarcityofdryfodder
Absenceoffood crops Decreaseincroppingarea Givingofthepracti ceofs tackingfodder
o Scarcityofgreen fodder Absenceoffood crops Barrenhillocks Lowrainfall
o Thenaturalresourcesaredegradedo Drinkingwaterisscarceo Cropfailureiscommonphenomenao FodderSeedproblemo Fluctuationsinrainfallo Incenseofdiseaseso Inabilityto preventorcontrol diseaseso Absenceofextensionsys temsespeciallyhealthservi ceso Lowyieldso Highinputs
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o Absenceofinsti tutionalcreditsupportsystemo Highmortalityra teo Increaseofthecos tofli vestocko Cos tofinsuranceishigho Farmersarenotinfavourofinsuranceo Cuttingoftrees
Causesoftheaboveissuesandproblems
o Low/No rainfallo Scarcityofdryfodder
Absenceoffood crops Decreaseincroppingarea Givingofthepracti ceofs tackingfodder
o Scarcityofgreen fodder Absenceoffood crops Barrenhillocks Lowrainfall
o Thenaturalresourcesaredegradedo Cuttingoftreeso Incenseofdiseaseso Limited effortsbyGovernmenttoprovide properextensionsystemo Inaccessibilityto preventivemedicineo Unscientifi capproacho Absenceofgood breed/breedimprovementpolicies/systemso Absenceofpropersupportsystemsto the country/improved breedo Insurancesystemsarenotfa rmerfriendlyo Absenceofknowledgeandskillsforincreasingproductivityo Degradedcommonpropertyresourceso Legal/political/socialconstraintsinaccessingfodderfromCPR
Effectsofthe aboveissuesandproblems
o Lowpopulation ofli vestockwhich is does notprovide sizeable/meaningful/gainfulincome
o Lowproductivi tyoflivestocko Lowincomefromli vestocko Incidenceofdiseaseso Mortalityishigho Fodderproblemo Drinkingwaterproblemo Lowyieldbreed
OutcomesoftheSession:
Participantswould beable to explainthe presentsituationoflivestockincludingthe causesandeffects .
Theywouldbeabletolistouttheissuestobe addressed.
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14. Session14:Agricultureproductionssystems development
Learningobjectives:
Toeducatetheparticipants aboutthepresentissuesinagricultureespeciallyinrainfedagriculture
Toeducatetheparticipants abouttherequiredandpossibleinterventions forproductionsystems development.
Content: IssuesinrainfedagricultureandRequiredinterventionsforenhancing productionandproductivity
Issuesin rainfed agri cul tureo Unproductiverainfed landso Degradedlandso Unfertilesoilso Moistureretentioncapacityofthesoilsislowo Slope,unevenness,s crubgrowtho Problemsoils
Climate change Fluctua tionsinrainfall
o Hugegapsbetweenrain cycleso Dryspellso Heavyrainso Cyclone effectso Untimelyrains
Inputproblemso Seed
Quali ty Adequacy Availability Timeliness Requi red seed Requi red variety
o Opera tions Labourcostandavailability Implements Ploughbullocks
o Fertiliserso Pes ti cides
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Pes tsanddiseases Mono cropping Yields Anyother
Possibleinterventions
Diversified fa rmingsys tems Treebasedfa rmingsys tems NPM,IPM,INM, SoilFertilityimprovementmethods SMC Supportsystems
o Seedbanko NPMshopo Easingplough bullockconstrainto Revolvingfund forovercomingla ckofcredi t
Watersavingmeasures Cri ticali rri ga tion support Marketing
o Inputssupplyo Outputmarketing
Anyother15. Session15:IssuesinLivestockdevelopment
LearningObjectives: To educate the parti cipants aboutthe requi red interventions toaddressidentifiedissues
related to livestock.
Content:Requiredinterventionsforenhancingproductionandproductivity
Fodderdevelopmento Integra tingfodderdevelopmentwith croppingsys temo KeepingtheFodderseed availableforDFSo Improved varietieso Cri ticali rri ga tion supporto Fodderbanko Foddertreeso Promotion offodderin Common lands ,on bunds,tankforeshore etc.o Promotion offoddertreeso Ins titutionalizingfodderbank
Preventive medicine
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o FormationofCIGso Derivingnormsandprocedures,userfeesetc.o Trainingoneofthemembers/para worker(?)o Lis tingthe mostcommon/frequentdiseaseso Categorisingtheminto preventable and curableo Developingvaccination s chedule forpreventive diseaseso Convergencewith AHdepartmento Collectionofdemand fromthe memberso Indentforvaccina tiono Gettingthevaccineo Purchasingthe addi tional /requi redvaccineo Administeringvaccina tiono Collectionofuserfeeso Paymenttothe para worker(?)
Livestockhealthservi ceso Lis tingthe frequent/commondiseasesespeciallythe curablediseaseso Adoptingpreventivemeasureso Capaci tybuildingoffa rmerson diseasemanagemento Identifi ca tion ofparaworkero Trainingtoparaworkero Derivinguserfeefordifferentservi ceso IB
Breed improvemento Awarenessaboutbreed improvemento Identifi ca tion ofnumberoffa rmersdesired to improvethei rbreedo Exploringoptionsforsui table breedo Breedingbulls/ramso Arti ficialInseminationo Convergencewith Sta te LDA,AH,Resource Organiza tionso Derivingnormsformaintainingbreederbulls/rams
Credi tsupporto Exploringcreditopportunitieswithbankso Properutiliza tion ofli velihood fundavailableo Buildinginsti tutions trengthso Makingtheins titutions credi tworthyo Sys tems forrepaymento Expandingthe reach
Marketingfacilitieso Inputssupply
Fodder Feed Calves Ramlambs
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Breedingbulls Breedingrams
o Outputmarketing Goats Sheep Rams Wool Meat,skin Eggs milk
Riskmitiga tion Insuranceo Exploringforlowcost/chiefinsurance schemes o Exploringoptionsforcommunitymanaged insurance product
Ins titutionalizationofintervention.o Fodderbanko Vaccina tiono Health serviceso Credi to Insuranceo Breeding(bulls/rams)o Goatcrche
OutcomesoftheSession:
Parti cipantswouldbeableto listthe interventions requiredtoo Mitiga te theriskfinancial,disease,mortalityo Enhancetheproductivi ty
Theywouldbeableto explain theSupportsys temsrequi red Theywouldbeableto detaileachintervention
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16. Session16:AnalysingLivelihoodOptionsLearningObjectives:
To build theunderstandingofparticipants onthepresents cenario oflivelihoods To increase the understanding of people on issues, challenges, opportuni ties and
limi ta tionsin thecontextofwatershed programmeContent:
Presentli velihoodso Farmbasedli velihoods
Agricul ture opera tions includingsowing,weeding,haraves ting,plughingetc
Agricul ture inputsupplyshops Anyother
o Nonfa rmli velihoods Ruralartisans Blacksmith Carpenta ry Repairshops Puncture shops Anyother
Issuesin li velihoodso Inputsupply
Availabilityofrawmaterial Dis tance,cos t Credi tfacility Transporta tion Quali typroducts Availabilityvs Demand
o Outputmarketing Marketinglinkages Demand vs supply Quali tyandquantity Pri ce, Middlemenexploi ta tion
o Gradingandprocessing Lackoftechnicalknowhow Lackofopportuni ties
o Profi tability Volumeofproduceorbusiness Demand forthe products
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Supplymeetingthedemando Publici ty
Challengesin li velihoodso Competitiono Changingtrendso Growingdemandso Adaptingimprovedtechnologyo Constraintsin accesso Publici tyo Inabili tyto meetthe demand
Opportunities inli velihoodso Wideopportuni tieso Growingdemando Demand and valueforquali tyo Interimbusinessopportuni ties
Limita tions inli velihoodso Dis tance tothe marketo Availabilityofqualitymanpowero Availabilityoftransporta tionand otheraccessoriesand facili tieso Changingtrendso Anyothertothe localcontext
Outcomes
Theparticipants wouldbeabletolistthepresentlivelihoodopportunities inthevillages Theywouldalsoexplainthechallenges,opportunities,limitations andotherissues inlivelihoods
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17. Session17:UnderstandinglivelihoodcyclesLearningObjectives:
To build theunderstandingofpeople on Livelihood cycles To educate ondifferentphasesofli velihood
Content:
Livelihood cycleo Knowledge technicalknowhowo Procuringrawmaterialinputsupplyo Processing/manufacturingo Interimoutputo Valueaddition Gradingandpacking,s torageo Supplytotheoutputmarket
Foreveryprocessthere aremanysub processes Phasesoflivelihood
o Gettingacquaintedwith technicalknowledgeo Marketingarrangementso Enhancinglinkageso Breakeveno Profi tability
Outcomes Theparticipants wouldbeabletoexplainthelivelihoodcycle Theywouldbeabletoexplainphasesoflivelihood
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18. Session18:LivelihoodoptionsunderIWMPLearningObjectives:
Tobrainstormthepeopletoexplorethepossiblelivelihoodsunderwatershedprogramme Toexplainthe roleofwatershedprojectinpromotingli velihoods
Content: Possible/permissiblelivelihoodsunderwatershedprogramme
o Farmbased Backyard poultry Chickrearingcentre Goatery Piggery Rabbitery Apiery Sheeprea ring Seri culture Flouri culture Vegetable NPMdalprocessingandmarketing Fishrearing PantaMithrashop
o Nonfarmbased Tailoring Embroidery Carpenta ry Blacksmith Flourmill Ki rana Pushtrolley Barbershop Chappalmaking Computer Anyother
Roleofwatershedprogrammein promotinglivelihoodso Trainings,skilltrainingsandexposureso Enhancingtheexistingskillso Trainingsinnewskillso Facilitating/Arrangingcreditfacilityo Facilitatingmarketinglinkageso Organizinginto groups
Outcomes Theparti cipantswould beableto explainthepossibleli velihoods Theywouldbeabletoexplainthe roleofwatershedprogrammeinpromotinglivelihoods
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19. Session19:Indicatorsforsuccessfulimplementation ofwatershedprogramme
LearningObjectives: To educate the peopleon indica tors forsuccessfulimplementation ofwatershed To educate peopleon sustainabilityofwatershedprogramme
Content:
Indica torsforsuccessfulimplementa tion ofwatershedprojecto Sus tainableagri culturewith goodreturnso Properutiliza tion ofdeveloped degraded natural resource basei n place with
norms forsameo Resource useagreementsin placewith clea rnormsin caseofviola tiono Increasedyields ,increasedproductivi tywithincreasedincomeo AllCBOsformed undertheprogrammeare functioningwello Improved credi tworthinessofCBOso Poorand others arebroughtoutofindebtednesso Revolving fund management is well and being used for creation and
s trengtheningoflivelihoodso Shiftfrommono croppingtomultiple cropping;cash cropstofood cropso Flood i rrigationtomicro i rri gationo Increasedproduction ofgrains ,milk, fish,egg,vegetables, frui ts, fi rewood and
meatetc.o Properutiliza tion offundswith dulyachievingdesiredresul tso Parti cipa tion ofallincludingwomen and pooratalllevelso Degradedand poorpeoplelandisdeveloped and broughtinto cultiva tion and
productiveuseo Assured drinkingwaterforhumanbeingsand cattleo Increasedincomesarei nves ted foreducation,newincomesourcesandwelfa re
ofthe familyo Workingtogetherreflectsin happyfamilyand therebyhappysocietyo Collecti ve effortstosolvecommunityneedso Linkageswith otherdepartmentsand financialins titutionso Reversemigra tionso Anyother
Indica torsforsus tainabilityofwatershedprojectso Sta tus of developed natural resources continuous even after completion of
projectperiodo Watch and ward istaken ca rebythe WSC/UGswithi tsownfundso Repairs andmaintenanceofcrea ted assets isbeingdonebyUGs/WSCo SHGsmanagementsupportsys temsare continued
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o Support systems such as Seed bank, fodder bank, cus tom hi ring centre etc.created foragri culture andli vestockarecontinued
o No newborewellsare dugto exploitthe groundwater,butmore areais broughtundercul ti va tion through microi rri ga tionand watersharingmechanisms
o Rotation ofleadership in true spi ri tofselfhelpo Anyother
Note: all above indicators can be categorized as Social Indicators, Economical Indicators, EnvironmentalIndicatorsetc. Outcomes
The parti cipants would beable to lis t the indica tors forsuccessful implementationofwatershedprogramme
Theywouldalsolisttheindicatorsforsustainabilityofwatershedprojects
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20. Session20:IndicatorsforgoodWSCLearningObjectives:
To orientonindicatorsforgood WSCContent:
Indica torsforGoodWSCo Meetingsare properand regula ro Rotation ofleadershipo NumberofSHGsand UGsformed,in functiono Bookkeeping,recordsandthei rstatuso Resource useagreementsin placeo Coverageofbeneficia rieso Contribution collectedo Areacoveredo Familiescoveredo Level ofgroundwatero Foodsecuritylevelso Productivi tylevelso Usageofrevolvingfundo Increaseinincomelevelso Forward and backward linkages establishedo Linkage withfinancialins titutionso Otherprogrammesmobilizedo Interventionspromoted otherthanworkso Sus tainabilityofinterventionso Sus tainabilityofsupportsys temses tablished
Outcomes:
The parti cipantswouldbeable tolisttheindica tors foragoodWSC
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21. Session21:PostprojectsustainabilityofwatershedLearningObjectives:
To educate the peopleon selfsuffi ciencyaftercompletionofwatershed period To evolves tra tegiesforwithdrawal
Content:
Importanceofselfsuffi ciencya ftercompletion ofwatershed periodo Casestudiesofsuccessful watershed projectso Casestudiesofnotsosuccessful projectso Indica torsforselfsuffi ciency
Strategiesandprocessesforwithdrawalo Strategiestobeadopted at
Planningstage Implementations tage Sel fMonitoring Sel fassessment
o Processesthroughoutthe period atdi fferentstageso Formationand Strengtheningappropria teCBOsand networkso Developingnormsandsocialregulationso Transparencyand accountabili tyo Strengtheninggoodpracticeso Buildingcapaci tiesofcommuni tieso Buildingontheknowledgeofpeopleandthei rpracti ceso Transferofkeyfunctions and roleso NetworkingCBOso Es tablishingstrongand meaningfullinkagesandrapporto Enhancingthe creditworthinesso Pro active dis closure ofinformationo Keepingtherecordsavailabletoallatallthe timeo Keepingallthe recordsproperanduptodate
Note:Asetofgoodparti cipa toryprocessesrightfromthe beginningare the baseforsmootherwithdrawal.Technicall ywithdrawalprocesssta rts at theendof the year,but the groundshallbe preparedfromthe beginningi tself.Outcomes
Theywouldhighlight theimportance ofselfsuffi ciencya ftercompletion ofwatershedperiod
Theywouldlistthes tra tegies andprocessesofwithdrawal .
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22. Session 22: Good practices of watershed communities
LearningObjectives: To educate ongoodpracticesofwatershedcommunities To explorethepossibilitiesofrepli catingin watershed programme
Content:
Goodpractices in NRM GoodPractices inAgri cul ture GoodPractices inSocialRegulations GoodPractices inInsti tutions Importanceofselfsuffi ciencya ftercompletion ofwatershed period
Outcomes
Theywouldlistofgood practices in watershed projects Theywouldhighlight theimportance ofselfsuffi ciencya ftercompletion ofwatershed
period Theywouldlistoutactivi tiestha tare possibletorepli cate.
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23. Session 23: Functionaries, Institutions, Processes, Timelines,RoleandResponsibilities
LearningObjectives: To listthe functionariesand Ins ti tutions intheprogramme To listouttheroleandresponsibilitiesofeach functionaryand Ins titutions To listoutkeyprocessesinthe programme.
Content:
Lis toffunctionariesand Ins ti tutions in the programmeo Sta televel
SLNA CEO Consortium Experts atSLNA
o Dis tri ctLevel DWDU ProjectDirector Experts
o ProjectLevel PIA WDTs Coopera tives
o Watershed Level WSC UserGroups CIGs SHGs PGs Watershed Secretary Paraworkers Volunteers
Processesintheprogramme Timelinesandresponsiblefunctionary/Insti tution
Outcomes
Theywouldlistoffunctionariesand ins titutionsin watershed projects Theywouldlistoutthe allprocessesin the programme Theywouldexplaintimelines andresponsible functionary/Institutions
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24. Session 24: DPR Preparation Participatory processes,toolsandmethodologies
LearningObjectives: To explain the processofpreparingDetailedProjectReports
Content:
Importanceofplans ImportanceofDetailed ProjectReportin the contextofIWMP Unders tandingcontentsandchaptersofDPR
o Readingandunders tandingDPRcontentso Lis tingouttheinformationrequi red to becollected andca tegorizinginto
Primarysources ofi nformation Secondarysourcesofinformation
Unders tandingPrimaryinformationcollection formatso Socio EconomicSurveyo Parti cipa toryNetplanningo Drainageline trea tmento FGDTypologyplanningformats
ImportanceofParti cipa toryapproaches in DPRprepara tiono Need and essenceo Impactofparti cipatoryplanningprocesseson programme
Parti cipa tion Owning Quali tyandQuantity Contributions Management Pos tprojectsus tainability Moni toringand Evalua tion
Parti cipa toryPlanningmethodologieso PRAtools
Lis t of tools Social Map, Resource Map, Transact walk, Seasonali tyanalysis,situationanalysis,wealthranking,venndiagram,FGDs,etc.
Methodology Process Human Resource requi red Timelines Dosand Donts Tipsforfacilita tors/Planningteam
o Focused GroupDiscussions Typologyanalysis Productivi tyEnhancementplans
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Livelihood DevelopmentPlans EntryPointActivi typlans Capaci tyBuildingplans
o WritingDPRso FormationofPlanningteams
OutcomesoftheSession:
Parti cipantswouldbeableto unders tand,analyseandexplainthe contentsofDPR Theywouldbeableto prepare theplans basedon the emergingneed and demands Theywouldbe able to explore opportunities fori nclusion oftraditional practi ces and
peopleknowledge.
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25. Session 25: applicationofRemoteSensing,GIS and InformationTechnology
LearningObjectives: To explain the useofRemote sensingapplica tions ,GISand Informationtechnology To exploreoptionsforonline moni toringand quicken the processes.
Contents
Use ofInformationTechnologyo Expriences
Banking NREGS Anyother
Use ofGISappli cationso Whatis GISo Use ofGISo Requi red envi ronment
Webbasedmonitoring Genera tionofestimates Recordingofworks Online paymentsystem Anyother.